Encyclopedia of separation science

Wilson I.D.(ed.), et al.

Table of contents :
Front Cover……Page 1
Editors……Page 2
Editorial Advisory Board……Page 3
Foreword……Page 4
Preface……Page 5
Introduction……Page 6
Affinity Seperation……Page 8
Centrifugation……Page 22
Chromatography……Page 45
Crystallization……Page 69
Distillation……Page 89
Electrophoresis……Page 108
Extraction……Page 123
Flotation……Page 133
Ion Exchange……Page 161
Mass Spectrometry……Page 179
Membrane Separation……Page 194
Particle Size Seperation……Page 215
Affinity Membranes……Page 231
Affinity Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems……Page 237
Biochemical Engineering Aspects of Affinity Separations……Page 248
Covalent Chromatography……Page 254
Dye Ligands……Page 261
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography……Page 267
Immobilized Boronates/Lectins……Page 275
Immobilized Metal Ion Chromatography……Page 279
Immunoaffinity Chromatography……Page 285
Imprint Polymers……Page 290
Rational Design, Synthesis and Evaluation: Affinity Ligands……Page 299
Theory and Development of Affinity Chromatography……Page 308
Analytical Ultracentrifugation……Page 315
Large-Scale Centrifugation……Page 322
Macromolecular Interactions:Characterization by Analytical Ultracentrifugation……Page 331
Theory of Centrifugation……Page 338
Automation……Page 345
Convective Transport in Chromatographic Media……Page 354
Correlation Chromatography……Page 360
Countercurrent Chromatography and High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography: Instrumentation……Page 367
Detectors: Laser Light Scattering……Page 376
Hydrodynamic Chromatography……Page 381
Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography……Page 395
Paper Chromatography……Page 399
Protein Separation……Page 407
Size Exclusion Chromatography of Polymers……Page 413
Universal Chromatography……Page 421
Column Technology……Page 428
Derivatization……Page 435
Detectors: General (Flame Ionization Detectors and Thermal Conductivity Detectors)……Page 444
Detectors: Mass Spectrometry……Page 449
Detectors: Selective……Page 457
Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectrometry……Page 465
Gas Chromatography-Ultraviolet……Page 471
Gas-Solid Gas Chromatography……Page 482
Headspace Gas Chromatography……Page 490
High Temperature Gas Chromatography……Page 498
High-Speed Gas Chromatography……Page 506
Historical Development……Page 514
Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry……Page 521
Large-Scale Gas Chromatography……Page 530
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography……Page 537
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography……Page 545
Sampling Systems……Page 551
Theory of Gas Chromatography……Page 559
Column Technology……Page 568
Countercurrent Liquid Chromatography……Page 574
Derivatization……Page 584
Detectors: Electron Spin Resonance……Page 592
Detectors: Evaporative Light Scattering……Page 598
Detectors: Fluorescence Detection……Page 603
Detectors: Infrared……Page 609
Detectors: Mass Spectrometry……Page 617
Detectors: Refractive Index Detectors……Page 624
Detectors: UV/Visible Detection……Page 631
Electrochemically Modulated Liquid Chromatography……Page 637
Electrochromatography……Page 647
Enhanced Fluidity Liquid Chromatography……Page 655
Historical Development……Page 664
Instrumentation……Page 671
Ion Pair Liquid Chromatography……Page 677
Large-Scale Liquid Chromatography……Page 686
Mechanisms: Chiral……Page 692
Mechanisms: Ion Chromatography……Page 697
Mechanisms: Normal Phase……Page 707
Mechanisms: Reversed Phases……Page 712
Mechanisms: Size Exclusion Chromatography……Page 719
Micellar Liquid Chromatography……Page 727
Multidimensional Chromatography……Page 739
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detectors……Page 748
Partition Chromatography (Liquid-Liquid)……Page 761
Physico-Chemical Measurements……Page 771
Theory of Liquid Chromatography……Page 780
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Detection……Page 789
Historical Development……Page 799
Instrumentation……Page 803
Large-Scale Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 810
Theory of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 820
Densitometry and Image Analysis……Page 825
Historical Development……Page 835
Instrumentation……Page 840
Ion Pair Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 848
Layers……Page 854
Mass Spectrometry……Page 861
Modes of Development: Conventional……Page 867
Modes of Development- Forced Flow, Overpressured Layer Chroma……Page 877
Preparative Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 889
Radioactivity Detection……Page 900
Spray Reagents……Page 908
Theory of Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 916
Additives: Molecular Design……Page 932
Biomineralization……Page 941
Control of Crystallizers and Dynamic Behaviour……Page 951
Geocrystallization……Page 962
Melt Crystallization……Page 967
Polymorphism……Page 976
Zone Refining……Page 986
Azeotropic Distillation……Page 991
Batch Distillation……Page 996
Energy Management……Page 1006
Extractive Distillation……Page 1014
Freeze-Drying……Page 1024
High and Low Pressure Distillation……Page 1036
Historical Development……Page 1046
Instrumentation and Control Systems……Page 1051
Laboratory Scale Distillation……Page 1060
Modelling and Simulation……Page 1063
Multicomponent Distillation……Page 1072
Packed Columns: Design and Performance……Page 1082
Pilot Plant Batch Distillation……Page 1099
Sublimation……Page 1114
Theory of Distillation……Page 1118
Tray Columns: Design……Page 1136
Tray Columns: Performance……Page 1141
Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium: Correlation and Prediction……Page 1146
Vapour}Liquid Equilibrium: Theory……Page 1160
Agarose Gels……Page 1170
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 1177
Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry……Page 1189
Capillary Electrophoresis-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance……Page 1195
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis……Page 1202
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing……Page 1209
Capillary Isotachophoresis……Page 1216
Cellulose Acetate……Page 1223
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Theory of Techniques for Separation……Page 1228
Detection Techniques: Staining, Autoradiography and Blotting……Page 1234
Detectors for Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 1240
Discontinuous Electrophoresis……Page 1246
Electrochromatography……Page 1251
Immunoelectrophoresis……Page 1258
Isoelectric Focusing……Page 1264
Isotachophoresis……Page 1273
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography……Page 1281
Microtechnology……Page 1287
Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 1294
One-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis……Page 1302
One-dimensional Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis……Page 1310
Porosity Gradient Gels……Page 1316
Proteins, Detection of……Page 1343
Theory of Electrophoresis……Page 1349
Two-dimensional Electrophoresis……Page 1357
Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis……Page 1365
Analytical Extractions……Page 1372
Analytical Inorganic Extractions……Page 1384
Microwave-Assisted Extraction……Page 1391
Multistage Countercurrent Distribution……Page 1400
Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 1407
Solid-Phase Microextraction……Page 1418
Solvent Based Separation……Page 1426
Steam Distillation……Page 1436
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 1444
Ultrasound Extractions……Page 1450
Bubble-Particle Adherence: Synergistic Effect of Reagents……Page 1457
Bubble-Particle Capture……Page 1466
Column Cells……Page 1473
Cyclones for Oil/Water Separations……Page 1482
Dissolved Air……Page 1492
Electrochemistry: Contaminant Ions and Sulfide Mineral Interactions……Page 1496
Flotation Cell Design: Application of Fundamental Principles……Page 1504
Foam Fractionation……Page 1515
Froth Processes and the Design of Column Flotation Cells……Page 1523
Historical Development……Page 1529
Hydrophobic Surface State Flotation……Page 1539
Intensive Cells: Design……Page 1543
Oil and Water Separation……Page 1550
Pre-aeration of Feed……Page 1558
Reagent Adsorption on Phosphates……Page 1564
Catalysis: Organic Ion Exchangers……Page 1574
Historical Development……Page 1579
Inorganic Ion Exchangers……Page 1586
Novel Layered Materials: Phosphates……Page 1597
Novel Layered Materials: Non-Phosphates……Page 1612
Organic Ion Exchangers……Page 1619
Organic Membranes……Page 1634
Surface Complexation Theory: Multispecies Ion Exchange Equilibria……Page 1642
Theory of Ion Exchange……Page 1653
Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Ion Mobility……Page 1663
Bipolar Membranes and Membrane Processes……Page 1669
Catalytic Membrane Reactors……Page 1679
Concentration Polarization……Page 1686
Dialysis in Medical Separations……Page 1692
Diffusion Dialysis……Page 1699
Donnan Dialysis……Page 1708
Electrodialysis……Page 1715
Filtration……Page 1726
Gas Separations with Polymer Membranes……Page 1734
Liquid Membranes……Page 1748
Membrane Bioseparations……Page 1758
Membrane Preparation……Page 1766
Microfiltration……Page 1776
Pervaporation……Page 1790
Reverse Osmosis……Page 1800
Ultrafiltration……Page 1811
Electrostatic Precipitation……Page 1816
Field Flow Fractionation: Electric Fields……Page 1825
Field Flow Fractionation: Thermal……Page 1829
Hydrocyclones for Particle Size Separation……Page 1833
Sieving/Screening……Page 1840
Split Flow Thin Cell (SPLITT) Separation……Page 1845
Theory and Instrumentation of Field Flow Fractionation……Page 1851
Gas Chromatography……Page 1859
Liquid Chromatography……Page 1866
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 1875
Chromatography……Page 1885
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 1900
Air Liquefacation: Distilation……Page 1907
Airborne Samples: Solid Phase Extraction……Page 1922
Alcohol and Biological Markers of Alcohol Abuse: Gas Chromatography……Page 1933
Aldehydes and Keytones: Gas Chromatography……Page 1943
Gas Chromatography……Page 1950
Liquid Chromatography……Page 1961
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 1968
Allergens in Perfumes: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry……Page 1986
Amines: Gas Chromatography……Page 1994
Gas Chromatography……Page 2002
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2011
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2024
Amino Acids and Derivatives: Chiral Seperations……Page 2045
Amino Acids and Peptides: Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 2050
Anaesthetic Mixtures: Gas Chromatography……Page 2059
Analytical Applications: Distillation……Page 2066
High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 2070
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2079
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 2089
Archeology: Uses of Chromatography in……Page 2095
Art Conservation: Use of Chromatography in……Page 2101
Atmospheric Analysis: Gas Chromatography……Page 2108
Bacteriophages: Seperation of……Page 2114
Bases: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2121
Gas Chromatography……Page 2136
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2142
Bile Compounds: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2147
Bioanalytical Applications: Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 2154
Biogenic Amines: Gas Chromatography……Page 2158
Biological Systems: Ion Exchange……Page 2168
Biologically Active Compounds and Xenobiotics: Magnetic Affinity Seperations……Page 2175
Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry……Page 2182
Bitumens: Liquid Chromatography……Page 2192
Carbamate Insecticides in Foodstuffs: Chromatography and Immunoassay……Page 2203
Electrophoresis……Page 2213
Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography}Mass Spectrometry……Page 2223
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2236
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2247
Carotenoid Pigments: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 2257
Catalyst Studies: Chromatography……Page 2264
Cells and Cell Organells: Field Flow Fractionation……Page 2273
Isolation: Magnetic Techniques……Page 2278
Chelating Ion Exchange Resins……Page 2286
Chemical Warfare Agents: Chromatography……Page 2294
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 2302
Cellulose and Cellulose Derived Phases……Page 2309
Chiral Derivatization……Page 2325
Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 2336
Crystallization……Page 2341
Cyclodextrins and Other Inclusion Complexation Approaches……Page 2350
Gas Chromatography……Page 2364
Ion-Pair Chromatography……Page 2373
Ligand Exchange Chromatography……Page 2384
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2396
Molecular Imprints as Stationary Phases……Page 2402
Protein Stationary Phases……Page 2412
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 2421
Synthetic Multiple Interaction (‘Pirkle’) Stationary Phases……Page 2433
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2441
Citrus Oils: Liquid Chromatography……Page 2456
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 2469
Electrophoresis……Page 2476
Gel Electrophoresis……Page 2483
Clinical Chemistry: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2490
Clinical Diagnosis: Chromatography……Page 2499
Coal: Flotation……Page 2505
Colloids: Field Flow Fractionation……Page 2511
Computer Databases for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis……Page 2518
Cosmetic and Toiletries: Chromatography……Page 2526
Crude Oil: Liquid Chromatography……Page 2541
Decanter Centrifuges in Pharmaceutical Applications……Page 2547
De-Inking of Waste Paper: Floatation……Page 2552
Overview……Page 2560
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 2567
Detergent Formulations: Ion Exchange……Page 2576
Liquid Chromatography}Mass Spectrometry……Page 2583
Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Mass Spectrometry……Page 2589
Drugs of Abuse: Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 2596
High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 2604
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2618
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2635
Ecdysteroids: Chromatography……Page 2647
Ecologically Safe Ion Exchange Technologies……Page 2660
Electrochemical Ion Exchange……Page 2671
Electrodialysis: Ion Exchange……Page 2681
Flotation……Page 2691
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry……Page 2694
Pressurized Fluid Extraction……Page 2703
Solid-Phase Microextraction……Page 2711
Soxhlet Extraction……Page 2717
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 2725
Chromatography……Page 2737
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2748
Distillation……Page 2755
Gas Chromatography……Page 2760
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2771
Gas Chromatography……Page 2778
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2783
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2798
Crystallization……Page 2805
Extraction by Solvent Based Methods……Page 2810
Flame Ionization Detection: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2817
Flash Chromatography……Page 2824
Flavours: Gas Chromatography……Page 2830
Foam Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 2838
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2845
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2854
Food Microorganisms: Buoyant Density Centrifugation……Page 2859
Membrane Separations……Page 2865
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 2871
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 2876
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 2878
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2886
Forensic Toxicology: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 2895
Fragrances: Gas Chromatography……Page 2901
Fuels and Lubricants: Supercritical Chromatography……Page 2910
Fullernes: Liquid Chromatography……Page 2917
Gas Chromatography……Page 2924
Liquid Chromatography……Page 2931
Fused Salts: Electrophoresis……Page 2937
Gas Analysis: Gas Chromatography……Page 2941
Gas Seperation by Metal Complexes: Membrane Seperation……Page 2949
Gene Typing: Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis……Page 2955
Geochemical Analysis: Gas Chromatography and GC-MS……Page 2964
Glycoproteins: Liquid Chromatography……Page 2976
Gold Recovery: Floatation……Page 2981
Gradient Polymer Chromatography: Liquid Chromatography……Page 2991
Gas Chromatography……Page 3000
Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 3007
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3022
Heroin: Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 3026
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis……Page 3034
Gas Chromatography……Page 3042
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3048
Hydrodynamic Chromatography: Practical Applications……Page 3055
Hydrogen Recovery Using Inorganic Membranes……Page 3062
Immobilized Boronic Acids: Extraction……Page 3067
Immunoaffinity Extraction……Page 3076
Impregnation Techniques: Thinlayer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3081
In-Born Metabolic Disorders: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3088
Inclusion Complexation: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3095
In-Depth Distribution in Quantitative TLC……Page 3103
Industrial Analytical Applications: Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 3110
Inks: Forensic Analysis By Thinlayer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3117
Gas Chromatography……Page 3126
Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 3134
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 3144
High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 3157
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3165
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3172
Ion Exchange Resins: Characterization of……Page 3188
Ion Exclusion Chromatography: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3196
Ion Flotation……Page 3205
Ion-Conducting Membranes: Membrane Separations……Page 3213
Gas Centrifugation……Page 3220
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3225
Lead and Zinc Ores: Flotation……Page 3233
Gas Chromatography……Page 3237
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3255
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3271
Liquid Chromatographygas Chromatography……Page 3279
Marine Toxins: Chromatography……Page 3287
Mechanical Techniques: Particle Size Separation……Page 3295
Medicinal Herb Compounds: High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 3307
Medium-Pressure Liquid Chromatography……Page 3314
Membrane Contactors: Membrane Separations……Page 3321
Hollow-Fibre Membranes……Page 3330
Interfacial Composite Membranes……Page 3337
Phase Inversion Membranes……Page 3349
Metal Analysis: Gas and Liquid Chromatography……Page 3365
Ion Chromatography……Page 3372
Metal Membranes: Membrane Separations……Page 3383
Metal Uptake On Microorganisms and Biomaterials: Ion Exchange……Page 3390
Metalloproteins: Chromatography……Page 3398
Microwave-Assisted Extraction: Environmental Applications……Page 3405
Molecular Imprints for Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 3413
Molecular Recognition Technology in Inorganic Extraction……Page 3418
Multiresidue Methods: Extraction……Page 3427
High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 3433
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3442
Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance……Page 3452
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3463
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 3469
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3477
Neurotoxins: Chromatography……Page 3500
Nickel and Cobalt Ores: Flotation……Page 3509
Novel Inorganic Materials: Ion Exchange……Page 3519
Centrifugation……Page 3528
Extraction……Page 3535
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3539
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3554
Occupational Hygiene: Gas Chromatography……Page 3565
Oils, Fats and Waxes: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3578
On-Line Sample Preparation: Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 3586
Centrifugation……Page 3597
Paints and Coatings: Pyrolysis: Gas Chromatography……Page 3607
Particulate Characterization: Inverse Gas Chromatography……Page 3620
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3626
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3637
Pervaporation: Membrane Separations……Page 3647
Extraction from Water……Page 3653
Gas Chromatography……Page 3663
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3668
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3680
Gas Chromatography……Page 3689
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3694
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3701
Basic Drugs: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3712
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 3719
Chiral Separations: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3725
Chromatographic Separations……Page 3730
Crystallization……Page 3740
Neutral and Acidic Drugs: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3749
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3760
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3765
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3771
Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 3787
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3794
Gas Chromatography……Page 3807
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3814
Physicochemical Measurements: Gas Chromatography……Page 3819
Ph-Zone Refining Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 3826
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3843
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3850
Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Gas Chromatography……Page 3862
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons……Page 3871
Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 3878
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3888
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 3892
Polyethers: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3900
Polymer Additives: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3912
Field Flow Fractionation……Page 3917
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 3926
Centrifugation……Page 3932
Liquid Chromatography……Page 3940
Porous Graphitic Carbon: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3948
Porous Polymer Complexes for Gas Separations: Membrane Separations……Page 3958
Porous Polymers: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3965
Porphyrins: Liquid Chromatography……Page 3971
Powdered Resins: Continuous Ion Exchange……Page 3984
Preparative Electrophoresis……Page 3992
Preparative Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 3999
Pressurized Fluid Extraction: Non-Environmental Applications……Page 4004
Prostaglandins: Gas Chromatography……Page 4011
Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 4020
Centrifugation……Page 4025
Crystallization……Page 4031
Electrophoresis……Page 4037
Field Flow Fractionation……Page 4042
High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 4050
Ion Exchange……Page 4058
Proteomics: Electrophoresis……Page 4063
Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships (Qsrr) in Chromatography……Page 4074
Reactive Distillation……Page 4086
Resins as Biosorbents: Ion Exchange……Page 4093
Restricted-Access Media: Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 4098
Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography……Page 4102
Ribonucleic Acids: Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 4109
Selectivity Of Imprinted Polymers: Affinity Separation……Page 4115
Liquid Chromatography……Page 4123
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4128
Sodium Chloride: Crystallization……Page 4138
Solid-Phase Extraction With Cartridges……Page 4146
Solid-Phase Extraction With Discs……Page 4152
Solid-Phase Matrix Dispersion: Extraction……Page 4159
Biomedical Applications……Page 4164
Environmental Applications……Page 4181
Food Technology Applications……Page 4189
Overview……Page 4201
Solvents: Distillation……Page 4210
Sorbent Selection for Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 4215
Space Exploration: Gas Chromatography……Page 4223
Gas Chromatography……Page 4231
Liquid Chromatography and Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4241
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 4254
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 4260
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4266
Strontium From Nuclear Wastes: Ion Exchange……Page 4272
Sugar Derivatives: Chromatography……Page 4278
Sulfur Compounds: Gas Chromatography……Page 4296
Supercritical Fluid Crystallization……Page 4312
Supercritical Fluid Extraction-Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 4318
Superheated Water Mobile Phases: Liquid Chromatography……Page 4324
Chromatography……Page 4329
Liquid Chromatography……Page 4338
Gas Chromatography……Page 4345
Liquid Chromatography……Page 4354
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4359
Terpenoids: Liquid Chromatography……Page 4365
The Nuclear Industry: Ion Exchange……Page 4375
Thermally-Coupled Columns: Distillation……Page 4384
Thin-Layer Chromatography – Vibration Spectroscopy……Page 4392
Tobacco Volatiles: Gas Chromatography……Page 4401
Toxicological Analysis: Liquid Chromatography……Page 4409
Trace Elements By Coprecipitation: Extraction……Page 4415
Liquid Chromatography……Page 4423
Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4433
Ultrasound-Assisted Metal Extractions……Page 4442
Veterinary Drugs: Liquid Chromatography……Page 4447
Viruses: Centrifugation……Page 4454
Fat-Soluble: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4458
Liquid Chromatography……Page 4464
Water-Soluble: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4475
Volatile Organic Compounds in Water: Gas Chromatography……Page 4481
Overview: Ion Exchange……Page 4490
Anion Exchangers: Ion Exchange……Page 4498
Whisky: Distillation……Page 4506
Wine: Gas and Liquid Chromatography……Page 4511
Zeolites: Ion Exchangers……Page 4519
Isolation – Purification of Cells……Page 4524
Isolation – Purification of Drug Metabolites……Page 4530
Isolation – Purification of Enzymes and Proteins……Page 4538
Isolation – Purification of Immunoglobulins……Page 4544
Isolation – Purification of Nucleic Acids……Page 4551
Isolation – Purification of Polysaccharides……Page 4559
Method Development in Affinity Chromatography……Page 4566
Method Development in Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 4572
Method Development in Extraction……Page 4583
Method Development in Flotation……Page 4599
Method Development in Gas Chromatography……Page 4606
Method Development in Liquid Chromatography……Page 4617
Method Development in Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 4627
Method Development in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 4635
Method Development in Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography……Page 4643
Method Development in Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis……Page 4658
Abbreviations……Page 4664
Analytical Chiral Seperation Methods……Page 4672
Classification and Characterization of Stationary Phases for LC……Page 4676
Characterization of Ion Exchange Chromatographic Stationary Phases……Page 4681
Conversion of Units……Page 4686
Definitions and Symbols for Units……Page 4692
Fundamental Physical Constants……Page 4697
Important Peaks in the Mass Spectra of Common Solvents……Page 4699
Nomenclature and Terminology for Analytical Pyrolysis……Page 4700
Nomenclature – Chromatography……Page 4703
Nomenclature – Liquid-Liquid Distribution……Page 4744
Nomenclature – Non-Linear Chromatography……Page 4763
Nomenclature – Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction……Page 4767
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions……Page 4772
Properties of Particles, Elements and Nuclides……Page 4774
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry……Page 4788
Statistical Tables……Page 4789
Thin Layer (Planar) Chromatography Detection……Page 4793
Wavelength Scale……Page 4799
Colour Plate 1……Page 4800
Colour Plate 2……Page 4801
Colour Plate 3……Page 4802
Colour Plate 4……Page 4803
Colour Plate 5……Page 4804
Colour Plate 6……Page 4805
Colour Plate 7……Page 4806
Colour Plate 8……Page 4807
Colour Plate 9……Page 4808
Colour Plate 10……Page 4809
Colour Plate 11……Page 4810
Colour Plate 12……Page 4811
Colour Plate 13……Page 4812
Colour Plate 14……Page 4813
Colour Plate 15……Page 4814
Colour Plate 16……Page 4815
Colour Plate 17……Page 4816
Colour Plate 18……Page 4817
Colour Plate 19……Page 4818
Colour Plate 20……Page 4819
Colour Plate 21……Page 4820
Colour Plate 22……Page 4821
Colour Plate 23……Page 4822
Colour Plate 24……Page 4823
Colour Plate 25……Page 4824
Colour Plate 26……Page 4825
Colour Plate 27……Page 4826
Colour Plate 28……Page 4827
Colour Plate 29……Page 4828
Colour Plate 30……Page 4829
Colour Plate 31……Page 4830
Colour Plate 32……Page 4831
Colour Plate 33……Page 4832
Colour Plate 34……Page 4833
Colour Plate 35……Page 4834
Colour Plate 36……Page 4835
Colour Plate 37……Page 4836
Colour Plate 38……Page 4837
Colour Plate 39……Page 4838
Colour Plate 40……Page 4839
Colour Plate 41……Page 4840
Colour Plate 42……Page 4841
Colour Plate 43……Page 4842
Colour Plate 44……Page 4843
Colour Plate 45……Page 4844
Colour Plate 46……Page 4845
Colour Plate 47……Page 4846
Colour Plate 48……Page 4847
Colour Plate 49……Page 4848
Colour Plate 50……Page 4849
Colour Plate 51……Page 4850
Colour Plate 52……Page 4851
Colour Plate 53……Page 4852
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