Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, II

J.O. Robertson, G.V. Chilingarian, S. Kumar0444426779, 9780444426772, 9780080879796

This is the first part of a two-volume work which comes at a time when oil producers are taking a close look at the economy of oilfield operation and redesign of production technology to improve ultimate recovery. The very high cost, and risk, of the search for new oilfields demands the re-evaluation of production technology and reservoir engineering to improve the production characteristics of existing oilfields. It is the aim of this work that it will be instrumental in the improvement of the global enhancement of oil production and ultimate recovery. It is the outcome of extensive collaboration between experts in petroleum who have devoted their time to the lucid expression of the knowledge that they have acquired through experience in the evaluation and solution of field problems, and development of economic field processes. Oil production companies have been generous in their cooperation through assistance and encouragement to the authors and permission to publish data, designs and photographs. Together, the two books provide a detailed and comprehensive coverage of the subject.

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Table of contents :
Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, II……Page 4
Copyright Page……Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS……Page 7
PREFACE……Page 8
CONTENTS……Page 10
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION……Page 22
Chokes……Page 23
Subsidence……Page 27
Sample problems and questions……Page 28
Appendix 1.l–Geochemical fingerprinting of natural gas……Page 30
References……Page 32
Definitions……Page 34
Volumetric flow rate measurement of liquids……Page 36
Volumetric flow rate of gases……Page 43
Other types of flow rate measurement……Page 50
Sample problems and questions……Page 53
Appendix 2.I–Development of orifice metering……Page 54
Operation of orifice meter……Page 56
Description of orifice meter……Page 58
Fundamentals of measurement……Page 69
Computation of volumes……Page 74
Specific gravity and temperature determinations……Page 77
Subsequent changes of coefficients……Page 78
References……Page 79
Chemistry and characteristics of oilwell cements……Page 82
Classification of oilwell cements……Page 84
Specialty oilwell cements……Page 85
Additives for oilwell cements……Page 89
Oilwell cement standards outside of the United states……Page 91
Cementing operations……Page 94
Surface and subsurface cementing equipment……Page 99
Subsurface cementing equipment……Page 104
References……Page 120
Introduction……Page 122
General criteria of well selection……Page 127
Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing……Page 129
Fracturing fluids and additives……Page 146
Propping agents for hydraulic fracturing……Page 155
Mechanical equipment for hydraulic fracturing……Page 164
Nuclear fracturing……Page 173
Sample questions and problems……Page 176
References……Page 178
Historical use of acids in oilwells……Page 182
Purpose of oilwell acidizing……Page 183
Acid types……Page 184
Desired properties of oilwell acids……Page 186
Carbonate oil reservoirs……Page 188
Sandstone reservoirs……Page 190
Acidizing treatments……Page 192
Oilwell acid additives……Page 195
Oilfield acid treatment design……Page 203
Fracture acidization–design……Page 207
Sample questions and problems……Page 208
References……Page 210
Sand production……Page 212
Gravel selection……Page 213
Gravel-packing fluids……Page 224
Screen or liner selection……Page 225
Methods of gravel-packing……Page 226
Gravel-packing tools and equipment……Page 230
Evaluation of gravel pack……Page 237
Sample problems and questions……Page 238
References……Page 240
General data pertaining to steam injection……Page 242
Steam injection techniques……Page 259
Recent development in steam injection techniques……Page 265
Equipment designs for steam injection projects……Page 267
References and bibliography……Page 297
Corrosive agents in drilling and producing operations……Page 304
Electrochemical corrosion……Page 305
Chemistry of corrosion and electromotive forces series……Page 308
Corrosion of steel……Page 310
Types of corrosion……Page 311
Forms of cracking in drilling and producing environments……Page 313
Corrodants in drilling and production fluids……Page 317
Alkalinity (pH) of environment……Page 323
Cathodic protection……Page 324
Role of bacteria in corrosion……Page 327
Corrosion in gas-condensate wells……Page 328
Inhibitors and passivators……Page 331
Sample problems……Page 332
Sample questions and problems……Page 336
References……Page 337
Injection suitability……Page 340
Scale……Page 346
Corrosion……Page 348
Use of sea water for injection purposes……Page 353
Selection of water intake location……Page 355
Design of water intake……Page 356
Test methods used in waterflooding operations……Page 360
Preparation of water for surface injection……Page 374
Equipment considerations……Page 384
Degassing equipment……Page 388
Sample questions……Page 389
References……Page 390
Introduction……Page 394
Offshore exploration……Page 395
Offshore production facilities……Page 400
Subsea production systems……Page 424
Design considerations……Page 428
Offshore transportation methods……Page 435
References……Page 439
Introduction……Page 442
Water treatment……Page 443
Wastewater treatment disign……Page 445
Chemical treatment……Page 454
Steamflood emissions……Page 457
Sample problems……Page 474
References……Page 475
Introduction……Page 478
Storage in aquifers……Page 479
Storage in salt caverns……Page 480
Requirelments for salt cavity storage……Page 482
Mined caverns……Page 491
References……Page 493
Some theoretical considerations of distillation……Page 496
Layer type and eutectic type equilibrium diagrams……Page 503
Tests on fuels……Page 504
Doctor test……Page 509
Functions of lubricating oils……Page 516
Tests on lubricating oils……Page 517
Classification and requirements of lubricating greases……Page 525
Orsat gas analysis……Page 526
Freezing point tests……Page 529
Charcoal test for gasoline content of natural gas……Page 531
Sample experiments……Page 532
References……Page 541
Example 1: Dynamic viscosity conversion factor……Page 542
Example 2: Determination of multicomponent conversion constants……Page 543
Conversion factors……Page 545
References……Page 562
REFERENCES INDEX……Page 564
SUBJECT INDEX……Page 572