Victor V. Ramraj, Michael Hor, Kent Roach0521851254, 9780521851251
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half-title……Page 3
Title……Page 5
Copyright……Page 6
Contents……Page 7
Contributors……Page 11
Acknowledgements……Page 13
I. Global anti-terrorism law and policy……Page 15
II. Defining terrorism……Page 16
III. The interplay between international, regional and domestic law and structures……Page 17
IV. Fairness, emergencies and the rule of law……Page 19
V. How effective is the anti-terrorism agenda?……Page 21
VI. Convergence, divergence and context in anti-terrorism law and policy……Page 22
PART ONE Theoretical Perspectives on Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy……Page 25
I. Introduction……Page 27
II. Defining the terms……Page 29
A. Placement of terrorism in history……Page 30
B. Problems with existing definitions……Page 32
C. Essential qualities of acts of ‘terrorism’ and reflection in acts of ‘counter-terrorism’……Page 36
D. Terrorist and counter-terrorist targets……Page 42
E. Additional qualities shared by terrorism and counter-terrorism……Page 44
III. Distinguishing terrorism and counter-terrorism……Page 46
IV. Concluding remarks……Page 49
I. Treaty law and custom……Page 51
A. State-sponsored terrorism……Page 52
B. Immunity of state armed forces……Page 54
C. National liberation movements……Page 55
A. A short history of lawmaking……Page 57
C. Focusing on the methods of terror instead……Page 58
1. ‘Piggy-backing’ on domestic law and enforcement……Page 59
3. The ‘no safe haven’ principle……Page 60
A. The Lockerbie example……Page 61
B. Proving a customary law regime……Page 63
A. International terrorism before state courts……Page 64
B. Should state courts be timorous?……Page 65
A. The Schmid/Lador-Lederer proposal: equating terrorism with the present list of crimes against humanity……Page 66
B. Professor Cassese’s proposal: terrorism as a crime against humanity……Page 68
C. The ‘treaty crimes’ issue in Rome: terrorism as a crime to be defined by future treaty negotiation……Page 72
VII. Conclusion……Page 74
Multilateral Conventions in chronological order……Page 77
I. Introduction……Page 79
II. Chaos and rules……Page 81
III. The norm and the exception……Page 88
IV. Constitutionality and the separation of powers……Page 92
V. SIAC and the separation of powers……Page 95
VI. Responding through the rule of law……Page 97
I. Introduction……Page 104
A. ‘Aid from Parliament’……Page 107
B. John Locke’s theory of the prerogative power……Page 109
III. Acts of indemnity and ex post ratification of extra-legal actions by public officials……Page 112
I. Introduction……Page 121
II. Risk perception and the limits of democratic populism……Page 122
A. The psychology of risk perception……Page 123
B. The social amplification of risk……Page 124
C. Ordinary judgments about risk……Page 125
D. Anti-terrorism law and policy in a democracy……Page 127
III. National security and executive power……Page 128
A. Arguments from executive expertise……Page 129
B. Arguments from trust……Page 130
IV. Judical review and anti-terrorism policy……Page 132
A. Objections to judicial review……Page 133
B. The unique role of judicial review……Page 134
C. Specialized administrative tribunals and the role of the courts……Page 135
D. Judicial review, democracy, and the limits of law……Page 138
V. Conclusion……Page 140
PART TWO A Comparative Study of Anti-Terrorism Measures……Page 141
7 The criminal law and terrorism……Page 143
I. New criminal laws against terrorism……Page 145
II. Instrumental and normative limits of the criminal law……Page 150
III. Less restrained alternatives to the criminal law……Page 155
IV. Instrumental and normative dimensions of a broader anti-terrorism strategy……Page 160
V. Conclusion……Page 164
I. Introduction……Page 166
II. A conversation on limitsthe rule of law as constitutional constraint……Page 169
A. The legal framework……Page 172
B. Refugee status, asylum and human rights protection……Page 174
C. Fair treatment……Page 178
D. Making the principle of legality matternational security, terrorism and the asylum process……Page 181
E. Talking about asylum law……Page 189
IV. Conclusion……Page 190
I. Introduction……Page 193
A. Background……Page 194
2. What activities are covered?……Page 195
3. Mental elements……Page 200
1. Overview and objectives……Page 201
2. Which property?……Page 202
3. Procedure for effecting deprivations……Page 204
3. Other monitoring provisions……Page 205
E. Comparison to pre-existing law……Page 207
III. Implementation and enforcement……Page 208
IV. Potential effectiveness……Page 210
V. Conclusion……Page 211
I. Introduction……Page 213
1. The Patriot Act……Page 214
2. Subsequent developments……Page 215
B. The many faces and uses of surveillance technology……Page 219
A. The post-9/11 US government approach to data sharing and analysis……Page 221
2. The Department of Homeland Security……Page 223
3. CAPPS II……Page 224
B. The existence of a public access right to government information in the US……Page 228
A. Recent anti-terrorism legal and policy developments in the United Kingdom……Page 230
B. The Echelon surveillance system……Page 235
V. Summary and conclusion……Page 236
I. Overview……Page 239
II. Aviation security responses post-9/11……Page 240
A. Airborne security – air marshals, armed pilots and fortified cockpit doors……Page 243
B. Airport security – baggage and passenger screening……Page 250
III. Harmonization of aviation security measures……Page 257
IV. Conclusion……Page 259
I. Introduction……Page 262
1. Actions in December 2002 to enhance maritime security……Page 263
2. Adoption of ISPS Code……Page 264
5. Significance of the new maritime security measures……Page 265
B. ILO actions on seafarers’ identity documents……Page 266
C. US Customs Container Security Initiative (CSI)……Page 268
A. Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)……Page 269
1. PSI interdiction principles and the law of the sea……Page 270
2. PSI and the international legal system……Page 273
B. Bilateral ship-boarding agreements……Page 274
1. The SUA Convention……Page 275
2. United States proposal for a new protocol……Page 276
3. Proposed new offences on maritime terrorism……Page 277
4. Proposed new provisions on boarding of ships……Page 279
5. Consistency of proposed SUA protocol with international law……Page 280
B. UN Security Council Resolution 1540 of 28 April 2004……Page 281
V. Conclusion……Page 282
PART THREE Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy in Asia……Page 285
I. Law and terror……Page 287
II. Law and the communist insurrection……Page 288
III. Law and detention without trial……Page 291
IV. Law and emergency powers……Page 302
V. Law and extraordinary times……Page 307
I. The substance……Page 309
II. The challenges in implementation……Page 313
III. Judicial review……Page 317
IV. The Kuningan bombing……Page 318
VI. Conclusion……Page 319
15 The Philippines: the weakest link in the fight against terrorism?……Page 321
I. The Philippines and terrorism……Page 322
II. The Abu Sayyaf and the Burnhams……Page 325
III. Lessons from Lamitan and the Burnhams……Page 331
IV. Is a new law necessary?……Page 338
I……Page 341
II……Page 342
III……Page 350
IV……Page 362
I. Introduction……Page 365
II. Legal response to terrorism……Page 366
A. Responses of the National Human Rights Commission……Page 369
B. Responses of the Law Commission of India……Page 372
A. Salient features of POTA……Page 373
B. Judicial response……Page 376
V. POTA in practice……Page 379
VI. POTA repealed……Page 380
A. Security regime before September 11……Page 382
1. Two stage strategy to implementation……Page 385
2. United Nations (Anti-Terrorism Measures) Ordinance (UNATMO)……Page 387
3. United Nations Sanctions (Afghanistan) (Amendment) Regulation 2002……Page 396
C. The Article 23 episode……Page 398
D. Legal response to September 11 (Part II)……Page 403
III. Ideas for a new implementation strategy……Page 404
A. External imposition without internal need……Page 405
B. Faulty consultation processes……Page 406
C. Defects in policy and practice……Page 407
IV. Conclusion……Page 409
PART FOUR Regional Cooperation……Page 411
I. Introduction……Page 413
II. What has been promised: ASEAN, security and terrorism……Page 414
Southeast Asian counter-terrorism initiatives……Page 417
III. Asian security architecture: who will act and for whose benefit?……Page 423
IV. Radical Islam and the ‘root causes’……Page 428
V. Cooperation and sovereignty: the needs and limits in Southeast Asia……Page 432
VI. The context of principles and concepts: human rights and world order……Page 435
VII. Conclusion: cooperation as realpolitik or as principle?……Page 436
A. Legal bases……Page 439
B. Structural bases……Page 442
C. Political bases……Page 444
II. EU responses to the 11 September 2001 attacks……Page 445
1. Legislative measures……Page 446
2. Structural and operational measures……Page 451
B. External measures……Page 453
III. EU responses to the Madrid attacks of 11 March 2004……Page 457
B. Improved implementation……Page 458
C. New anti-terrorism measures……Page 459
D. Appointment of a Counter-terrorism Co-ordinator……Page 460
E. Assessment……Page 461
A. The emergence of the EU as actor in its own right……Page 462
B. Capability and legitimacy problems……Page 463
C. Future prospects……Page 465
PART FIVE Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy in the West……Page 467
I. Introduction: policy options and loci of opposition……Page 469
II. UK counter-terrorism legislation – the criminal justice model……Page 473
B. Proscription-related offences……Page 474
C. Special ‘terrorism’ offences……Page 475
A. The introduction of Part 4 of the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, and the Derogation Order……Page 477
B. The Part 4 detention provisions……Page 479
C. Legal challenges to the derogation and the Part 4 scheme……Page 482
D. Tension between Part 4 and the rights to liberty, to freedom from discrimination, torture or inhuman or degrading treatment……Page 490
IV. Prospects for the future: reviews of the ATCSA and the Government’s response……Page 493
A. The Government’s response to the Newton Report’s rejection of the retention of the powers of detention without trial……Page 494
B. Alternatives to detention without trial: the Newton and Carlile proposals and the Government’s response……Page 497
V. Conclusion……Page 502
22 United States responses to September 11……Page 504
I. The post-September 11 legal landscape……Page 505
The USA PATRIOT Act……Page 506
Detention and trial by military commission……Page 509
Organizing for Homeland Security……Page 512
Pre-emption and the Iraq war……Page 514
An enhanced domestic role for the military……Page 516
III. Conclusions……Page 519
23 Canada’s response to terrorism……Page 525
I. The criminal law response: Canada’s new Anti-Terrorism Act……Page 527
A. Grounds of exclusion……Page 535
B. Investigative detention……Page 536
C. Security certificates and secret proceedings……Page 538
E. Summary……Page 541
III. Canada’s evolving anti-terrorism policy: a new emphasis on public safety and security……Page 542
IV. Conclusion……Page 546
I. Introduction……Page 548
II. The rule of law and human rights in Australia……Page 549
III. Australia’s new anti-terrorism laws……Page 552
IV. The historical parallel in Australia……Page 559
V. The New Zealand response……Page 561
VI. Conclusion……Page 565
PART SIX Anti-Terrorism Measures in Africa, the Middle East and Argentina……Page 567
I. The international and regional anti-terrorism regime……Page 569
II. Domestic politics……Page 573
III. Background to the anti-terrorism legislation of South and Eastern Africa……Page 575
IV. The anti-terrorism regimes of South and Eastern Africa……Page 576
1. Prevention……Page 577
2. Trial……Page 579
3. Constitutionality……Page 582
1. Prevention……Page 584
2. Trial……Page 587
V. Conclusion……Page 590
I. Regional context……Page 595
II. Legislative themes……Page 599
III. The Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism……Page 602
A. Egypt……Page 605
B. Syria……Page 608
C. Jordan……Page 610
D. Morocco……Page 614
E. Tunisia……Page 617
V. Conclusion……Page 620
27 Terrorism in Argentina: government as its own worst enemy……Page 623
A. Historical background……Page 624
B. Fighting terrorism with more terrorism: states of siege……Page 626
1. Missing children, crimes against humanity and the extent of res judicata……Page 628
2. Pardons……Page 630
3. The incorporation of international humanitarian law in the courts of Argentina……Page 631
4. Forcing victims to face DNA tests……Page 633
A. Two unsuccessful investigations……Page 634
B. Legal tools, illegal practices……Page 635
III. Conclusions: common threads……Page 637
I. United Kingdomthe House of Lords rules on indefinite detention of non-nationals……Page 639
II. The treatment of non-national terrorist suspects in Canada and New Zealand……Page 642
III. Further developments: South Africa, the United States, India and Southeast Asia……Page 644
Index……Page 649
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