Marci Bortman0787654868
Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page – Volume 1……Page 2
Title Page – Volume 2……Page 3
©2003 by Gale……Page 4
A……Page 5
B……Page 6
C……Page 7
D……Page 8
E……Page 9
F……Page 10
G……Page 11
I……Page 12
M……Page 13
N……Page 14
P……Page 15
S……Page 17
T……Page 19
W……Page 20
GENERAL INDEX……Page 21
ADVISORY BOARD……Page 23
CONTRIBUTORS……Page 25
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK……Page 29
INTRODUCTION……Page 31
Absorption……Page 35
Acclimation……Page 36
Acetone……Page 37
Acid deposition……Page 38
Acid mine drainage……Page 39
Acid rain……Page 40
Activated sludge……Page 42
Ansel Easton Adams (1902 – 1984)……Page 43
Adaptive management……Page 44
Adirondack Mountains……Page 45
Aerobic/anaerobic systems……Page 46
Aerobic sludge digestion……Page 47
Aflatoxin……Page 48
Africanized bees……Page 49
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry……Page 50
Agent Orange……Page 51
Agricultural chemicals……Page 54
Agricultural environmental management……Page 55
Agricultural pollution……Page 57
Agricultural revolution……Page 59
Agriculture and energy conservation……Page 60
Agroforestry……Page 61
AIDS……Page 62
Air pollution……Page 63
Air pollution control……Page 65
Air quality……Page 67
Air quality criteria……Page 68
Alaska Highway……Page 69
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980)……Page 71
Algal bloom……Page 72
Alligator, American……Page 73
Alternative energy sources……Page 75
Aluminum……Page 76
Amazon basin……Page 77
American Box Turtle……Page 78
American Committee for International Conservation……Page 79
American Forests……Page 80
American Indian Environmental Office……Page 81
American Oceans Campaign……Page 82
Ames test……Page 84
Cleveland Amory (1917 – 1998)……Page 85
Anaerobic……Page 86
Anemia……Page 87
Animal cancer tests……Page 88
Animal rights……Page 89
Animal Welfare Institute……Page 91
Antarctic Treaty (1961)……Page 92
Antarctica Project……Page 93
Anthrax……Page 94
Anthropogenic……Page 95
Antibiotic resistance……Page 96
Aquaculture……Page 98
Aquarium trade……Page 100
Aquatic chemistry……Page 101
Aquatic microbiology……Page 103
Aquatic toxicology……Page 104
Aquifer depletion……Page 105
Aquifer restoration……Page 106
Aral Sea……Page 108
Arco, Idaho……Page 109
Arctic haze……Page 110
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge……Page 111
Arid landscaping……Page 113
Svante August Arrhenius (1859 – 1927)……Page 114
Arsenic……Page 115
Arsenic-treated lumber……Page 116
Asbestos removal……Page 118
Ashio, Japan……Page 121
Asiatic black bear……Page 123
Assimilative capacity……Page 124
Asthma……Page 125
Aswan High Dam……Page 126
Atmosphere……Page 128
Atmospheric (air) pollutants……Page 129
Atmospheric deposition……Page 130
Atomic fusion……Page 131
John James Audubon (1785 – 1851)……Page 132
Australia……Page 133
Automobile……Page 135
Automobile emissions……Page 136
Autotroph……Page 137
Avalanche……Page 138
Background radiation……Page 139
Sir Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)……Page 140
Baghouse……Page 141
Balance of nature……Page 142
Bald eagle……Page 143
Barrier island……Page 144
Basel Convention……Page 145
Rick Bass (1958 – )……Page 146
Bats……Page 147
Battery recycling……Page 148
Bay of Fundy……Page 149
Mollie Beattie (1947 – 1996)……Page 151
Bellwether species……Page 152
Hugh Hammond Bennett (1881 – 1960)……Page 153
Wendell Erdman Berry (1934 – )……Page 154
Best available control technology……Page 155
Best management practices……Page 156
Beyond Pesticides……Page 157
Bhopal, India……Page 158
Bikini atoll……Page 160
Bioassay……Page 162
Bioassessment……Page 163
Biochemical oxygen demand……Page 164
Biodiversity……Page 165
Biofilms……Page 168
Biofiltration……Page 169
Biogeochemistry……Page 170
Biogeography……Page 172
Bioindicator……Page 173
Biological community……Page 174
Biological oxygen demand……Page 175
Biological Resources Division……Page 176
Bioluminescence……Page 177
Biomagnification……Page 178
Biomass……Page 179
Biomass fuel……Page 180
Bioregional Project……Page 182
Bioremediation……Page 184
Biosphere……Page 187
Biosphere reserve……Page 188
Biotechnology……Page 191
Bioterrorism……Page 193
Biotoxins……Page 195
BirdLife International……Page 196
Birth defects……Page 197
Bison……Page 199
Black lung disease……Page 200
Black-footed ferret……Page 201
Blackout/brownout……Page 202
Blue revolution (fish farming)……Page 203
Blue-baby syndrome……Page 204
Murray Bookchin (1921 – )……Page 205
Norman E. Borlaug (1914 – )……Page 206
Boston Harbor clean up……Page 207
Botanical garden……Page 209
Kenneth Ewart Boulding (1910 – 1993)……Page 210
Brackish……Page 211
Bromine……Page 212
Bronchitis……Page 213
David Ross Brower (1912 – 2000)……Page 214
Lester R. Brown (1934 – )……Page 215
Brown tree snake……Page 217
Carol Browner (1955 – )……Page 218
Brownfields……Page 219
Gro Harlem Brundtland (1939 – )……Page 221
Mikhail I. Budyko (1920 – )……Page 222
Bureau of Land Management……Page 224
Buried soil……Page 225
John Burroughs (1837 – 1921)……Page 226
Bush meat/market……Page 227
Bycatch……Page 228
Bycatch reduction devices……Page 229
Cairo conference……Page 233
Dr. Helen Mary Caldicott (1938 – )……Page 235
Lynton Keith Caldwell (1913 – )……Page 236
California condor……Page 237
John Baird Callicot (1941 – )……Page 238
Canadian Forest Service……Page 239
Canadian Wildlife Service……Page 240
Cancer……Page 241
Captive propagation and reintroduction……Page 242
Carbon cycle……Page 244
Carbon emissions trading……Page 245
Carbon offsets (CO2-emission offsets)……Page 248
Carbon tax……Page 251
Carcinogen……Page 252
Carrying capacity……Page 254
Rachel Louise Carson (1907 – 1964)……Page 255
Catalytic converter……Page 257
Catskill Watershed Protection Plan……Page 258
Center for Environmental Philosophy……Page 259
Center for Respect of Life and Environment……Page 260
Center for Science in the Public Interest……Page 261
Cesium 137……Page 262
Chaparral……Page 263
Chelyabinsk, Russia……Page 264
Chemical oxygen demand……Page 265
Chemical spills……Page 266
Chemicals……Page 267
Chernobyl nuclear power station……Page 268
Chesapeake Bay……Page 270
Child survival revolution……Page 272
Chimpanzees……Page 273
Chipko Andolan movement……Page 274
Chlorinated hydrocarbons……Page 275
Chlorination……Page 276
Chlorine……Page 278
Chlorofluorocarbons……Page 280
Cholinesterase inhibitor……Page 281
Chromatography……Page 282
Cigarette smoke……Page 283
Citizen science……Page 285
Citizens for a Better Environment……Page 287
Clayoquot Sound……Page 288
Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990)……Page 290
Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987)……Page 293
Clear-cutting……Page 296
Frederic E. Clements (1874 – 1945)……Page 298
Climate……Page 300
Cloning……Page 302
Cloud chemistry……Page 304
Club of Rome……Page 305
Coagulation……Page 306
Coal……Page 307
Coal gasification……Page 308
Coal washing……Page 310
Coastal Society, The……Page 311
Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)……Page 312
Coevolution……Page 314
Cogeneration……Page 315
Cold fusion……Page 316
Colorado River……Page 317
Combined sewer overflows……Page 318
Cometabolism……Page 319
Commercial fishing……Page 320
Commission for Environmental Cooperation……Page 322
Barry Commoner (1917 – )……Page 323
Communicable diseases……Page 324
Community ecology……Page 325
Compaction……Page 327
Comparative risk……Page 328
Competition……Page 330
Composting……Page 331
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)……Page 333
Computer disposal……Page 335
Congo River and basin……Page 336
Conservation……Page 338
Conservation biology……Page 340
Conservation easements……Page 342
Conservation Reserve Program……Page 343
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research……Page 346
Container deposit legislation……Page 347
Contaminated soil……Page 348
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1975)……Page 351
Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)……Page 352
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and Other Matter (1972)……Page 353
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971)……Page 354
Copper……Page 355
Coral bleaching……Page 356
Coral reef……Page 357
Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards……Page 359
Cost-benefit analysis……Page 360
Douglas M. Costle (1939 – )……Page 362
Council on Environmental Quality……Page 363
Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910 – 1997)……Page 364
Cousteau Society, The……Page 365
Coyote……Page 366
Critical habitat……Page 368
Crocodiles……Page 369
William Cronon (1954 – )……Page 370
Cross-Florida Barge Canal……Page 371
Paul J. Cruzen (1933 – )……Page 372
Cubatao, Brazil……Page 375
Cultural eutrophication……Page 376
Cuyahoga River……Page 378
Cyclone collector……Page 379
Dam removal……Page 381
Dams (environmental effects)……Page 382
Charles Robert Darwin (1809 – 1882)……Page 383
Dead zones……Page 384
Debt for nature swap……Page 386
Decomposers……Page 388
Deep ecology……Page 389
Deep-well injection……Page 390
Defoliation……Page 391
Deforestation……Page 392
Delaney Clause……Page 393
Deoxyribose nucleic acid……Page 394
Desalinization……Page 395
Desert tortoise……Page 396
Desertification……Page 397
Detoxification……Page 399
Detritivores……Page 401
Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane……Page 402
Die-off……Page 403
Annie Dillard (1945 – )……Page 404
Dioxin……Page 405
Discharge……Page 406
Dissolved solids……Page 407
Dodo……Page 408
Dolphins……Page 409
Dominance……Page 410
Double-crested cormorants……Page 411
Marjory Stoneman Douglas (1890 – 1998)……Page 412
Drainage……Page 413
Dredging……Page 414
Drift nets……Page 416
Drinking-water supply……Page 418
Drought……Page 420
Dry cask storage……Page 421
Dry cleaning……Page 422
Dry deposition……Page 423
Rene´ Jules Dubos (1901 – 1982)……Page 424
Ducks Unlimited……Page 425
Dunes and dune erosion……Page 426
Dust Bowl……Page 429
Earth Charter……Page 431
Earth Day……Page 433
Earth First!……Page 435
Earth Island Institute……Page 436
Earth Liberation Front……Page 437
Earth Pledge Foundation……Page 438
Earthquake……Page 439
Earthwatch……Page 440
Eastern European pollution……Page 441
Ebola……Page 443
Eco Mark……Page 445
Ecofeminism……Page 446
Ecological integrity……Page 448
Ecological risk assessment……Page 451
Ecological Society of America……Page 452
Ecological economics……Page 453
Ecology……Page 455
Economic growth and the environment……Page 458
Ecosystem……Page 460
Ecosystem health……Page 462
Ecosystem management……Page 463
Ecoterrorism……Page 465
Ecotourism……Page 466
Ecotoxicology……Page 467
Effluent……Page 469
Paul Ralph Ehrlich (1932 – )……Page 470
El Nin˜o……Page 471
Electric utilities……Page 472
Electromagnetic field……Page 473
Elephants……Page 476
ELI……Page 477
Charles Sutherland Elton (1900 – 1991)……Page 478
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)……Page 479
Emergent diseases (human)……Page 481
Emergent ecological diseases……Page 482
Emission standards……Page 483
Endangered species……Page 484
Endangered Species Act (1973)……Page 485
Endemic species……Page 488
Endocrine disruptors……Page 490
Energy and the environment……Page 491
Energy conservation……Page 493
Energy efficiency……Page 494
Energy path, hard vs. soft……Page 496
Energy policy……Page 497
Energy recovery……Page 499
Energy taxes……Page 500
Environment……Page 501
Environment Canada……Page 503
Environmental aesthetics……Page 504
Environmental chemistry……Page 505
Environmental Defense……Page 508
Environmental degradation……Page 509
Environmental design……Page 510
Environmental dispute resolution……Page 512
Environmental economics……Page 513
Environmental education……Page 515
Environmental enforcement……Page 517
Environmental engineering……Page 519
Environmental estrogens……Page 521
Environmental ethics……Page 523
Environmental health……Page 524
Environmental history……Page 527
Environmental impact assessment……Page 529
Environmental Impact Statement……Page 530
Environmental law……Page 531
Environmental Law Institute……Page 533
Environmental liability……Page 534
Environmental literacy and ecocriticism……Page 535
Environmental monitoring……Page 538
Environmental policy……Page 539
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)……Page 541
Environmental refugees……Page 544
Environmental resources……Page 546
Environmental science……Page 547
Environmental stress……Page 548
Environmental Working Group……Page 549
Environmentalism……Page 550
Environmentally preferable purchasing……Page 551
Environmentally responsible investing……Page 552
Ephemeral species……Page 553
Epidemiology……Page 554
Erosion……Page 556
Escherichia coli……Page 557
Essential fish habitat……Page 559
Estuary……Page 560
Ethnobotany……Page 561
Eurasian milfoil……Page 563
European Union……Page 564
Everglades……Page 565
Evolution……Page 567
Exotic species……Page 570
Experimental Lakes Area……Page 572
Exponential growth……Page 573
Externality……Page 574
Extinction……Page 575
Exxon Valdez……Page 576
Family planning……Page 579
Famine……Page 581
Farming……Page 582
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission……Page 583
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (1972)……Page 584
Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)……Page 586
Feedlot runoff……Page 588
Feedlots……Page 589
Filters……Page 590
Fire……Page 591
First World……Page 592
Fish kills……Page 593
Fisheries and Oceans Canada……Page 595
Floatable debris……Page 596
Flooding……Page 597
Florida panther……Page 598
Flu pandemic……Page 599
Fluidized bed combustion……Page 601
Fluoridation……Page 602
Food additives……Page 604
Food and Drug Administration……Page 607
Food chain/web……Page 608
Food irradiation……Page 610
Food policy……Page 612
Food waste……Page 613
Food-borne diseases……Page 614
Foot and mouth disease……Page 615
Stephen Alfred Forbes (1844 – 1930)……Page 617
Francois-Alphonse Forel (1841 – 1912)……Page 618
Dave Foreman (1946 – )……Page 619
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974)……Page 620
Forest decline……Page 621
Forest management……Page 623
Forest Service……Page 624
Dr. Dian Fossey (1932 – 1985)……Page 625
Fossil fuels……Page 627
Four Corners……Page 629
Fox hunting……Page 630
Free riders……Page 631
Fresh water ecology……Page 632
Frogs……Page 634
Fuel cells……Page 637
Fund for Animals……Page 639
Fungicide……Page 640
Furans……Page 641
Future generations……Page 642
Gala´pagos Islands……Page 645
Birute Marija Filomena Galdikas (1948 – )……Page 647
Game preserves……Page 648
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 – 1948)……Page 650
Garbage……Page 651
Gardens……Page 652
Gasoline……Page 653
Gasoline tax……Page 654
Gene bank……Page 655
Gene pool……Page 656
Genetic engineering……Page 657
Genetic resistance (or genetic tolerance)……Page 659
Genetically engineered organism……Page 660
Genetically modified organism……Page 662
Geographic information systems……Page 665
Geological Survey……Page 666
Georges Bank (collapse of the ground fishery)……Page 667
Geothermal energy……Page 669
Giant panda……Page 670
Giardia……Page 671
Gibbons……Page 672
Lois Marie Gibbs (1951 – )……Page 673
Glaciation……Page 674
Henry A. Gleason (1882 – 1975)……Page 675
Glen Canyon Dam……Page 677
Global Environment Monitoring System……Page 678
Global Releaf……Page 679
Golf courses……Page 680
Good wood……Page 682
Jane Goodall (1934 – )……Page 683
Albert Gore Jr. (1948 – )……Page 685
Gorillas……Page 687
Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument……Page 688
Grasslands……Page 689
Grazing on public lands……Page 690
Great Barrier Reef……Page 692
Great Lakes……Page 694
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1978)……Page 695
Great Smoky Mountains……Page 696
Green advertising and marketing……Page 697
Green belt/greenway……Page 698
Green Cross……Page 699
Green plans……Page 700
Green politics……Page 701
Green Seal……Page 703
Green taxes……Page 704
Greenhouse effect……Page 705
Greenpeace……Page 708
Jacques Grinevald……Page 709
Grizzly bear……Page 710
Groundwater……Page 712
Groundwater pollution……Page 713
Growth limiting factors……Page 715
Guano……Page 716
Guinea worm eradication……Page 717
Gulf War syndrome……Page 718
Gypsy moth……Page 720
Habitat……Page 723
Habitat conservation plans……Page 724
Habitat fragmentation……Page 725
Half-life……Page 726
Halons……Page 727
Hanford Nuclear Reservation……Page 728
Dr. Garrett Hardin (1915 – )……Page 730
Hawaiian Islands……Page 731
Denis Allen Hayes (1944 – )……Page 733
Hazardous material……Page 734
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (1975)……Page 735
Hazardous Substances Act (1960)……Page 736
Hazardous waste……Page 737
Hazardous waste site remediation……Page 738
Haze……Page 740
Heat (stress) index……Page 741
Heavy metals and heavy metal poisoning……Page 742
Heavy metals precipitation……Page 744
Robert Louis Heilbroner (1919 – )……Page 745
Hells Canyon……Page 746
Herbicide……Page 747
Hetch Hetchy Reservoir……Page 750
High-solids reactor……Page 751
Hiroshima, Japan……Page 752
Holistic approach……Page 753
Homeostasis……Page 754
Horseshoe crabs……Page 756
Household waste……Page 758
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest……Page 759
Hudson River……Page 760
Human ecology……Page 761
Humane Society of the United States……Page 762
Human-powered vehicles……Page 763
Hunting and trapping……Page 766
George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903 – 1991)……Page 768
Hybrid vehicles……Page 770
Hydrocarbons……Page 771
Hydrogen……Page 772
Hydrologic cycle……Page 773
Hydroponics……Page 775
Hypolimnion: Lakes……Page 777
Ice age refugia……Page 779
Incineration……Page 780
Indicator organism……Page 782
Indigenous peoples……Page 783
Indonesian forest fires……Page 784
Indoor air quality……Page 786
Industrial waste treatment……Page 788
INFORM……Page 789
Insecticide……Page 790
Integrated pest management……Page 791
Intergenerational justice……Page 793
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)……Page 794
Internalizing costs……Page 796
International Atomic Energy Agency……Page 797
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (1946)……Page 798
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (U.N. Environmental Programme)……Page 799
International Institute for Sustainable Development……Page 800
International Primate Protection League……Page 801
International Society for Environmental Ethics……Page 802
International trade in toxic waste……Page 803
Intrinsic value……Page 805
Introduced species……Page 806
Ionizing radiation……Page 807
Irrigation……Page 808
Island biogeography……Page 809
ISO 14000: International Environmental Management Standards……Page 811
Itai-itai disease……Page 813
IUCN—The World Conservation Union……Page 814
Ivory-billed woodpecker……Page 815
Izaak Walton League……Page 816
Wes Jackson (1936 – )……Page 819
James Bay hydropower project……Page 820
Japanese logging……Page 821
Kapirowitz Plateau……Page 823
Kepone……Page 824
Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge……Page 826
Keystone species……Page 827
Kirtland’s warbler……Page 829
Krakatoa……Page 830
Joseph Wood Krutch (1893 – 1970)……Page 831
Kudzu……Page 832
Kyoto Protocol/Treaty……Page 833
La Nin˜a……Page 837
Lake Baikal……Page 838
Lake Erie……Page 840
Lake Tahoe……Page 841
Land ethic……Page 842
Land Institute……Page 843
Land stewardship……Page 844
Land Stewardship Project……Page 845
Land trusts……Page 846
Land use……Page 848
Landfill……Page 849
Landscape ecology……Page 850
Land-use control……Page 852
Lawn treatment……Page 853
LD50……Page 855
Lead……Page 856
Lead management……Page 857
Leafy spurge……Page 859
Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903 – 1972)……Page 860
Mary Douglas Nicol Leakey (1913 – 1996)……Page 863
Richard Erskine Frere Leakey (1944 – )……Page 865
Leaking underground storage tank……Page 867
Aldo Leopold (1886 – 1978)……Page 868
Leukemia……Page 870
Life cycle assessment……Page 871
Limits to Growth (1972) and Beyond the Limits (1992)……Page 872
Limnology……Page 873
Liquid metal fast breeder reactor……Page 874
Liquified natural gas……Page 875
Logging……Page 876
Dr. Bjørn Lomborg (1965 – )……Page 878
Los Angeles Basin……Page 881
Love Canal……Page 883
Sir James Ephraim Lovelock (1919 – )……Page 885
Amory Bloch Lovins (1947 – )……Page 886
Low-head hydropower……Page 887
Sir Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875)……Page 888
Lysimeter……Page 889
Robert Helmer MacArthur (1930 – 1972)……Page 891
Mad cow disease……Page 892
Malaria……Page 895
Male contraceptives……Page 896
Man and the Biosphere Program……Page 897
Manatees……Page 898
Mangrove swamp……Page 900
Mariculture……Page 901
Marine ecology and biodiversity……Page 903
Marine Mammals Protection Act (1972)……Page 904
Marine pollution……Page 906
Marine protected areas……Page 908
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (1972)……Page 910
Marsh……Page 911
Robert Marshall (1901 – 1939)……Page 912
Mass burn……Page 913
Mass extinction……Page 914
Mass transit……Page 916
Materials balance approach……Page 918
Ian Lennox McHarg (1920 – 2001)……Page 919
Bill Ernest McKibben (1960 – )……Page 920
Measurement and sensing……Page 921
Medical waste……Page 923
Mediterranean fruit fly……Page 925
Mediterranean Sea……Page 926
Chico Mendes (1944 – 1988)……Page 927
Mercury……Page 928
Metals, as contaminants……Page 929
Methane……Page 930
Methyl tertiary butyl ether……Page 931
Methylmercury seed dressings……Page 933
Mexico City, Mexico……Page 934
Microbes (microorganisms)……Page 935
Micronutrient……Page 937
Milankovitch weather cycles……Page 938
Minamata disease……Page 939
Mineral Leasing Act (1920)……Page 941
Mining, undersea……Page 942
Mission to Planet Earth (NASA)……Page 943
MMPA……Page 944
Modeling (computer applications)……Page 945
Molluscicide……Page 947
Monarch butterfly……Page 948
Mono Lake……Page 950
Monsoon……Page 951
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)……Page 952
Mount Pinatubo……Page 953
Mount St. Helens……Page 954
John Muir (1838 – 1914)……Page 955
Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act (1960)……Page 957
Multi-species management……Page 958
Municipal solid waste……Page 959
Municipal solid waste composting……Page 960
Mutation……Page 961
Mycorrhiza……Page 962
Mycotoxin……Page 963
Ralph Nader (1934 – )……Page 965
Dr. Arne Naess (1912 – )……Page 966
National Academy of Sciences……Page 968
National Ambient Air Quality Standard……Page 970
National Audubon Society……Page 971
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants……Page 972
National Environmental Policy Act (1969)……Page 973
National Estuary Program……Page 975
National forest……Page 977
National Institute for the Environment……Page 978
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina)……Page 980
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health……Page 982
National lakeshore……Page 983
National Mining and Minerals Act (1970)……Page 984
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration……Page 985
National park……Page 986
National Park Service……Page 987
National Parks and Conservation Association……Page 989
National pollutant discharge elimination system……Page 990
National Recycling Coalition……Page 991
National Research Council……Page 992
National seashore……Page 993
National Wildlife Federation……Page 994
Native landscaping……Page 995
Natural resources……Page 997
Natural selection……Page 998
Nature Conservancy, The……Page 999
Dr. Scott Nearing (1883 – 1983)……Page 1000
Neoplasm……Page 1001
Neotropical migrants……Page 1002
Neurotoxin……Page 1003
New Madrid, Missouri……Page 1004
New York Bight……Page 1005
Niche……Page 1006
Nitrates and nitrites……Page 1007
Nitrogen cycle……Page 1008
Nitrogen oxides……Page 1011
Nitrous oxide……Page 1012
Noise pollution……Page 1013
Nongovernmental organization……Page 1014
Nonpoint source……Page 1015
Non-timber forest products……Page 1016
Non-Western environmental ethics……Page 1018
North American Association for Environmental Education……Page 1020
North American Free Trade Agreement……Page 1021
North American Water and Power Alliance……Page 1024
Northern spotted owl……Page 1025
NRC……Page 1027
Nuclear fission……Page 1028
Nuclear fusion……Page 1029
Nuclear power……Page 1030
Nuclear Regulatory Commission……Page 1033
Nuclear weapons……Page 1034
Nuclear winter……Page 1036
Nutrient……Page 1037
Oak Ridge, Tennessee……Page 1039
Ocean Conservatory, The……Page 1040
Ocean dumping……Page 1041
Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988)……Page 1043
Ocean farming……Page 1044
Ocean thermal energy conversion……Page 1046
Svante Ode´n……Page 1048
Dr. Eugene P. Odum (1913 – )……Page 1049
Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management……Page 1050
Office of Surface Mining……Page 1051
Off-road vehicles……Page 1052
Ogallala Aquifer……Page 1053
Oil drilling……Page 1054
Oil embargo……Page 1055
Oil spills……Page 1057
Old-growth forest……Page 1060
Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. (1822 – 1903)……Page 1062
Open marsh water management……Page 1063
Opportunistic organism……Page 1065
Orangutan……Page 1066
Oregon silverspot butterfly……Page 1067
Organic gardening and farming……Page 1068
Organic waste……Page 1070
Organochloride……Page 1071
David W. Orr (1944 – )……Page 1072
Our Common Future (Brundtland Report)……Page 1073
Overfishing……Page 1074
Overgrazing……Page 1076
Overhunting……Page 1077
Oxidation reduction reactions……Page 1078
Ozonation……Page 1079
Ozone layer depletion……Page 1080
Paleoecology/paleolimnology……Page 1085
PAN……Page 1086
Pareto optimality (Maximum social welfare)……Page 1087
Parrots and parakeets……Page 1088
Partnership for Pollution Prevention……Page 1089
Parts per million……Page 1090
Passive solar design……Page 1091
John Arthur Passmore (1914 – )……Page 1092
Pathogen……Page 1093
Peat soils……Page 1094
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals……Page 1095
Peptides……Page 1096
Peregrine falcon……Page 1097
Perfluorooctane sulfonate……Page 1098
Permaculture……Page 1099
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)……Page 1101
Persian Gulf War……Page 1102
Persistent compound……Page 1103
Persistent organic pollutants……Page 1104
Pesticide……Page 1106
Pesticide Action Network……Page 1108
Pesticide residue……Page 1109
Pet trade……Page 1111
Roger Tory Peterson (1908 – 1996)……Page 1112
Petroleum……Page 1113
pH……Page 1116
Phosphates……Page 1117
Phosphorus removal……Page 1119
Photodegradable plastic……Page 1120
Photoperiod……Page 1121
Photovoltaic cell……Page 1122
Phytoremediation……Page 1124
Gifford Pinchot (1865 – 1946)……Page 1126
Placer mining……Page 1128
Plague……Page 1129
Plastics……Page 1131
Plate tectonics……Page 1133
Poaching……Page 1135
Point source……Page 1137
Pollination……Page 1138
Pollution……Page 1140
Pollution control……Page 1141
Pollution credits……Page 1143
Pollution Prevention Act (1990)……Page 1144
Nicholas Polunin (1909 – 1997)……Page 1145
Polybrominated biphenyls……Page 1146
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons……Page 1147
Population biology……Page 1148
Population Council……Page 1149
Population growth……Page 1150
Eliot Furness Porter (1901 – 1990)……Page 1153
Posterity……Page 1154
Postmodernism and environmental ethics……Page 1155
John Wesley Powell (1834 – 1902)……Page 1156
Power plants……Page 1157
Prairie……Page 1159
Prairie dogs……Page 1160
Precycling……Page 1161
Predator control……Page 1162
Prescribed burning……Page 1163
Price-Anderson Act (1957)……Page 1166
Primary pollutant……Page 1167
Primary standards……Page 1168
Prince William Sound……Page 1170
Privatization movement……Page 1171
Project Eco-School……Page 1172
Propellants……Page 1173
Public interest group……Page 1175
Public Lands Council……Page 1176
Puget Sound/Georgia Basin International Task Force……Page 1177
Pulp and paper mills……Page 1179
Purple loosestrife……Page 1180
PVC……Page 1181
David Quaamen (1948 – )……Page 1183
Rabbits in Australia……Page 1185
Rachel Carson Council……Page 1186
Radiation exposure……Page 1187
Radiation sickness……Page 1188
Radioactive fallout……Page 1189
Radioactive pollution……Page 1190
Radioactive waste……Page 1191
Radioactive waste management……Page 1192
Radioactivity……Page 1195
Radiocarbon dating……Page 1196
Radioisotope……Page 1197
Radionuclides……Page 1198
Radon……Page 1200
Rails-to-Trails Conservancy……Page 1201
Rain forest……Page 1202
Rainforest Action Network……Page 1205
Raprenox (nitrogen scrubbing)……Page 1206
Reclamation……Page 1207
Recreation……Page 1210
Recyclables……Page 1211
Recycling……Page 1212
Red tide……Page 1214
Redwoods……Page 1216
Refuse-derived fuels……Page 1217
Tom [Thomas Howard] Regan (1938 – )……Page 1219
Regulatory review……Page 1220
Rehabilitation……Page 1221
William Kane Reilly (1940 – )……Page 1222
Religion and the environment……Page 1223
Remediation……Page 1225
Renewable energy……Page 1227
Reserve Mining Corporation……Page 1229
Reservoir……Page 1230
Resistance (inertia)……Page 1231
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act……Page 1232
Resource recovery……Page 1234
Resources for the Future……Page 1235
Respiratory diseases……Page 1236
Restoration ecology……Page 1238
Retention time……Page 1239
Rhinoceroses……Page 1240
Ribonucleic acid……Page 1241
Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards (1842 – 1911)……Page 1242
Right-to-act legislation……Page 1243
Riparian land……Page 1245
Riparian rights……Page 1246
Risk analysis……Page 1247
Risk assessment (public health)……Page 1248
Risk assessors……Page 1250
River blindness……Page 1251
River dolphins……Page 1252
Rocky Flats nuclear plant……Page 1254
Rocky Mountain Arsenal……Page 1256
Rocky Mountain Institute……Page 1257
Holmes Rolston (1932 – )……Page 1258
Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919)……Page 1260
Theodore Roszak (1933 – )……Page 1262
Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927 – )……Page 1263
Rubber……Page 1264
William Doyle Ruckleshaus (1934 – )……Page 1265
Runoff……Page 1266
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)……Page 1267
Sahel……Page 1268
St. Lawrence Seaway……Page 1269
Kirkpatrick Sale (1937 – )……Page 1270
Salinity……Page 1271
Salinization……Page 1272
Salmon……Page 1274
Salt (road)……Page 1276
Salt water intrusion……Page 1277
Sand dune ecology……Page 1278
Sanitary sewer overflows……Page 1280
Sanitation……Page 1281
Santa Barbara oil spill……Page 1283
Savanna……Page 1285
Savannah River Site……Page 1286
Save-the-Redwoods League……Page 1287
Scarcity……Page 1288
Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (1911 – 1977)……Page 1289
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment……Page 1291
Scientists’ Institute for Public Information……Page 1292
Scrubbers……Page 1293
Sea level change……Page 1294
Sea otter……Page 1295
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society……Page 1296
Sea turtles……Page 1297
Seabed disposal……Page 1298
Seabrook Nuclear Reactor……Page 1300
Seals and sea lions……Page 1301
Noah Seattle (1786 – 1866)……Page 1303
Secchi disk……Page 1304
Secondary recovery technique……Page 1305
Seed bank……Page 1307
Sense of place……Page 1308
Septic tank……Page 1309
Serengeti National Park……Page 1312
Seveso, Italy……Page 1313
Sewage treatment……Page 1314
Shade-grown coffee and cacao……Page 1316
Shadow pricing……Page 1317
Shanty towns……Page 1318
Sharks……Page 1320
Paul Howe Sheppard (1925 – 1996)……Page 1322
Shoreline armoring……Page 1323
Sick Building Syndrome……Page 1324
Sierra Club……Page 1325
Silt……Page 1326
Peter Alfred David Singer (1946 – )……Page 1327
Sinkholes……Page 1328
Slash and burn agriculture……Page 1329
Sludge……Page 1330
Sludge treatment and disposal……Page 1331
Small quantity generator……Page 1332
Smart growth……Page 1333
Smelter……Page 1334
Robert Angus Smith (1817 – 1884)……Page 1336
Smog……Page 1337
Snail darter……Page 1339
Snow leopard……Page 1340
Gary Sherman Snyder (1930 – )……Page 1341
Socially responsible investing……Page 1342
Society for Conservation Biology……Page 1344
Society of American Foresters……Page 1345
Sociobiology……Page 1346
Soil……Page 1347
Soil and Water Conservation Society……Page 1348
Soil conservation……Page 1349
Soil Conservation Service……Page 1350
Soil, saline……Page 1351
Soil survey……Page 1352
Solar constant cycle……Page 1353
Solar detoxification……Page 1354
Solar energy……Page 1355
Solid waste……Page 1357
Solid waste incineration……Page 1359
Solid waste landfilling……Page 1361
Solid waste recycling and recovery……Page 1362
Solid waste volume reduction……Page 1363
Solidification of hazardous materials……Page 1364
Source separation……Page 1366
South……Page 1367
Spaceship Earth……Page 1368
Spawning aggregations……Page 1369
Species……Page 1370
Stability……Page 1372
Stack emissions……Page 1373
Statistics……Page 1374
Steady-state economy……Page 1376
Wallace Stegner (1909 – 1993)……Page 1377
Storage and transport of hazardous material……Page 1378
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation……Page 1379
Strategic minerals……Page 1380
Stratosphere……Page 1382
Stringfellow Acid Pits……Page 1383
Strip mining……Page 1384
Student Environmental Action Coalition……Page 1386
Submerged aquatic vegetation……Page 1387
Succession……Page 1388
Sudbury, Ontario……Page 1391
Sulfate particles……Page 1392
Sulfur cycle……Page 1393
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (1986)……Page 1394
Surface mining……Page 1395
Survivorship……Page 1397
Sustainable agriculture……Page 1398
Sustainable architecture……Page 1399
Sustainable biosphere……Page 1400
Sustainable development……Page 1402
Sustainable forestry……Page 1404
Swimming advisories……Page 1405
Swordfish……Page 1406
Symbiosis……Page 1407
Synergism……Page 1408
Synthetic fuels……Page 1409
Systemic……Page 1410
Takings……Page 1411
Tall stacks……Page 1412
Talloires Declaration……Page 1413
Arthur G. Tansley (1871 – 1951)……Page 1414
Tar sands……Page 1415
Target species……Page 1416
Tellico Dam……Page 1417
Temperate rain forest……Page 1418
Teratogen……Page 1419
Tetrachloroethylene……Page 1420
The Global 2000 Report……Page 1421
Thermal pollution……Page 1422
Thermal stratification (water)……Page 1424
Thermodynamics, Laws of……Page 1425
Third World pollution……Page 1427
Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862)……Page 1429
Three Gorges Dam……Page 1431
Three Mile Island Nuclear Reactor……Page 1432
Tidal power……Page 1434
Tigers……Page 1435
Times Beach……Page 1436
Toilets……Page 1437
Tolerance level……Page 1438
Topsoil……Page 1439
Toxaphene……Page 1440
Toxic substance……Page 1441
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)……Page 1443
Toxics use reduction legislation……Page 1445
Trade in pollution permits……Page 1448
Tragedy of the commons……Page 1449
Trail Smelter arbitration……Page 1451
Trans-Alaska pipeline……Page 1452
Trans-Amazonian highway……Page 1453
Transboundary pollution……Page 1454
Transmission lines……Page 1456
Transportation……Page 1458
Tributyl tin……Page 1460
Trophic level……Page 1461
Tropical rain forest……Page 1462
Troposphere……Page 1463
Tsunamis……Page 1464
Turnover time……Page 1465
2,4,5-T……Page 1466
Union of Concerned Scientists……Page 1467
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)……Page 1468
United Nations Division for Sustainable Development……Page 1469
United Nations Earth Summit (1992)……Page 1470
United Nations Environment Programme……Page 1471
Urban contamination……Page 1472
Urban ecology……Page 1474
Urban runoff……Page 1476
Urban sprawl……Page 1478
U.S. Department of Defense……Page 1480
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services……Page 1481
U.S. Department of the Interior……Page 1482
Used oil recycling……Page 1483
Utilitarianism……Page 1484
Valdez Principles……Page 1487
Vector (Mosquito) Control……Page 1488
Vegetarianism……Page 1490
Vladímir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1862 – 1945)……Page 1491
Victims’ compensation……Page 1492
Virus……Page 1493
Visibility……Page 1494
Volatile organic compound……Page 1495
Dr. Richard Albert Vollenweider (1922 – )……Page 1496
Volume reduction, solid waste……Page 1497
War, environmental effects of……Page 1499
Waste exchange……Page 1501
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant……Page 1502
Waste management……Page 1503
Waste reduction……Page 1505
Water allocation……Page 1506
Water conservation……Page 1507
Water diversion projects……Page 1509
Water Environment Federation……Page 1512
Water hyacinth……Page 1513
Water pollution……Page 1514
Water quality……Page 1516
Water quality standards……Page 1518
Water reclamation……Page 1519
Water resources……Page 1520
Water rights……Page 1522
Water treatment……Page 1523
Waterkeeper Alliance……Page 1525
Watershed management……Page 1527
James G. Watt (1938 – )……Page 1528
Wave power……Page 1529
Weather modification……Page 1530
Weathering……Page 1532
Wells……Page 1533
Wetlands……Page 1534
Whale strandings……Page 1536
Whales……Page 1537
Whaling……Page 1538
Gilbert White (1720 – 1793)……Page 1540
Whooping crane……Page 1541
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968)……Page 1542
Wild river……Page 1543
Wilderness……Page 1544
Wilderness Act (1964)……Page 1546
Wilderness Study Area……Page 1548
Wildfire……Page 1549
Wildlife……Page 1551
Wildlife management……Page 1553
Wildlife refuge……Page 1555
Wildlife rehabilitation……Page 1556
Edward Osborne Wilson (1929 – )……Page 1557
Wind energy……Page 1558
Windscale (Sellafield) plutonium reactor……Page 1560
Wise use movement……Page 1561
Abel Wolman (1892 – 1989)……Page 1563
Wolves……Page 1564
World Bank……Page 1566
World Commission on Environment and Development……Page 1568
World Resources Institute……Page 1569
World Trade Organization (WTO)……Page 1570
World Wildlife Fund……Page 1572
Charles Frederick Wurster (1930 – )……Page 1573
WWF……Page 1574
Xylene……Page 1575
Yellowstone National Park……Page 1577
Yokkaichi asthma……Page 1579
Yosemite National Park……Page 1580
Yucca Mountain……Page 1581
Zebra mussel……Page 1583
Zero discharge……Page 1584
Zero population growth……Page 1585
Zoo……Page 1586
ZPG……Page 1588
Historical Chronology……Page 1589
Environmental Legislation In The United States……Page 1595
Organizations……Page 1601
A……Page 1625
B……Page 1628
C……Page 1630
D……Page 1635
E……Page 1637
F……Page 1641
G……Page 1644
H……Page 1645
I……Page 1647
J……Page 1649
L……Page 1650
M……Page 1651
N……Page 1654
O……Page 1656
P……Page 1658
R……Page 1662
S……Page 1664
T……Page 1669
U……Page 1671
V……Page 1672
W……Page 1673
Z……Page 1675
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