Karl U. Kainer3527302824, 9783527302826, 3883552550, 352729936X
Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Further Titles of Interest:……Page 3
Title: Magnesium Alloys and their Applications……Page 4
ISBN 3527302824……Page 5
Preface……Page 6
Alloy Development……Page 7
Texture and Microstructure……Page 9
Magnesium Matrix Composites……Page 10
Mechanical Development……Page 11
Corrosion and Surface Treatment……Page 13
Processing……Page 15
Creep Behaviour……Page 17
Subject Index……Page 18
Alloy Development……Page 19
2 Die Casting……Page 21
3 Thixomolding®……Page 23
4 Critical Success Factors for Growth……Page 24
5 Observations and Conclusions……Page 25
6 References……Page 26
2 Database Development……Page 27
3 Alloy Selection in the Mg-Mn-Sc-Gd System……Page 29
6 References……Page 31
1 Introduction……Page 32
1 High Performance Alloys……Page 33
2 Commercial Alloys……Page 35
3 Practical Foundry Considerations……Page 38
5 References……Page 39
1 Introduction……Page 41
2 Method of Investigation……Page 42
3 Material Properties……Page 43
5 Acknowledgements……Page 45
6 Literature……Page 46
1 Introduction……Page 47
2 Preparation of Test Material and Corrosion Testing……Page 48
3 Mechanical Properties and Castability……Page 49
5 Conclusion……Page 50
6 References……Page 51
4 Results and Discussion……Page 53
5 Conclusion……Page 57
7 References……Page 58
2 Introduction……Page 59
4 Modified Wrought Alloys Containing Zinc……Page 60
5 New Wrought Alloys Containing Lithium……Page 61
8 References……Page 63
2 Experimental Procedures……Page 65
3 Results and Discussion……Page 66
4 Conclusions……Page 69
5 References……Page 70
1 Introduction……Page 71
3 Results and Discussion……Page 72
4 Conclusions……Page 75
5 References……Page 76
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 77
3 Results and Discussion……Page 78
5 References……Page 82
1 Introduction……Page 83
2 Materials and Experimental Procedure……Page 84
3 Results……Page 85
4 Discussion……Page 88
6 References:……Page 89
2 Introduction……Page 91
3 Experimental Details……Page 92
4 Results……Page 93
5 Discussion……Page 94
6 Conclusion……Page 95
7 References……Page 96
2 Thermodynamic Calculation of the Ternary System Al-Mg-Sc……Page 97
3 Thermodynamic Calculation of the Ternary System Al-Mg-Gd……Page 99
6 References……Page 101
2 Experimental Investigation……Page 102
3 Thermodynamic Modeling……Page 104
6 References……Page 105
2 Experimental Investigation……Page 106
3 Thermodynamic Modeling……Page 108
6 References……Page 109
2 Results and Discussion……Page 110
3 Conclusions……Page 114
5 References……Page 115
2 Thermodynamic Calculations……Page 116
3 Experimental……Page 118
5 Conclusion……Page 119
7 References……Page 120
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 121
3 Results and Discussion……Page 122
4 Conclusion……Page 126
6 References……Page 127
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 128
3 Results and Discussion……Page 129
6 References……Page 133
Texture and Microstructure……Page 135
1 Introduction……Page 137
2.1 Mechanical Test Results……Page 138
4 References……Page 142
3 Sample Preparation……Page 143
4 Experimental Details of Sample Characterization……Page 144
5 Results……Page 145
7 References……Page 148
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 149
3 Results and Discussion……Page 150
5 References……Page 154
2 Experimental and Results……Page 155
4 Discussion……Page 158
6 References……Page 159
2 Experimental Methods……Page 161
3 Results and Discussion……Page 162
5 Acknowledgments……Page 165
6 References……Page 166
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 167
3 Results and Discussion……Page 168
4 Conclusions……Page 171
6 References……Page 172
2 Introduction……Page 173
4 Simulation Models……Page 174
5 Results and Discussion……Page 176
7 References……Page 178
3 Materials and Experimental Methods……Page 179
4 Results and Discussion……Page 180
6 Acknowledgements……Page 184
7 References……Page 185
Magnesium Applications in Aerospace and Electronic Industries……Page 186
Joining……Page 191
2 Introduction……Page 193
3 State of the Art Friction Stir Welding Tools……Page 194
4 Probe and Shoulder Design of Whorl™ Friction Stir Welding Tools……Page 195
5 Workpiece Materials……Page 197
6 Weld Quality……Page 198
7 Microstructure of Friction Stir Welds in Magnesium……Page 200
8 Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Tanks in the Aerospace Industry……Page 202
9 Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Panels in the Shipbuilding Industry……Page 203
11 Friction Stir Welded Hollow Aluminium Panels in the Rolling Stock Industry……Page 205
12 Commercially Available Powerstir™ and SuperStir™ Machines……Page 206
14 References……Page 207
3 Basic Observation……Page 209
4 TheMechanism of Pore Formation……Page 211
5 The influence of the Welding Parameters……Page 212
6 Reduced Porosity Compared to Die-casted Aluminium……Page 213
7 Influence of the Plate Thickness……Page 214
8 Other Pore ReductionMethods……Page 215
10 Acknowledgment……Page 216
11 References……Page 217
3 Inert-gas Metal-arc Welding (MIG)……Page 218
4 Metallographic Investigations and Weld Profile……Page 220
5 Strength of MIG-welded Magnesium Alloys……Page 221
7 References……Page 222
Magnesium Matrix Composites……Page 223
2 Inserts……Page 225
3 Embedding of Inserts……Page 227
4 Modeling……Page 228
6 Conclusions……Page 230
8 References……Page 231
2 Introduction……Page 233
3 Experimental……Page 234
4 Results and Discussion……Page 235
6 Acknowledgements……Page 237
7 References……Page 238
2 Introduction……Page 239
3 Experimental Procedures……Page 240
4 Results and Discussion……Page 241
5 Conclusions……Page 245
6 Reference……Page 246
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 247
3 Experimental Results and Discussion……Page 248
6 References……Page 251
1 Introduction……Page 252
2 Experimental Materials and Procedures……Page 253
3 Results and Discussion……Page 254
6 References……Page 256
1 Introduction……Page 258
3 Chemical Reactions Between Preform and Magnesium……Page 259
4 Structure Investigations……Page 260
6 Creep-Behaviour of Magnesium Matrix Composites……Page 261
8 Literature……Page 262
1 Introduction……Page 264
3 Results and Discussion……Page 265
6 References……Page 268
1 Introduction……Page 270
3 Investigation Results……Page 271
5 References……Page 274
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 275
3 Result and Discussions……Page 276
5 References……Page 280
2 Materials……Page 281
3 Dynamic Compression Tests……Page 282
4 Fractography……Page 284
6 References……Page 285
Mechanical Development……Page 287
2 Electrochemical Behavior……Page 289
4 Corrosion Protection……Page 290
5 References……Page 291
2 Experimental Method……Page 292
3 Results……Page 293
4 Discussion……Page 295
5 Conclusions……Page 296
6 References……Page 297
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 298
3 Results and Discussion……Page 299
5 Acknowledgments……Page 301
6 References……Page 302
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 303
3 Results and Discussion……Page 304
5 References……Page 308
2 Feedstock Material……Page 309
3 Heating Operation……Page 310
5 Testing Operation……Page 311
6 Results……Page 312
8 References……Page 313
2 Determination of Material Properties……Page 314
3 Verification Tests……Page 317
4 Summary……Page 320
5 References……Page 321
2 Materials and Mechanical Properties……Page 322
3 Fatigue Test Results and Comparison with other Materials……Page 324
4 Conclusions……Page 328
5 Acknowledgement……Page 329
2 Introduction……Page 330
4 Results and Discussion……Page 331
6 References……Page 335
2 Precipitate Phases in Alloy WE54……Page 336
3 Precipitates in Alloy AZ91……Page 338
4 References……Page 341
2 Material Behaviour at High Strain Rates and Temperatures……Page 342
3 Constitutive Material Law for Dynamic Loading……Page 343
4 Influence of Strain Rate and Temperature on Ductility of MgAl8Zn……Page 345
6 References……Page 347
3 Experimental Details……Page 348
4 Results and Discussion……Page 350
7 References……Page 353
2 Introduction……Page 354
3 Experimental Procedure……Page 355
4 Results and Discussion……Page 356
5 Conclusions……Page 358
6 References……Page 359
2 Superplasticity……Page 360
3 Experimental Procedure……Page 361
4 Results……Page 363
6 References……Page 365
2 Experimental……Page 366
3 Results and Discussion……Page 367
5 Acknowledgements……Page 370
6 References……Page 371
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 372
3 Results and Discussion……Page 373
5 References……Page 376
1 Introduction……Page 377
2 Characterization of the Deformation and Damage Behavior……Page 378
3 Component Tests and Simulations……Page 381
5 References……Page 382
1 Extended Abstract……Page 383
2 USCAR Program……Page 384
3 EUCAR Chassis Program……Page 385
Application……Page 389
2 Basic Knowledge……Page 391
3 Drilling……Page 392
4 Compression of Dry Chips……Page 395
5 Summary / Outlook……Page 396
6 Literature……Page 397
2 Introduction……Page 398
3 Preliminary Design, Material Selection and FEM Analyses……Page 399
4 Prototype Casting Process Development……Page 400
5 Prototype Static, Impact and Fatigue Tests……Page 402
6 Summary……Page 403
7 References……Page 404
2 The Starting Point……Page 405
5 Selection of Development Partners……Page 406
6 Selected Development Priorities……Page 407
8 Outlook……Page 408
2. Wheel Engineering……Page 409
3. Alloy Selection……Page 410
4. Manufacturing……Page 411
5. Conclusion……Page 413
Acknowledgement……Page 414
3 Cost and Weight Saving……Page 415
6 References……Page 419
Cast Magnesium Alloys For Wide Application……Page 420
2 Cutting Experiments……Page 424
3 Burnishing Experiments……Page 427
5 Acknowledgement……Page 428
6 References……Page 429
1 Introduction……Page 430
2 Mechanisms of Tool Wear……Page 431
3 ToolWear……Page 432
4 Surface Topography and Subsurface Zone……Page 434
5 References……Page 435
3 Effects on Properties……Page 436
5 References……Page 440
Corrosion and Surface Treatment……Page 441
2 Experimental Results……Page 443
3 Discussion……Page 447
6 References……Page 448
2 Experimental……Page 450
3 Results……Page 451
5 Conclusion……Page 455
6 References……Page 456
1 Introduction……Page 457
3 Results and Discussion……Page 458
4 Conclusions……Page 461
6 References……Page 462
2 Experimental Procedures……Page 463
3 Results and Discussion……Page 464
5 References……Page 468
2 Introduction……Page 469
3 Molten Handling……Page 470
4 Casting Knock-out and Cleaning……Page 472
5 Casting Storage/Temporary Protection……Page 473
7 References……Page 474
2 Introduction……Page 475
3 Experimental Procedure……Page 476
4 Results and Discussion……Page 477
5 Summary……Page 479
6 References……Page 480
Introduction……Page 481
Experimental……Page 482
Results and Discussion……Page 483
References……Page 486
2 Experimental……Page 487
3 Adhesive Bonding Tests……Page 488
4 Results and Discussion……Page 489
5 Conclusions……Page 491
7 References……Page 492
3 Material……Page 493
4 Development of Alternative Conversions……Page 494
5 Characterisation……Page 495
8 Bibliography……Page 501
2 Introduction……Page 502
3 The R&D ANOMAG Pilot Plant……Page 504
5 Corrosion and Paint Adhesion Test……Page 506
6 Costs……Page 508
8 Bibliography……Page 509
1 Introduction……Page 510
2 Paint Finish for Automotive Bodies……Page 511
3 Experimental Work……Page 512
4 Conclusion……Page 515
5 References……Page 516
1 Introduction……Page 517
3 Results and Discussion……Page 519
4 Conclusions……Page 522
5 References……Page 523
2 Experimental……Page 524
3 Results and Discussion……Page 527
6 References……Page 531
1 Introduction……Page 532
2 Experimental procedures……Page 533
3 Results and Discussion……Page 534
5 References……Page 536
2 Experimentals……Page 537
3 Results……Page 538
5 Conclusions……Page 541
6 References……Page 542
Introduction……Page 543
Experimental……Page 544
Results and Discussion……Page 545
References……Page 547
Processing……Page 549
2 The New Rheocasting (NRC) Process……Page 551
3 Microstructural Considerations and Mechanical Properties……Page 554
6 References……Page 556
2 Design Considerations……Page 558
3 Input Data……Page 560
4 Summary……Page 564
5 References……Page 565
2 Simulation in the Design Process of a Magnesium Wheel……Page 566
4 Simulation of the Start Design……Page 567
5 Optimization of Casting Design and Casting Process……Page 569
6 Summary……Page 570
2 Introduction……Page 571
3 A new Device for Magnesium Low Pressure Sand Casting……Page 572
4 Development Results……Page 573
5 Thin-walled Parts……Page 574
7 Conclusion……Page 575
2 Introduction……Page 576
3 Determination of Material Parameters……Page 578
4 Discussion……Page 579
6 References……Page 580
1 Introduction……Page 582
2 Continuous Casting Technology……Page 583
4 Conclusion……Page 587
6 References……Page 588
2 Experimental Procedures……Page 589
3 Results and Discussion……Page 590
6 References……Page 593
1 Introduction……Page 595
2 Injection Cycle……Page 596
3 Semi–Solid Magnesium Influences the Processing Conditions……Page 597
4 Molds……Page 598
5 MoldedParts……Page 599
6 Summary……Page 600
8 References……Page 601
2 Introduction……Page 602
4 Results……Page 603
5 Conclusions……Page 606
7 References……Page 607
2 Introduction……Page 608
4 Fundamentals and Results……Page 609
5 Applications……Page 612
7 References……Page 613
2 Production of the Investigated Alloys……Page 614
3 Results and Discussion……Page 615
4 Conclusions……Page 618
5 Literature……Page 619
2 Wrought Magnesium Alloys……Page 620
3 Magnesium Section Technology……Page 621
4 Magnesium Sheet Technology……Page 623
5 Summary and Outlook……Page 625
6 Literature……Page 626
2 The Principles of Hydrostatic Extrusion……Page 627
4 Mechanical Proerties and Micro Structure……Page 629
5 Feasibility of Hydrostatic Extrusion……Page 631
2 Properties of the Tested Sheet Materials……Page 633
4 Deep Drawing Tests of Cylindrical Cups at Room Temperature……Page 635
5 Drawing and Press Bending of Structural Components……Page 637
7 References……Page 638
2 Material – Original Microstructure – Experimental……Page 639
3 Hot Forming Behavior of Mg Material AZ 61……Page 641
4 Cold Forming Behavior of Mg Material AZ 61……Page 642
5 Results of Rolling Tests……Page 643
7 References……Page 645
2 Literature Review……Page 646
3 Research Methodology……Page 648
4 Results……Page 649
5 Discussion……Page 651
7 References……Page 652
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 653
3 Results and Discussion……Page 654
4 References……Page 656
1 Introduction……Page 657
2 Compression Test Simulation under Dynamic Loading……Page 658
3 Conclusions……Page 661
5 References……Page 662
2 Experimental……Page 663
3 Results and Discussion……Page 664
6 References……Page 667
2 Experimental Procedures……Page 669
3 Results and Discussion……Page 670
4 Conclusions……Page 673
6 References……Page 674
Physical Properties……Page 675
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 677
3 Experimental Results and Discussion……Page 678
4 Conclusions……Page 681
6 References……Page 682
3 Experimental Part……Page 683
4 Results and Discussion……Page 684
6 Acknowledgements……Page 687
7 References……Page 688
2 Introduction……Page 689
3 Experimental Procedure……Page 690
4 Results and Discussion……Page 691
6 References……Page 694
2 Introduction……Page 696
3 Experimental Procedure……Page 697
4 Results and Discussion……Page 698
5 Conclusions……Page 700
7 References……Page 701
Creep Behaviour……Page 703
2 Results……Page 705
3 Discussion of the Tension/Compression Asymmetry……Page 707
4 Acknowledgments……Page 709
5 References……Page 710
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 711
3 Microstructure……Page 712
4 Mechanical Properties……Page 713
5 Discussion……Page 715
7 References……Page 716
2 Experimental Procedures……Page 717
3 Results and Discussion……Page 718
6 References……Page 722
2 Experimental Procedure……Page 723
3 Results……Page 724
4 Discussion……Page 726
5 Conclusions……Page 727
6 References……Page 728
3 Experimental……Page 729
4 Results and Discussion……Page 730
6 References……Page 733
3 Experimental……Page 734
4 Experimental Results……Page 735
5 Discussion……Page 737
7 Acknowledgements……Page 738
8 References……Page 739
Recycling, Melting, Environmental……Page 741
1 General……Page 743
2 Casting methods……Page 744
4 Pre-heating and Charging Machine……Page 745
5 Melting and Holding Furnaces……Page 746
6 Furnace Design……Page 748
8 Protective Gas Mixing System (Figure 11)……Page 750
10 Practical Casting Operation……Page 752
11 Remelting Plants……Page 753
12 Summary……Page 756
2 Experimental……Page 757
3 Results and Discussion……Page 758
4 Conclusions……Page 762
5 References……Page 763
Experimental procedure……Page 764
Results……Page 765
Discussion……Page 767
Summary and Outlook……Page 768
References……Page 769
1 Introduction……Page 770
2 Melting of Dross and Sludge with Flux……Page 771
3 Utilization of the Oxide/Salt Fraction by Leaching……Page 774
5 Acknowledgement……Page 777
6 References……Page 778
2 Sulfur Hexafluoride and Sulfur Dioxide……Page 779
4 ReactionMechanisms……Page 780
5 Distribution and Control of the SO2 Gas Mixture……Page 781
6 Health, Environment and Safety (HES) Aspects……Page 782
8 Conclusions……Page 783
9 References……Page 784
2 Impurities inMagnesium……Page 785
3 Sources of Impurities……Page 786
4 Effects of Impurity Elements and Inclusions……Page 788
5 Recovery of Magnesium from Scrap……Page 791
7 References……Page 796
Simulation……Page 799
2 Applied Methods for Determination of the Solidification Curves of Magnesium AZ-Alloys……Page 801
3 Results……Page 802
4 Discussion……Page 804
5 Conclusions……Page 805
7 References……Page 806
Author Index (with page links, to the first page of the respecting article)……Page 807
Subject Index (with page links, to the first page of the respecting article)……Page 811
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