Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World

Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll9780028656038, 9780028659121, 0028656032

Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Editorial Board……Page 3
Title Page – Volume 1……Page 4
Title Page – Volume 2……Page 5
ISBN 0028656032……Page 6
Contents……Page 7
Editorial and Production Staff……Page 8
Introduction……Page 10
List of Entries……Page 14
List of Contributors……Page 23
Synoptic Outline of Entries……Page 31
List of Maps……Page 35
ABD AL-BAHA (1844–1921)……Page 36
ABD AL-HAMID KISHK (SHAYKH) (1933–1996)……Page 37
ABD AL-KARIM SORUSH (1945– )……Page 38
ABD AL-QADIR, AMIR (1807–1883)……Page 39
ABD AL-RAZZAQ AL-SANHURI (1895–1971)……Page 40
ABDUH, MUHAMMAD (1849–1905)……Page 41
ABU BAKR (573–634)……Page 42
ABU HANIFA (699–767)……Page 43
ABU ’L-HASAN BANI-SADR (1933– )……Page 44
ABU ’L-QASEM KASHANI (1882–1962)……Page 45
ADA……Page 46
ADAB……Page 47
AFRICA, ISLAM IN……Page 48
AFRICAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 54
AGA KHAN……Page 59
AHL AL-BAYT……Page 60
AHL-E HADIS/AHL-AL HADITH……Page 61
AHL AL-KITAB……Page 62
AHMAD IBN IDRIS (1750–1837)……Page 64
AHMADIYYA……Page 65
AISHA (614–678 C.E.)……Page 67
AKBAR (1542–1605)……Page 68
AKHLAQ……Page 69
ALI (600–661)……Page 70
ALIGARH……Page 73
ALLAH……Page 74
AMERICAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 76
AMERICAS, ISLAM IN THE……Page 80
ANDALUS, AL-Al-……Page 81
ANGELS……Page 84
ARABIA, PRE-ISLAM……Page 86
ARABIC LANGUAGE……Page 93
ARABIC LITERATURE……Page 98
ARAB LEAGUE……Page 103
ARCHITECTURE……Page 104
ART……Page 110
ASHARITES, ASHAIRA……Page 117
ASNAM……Page 119
ASSASSINS……Page 120
ASTRONOMY……Page 121
ATATURK, MUSTAFA KEMAL (1881–1938)……Page 123
AWAMI LEAGUE……Page 125
AZHAR, AL-Al-……Page 127
BABIYYA……Page 130
BAB, SAYYED ALI MUHAMMAD (1819–1850)……Page 131
BAGHDAD……Page 132
BAHAALLAH (1817–1892)……Page 134
BAHAI FAITH……Page 135
BALKANS, ISLAM IN THE……Page 136
BANNA, HASAN AL- (1906–1949)……Page 139
BAQILLANI, AL- (?–1013)……Page 140
BAZARGAN, MEHDI (1907–1995)……Page 141
BIDA……Page 142
BIN LADIN, USAMA (1957– )……Page 143
BIOGRAPHY AND HAGIOGRAPHY……Page 144
BODY, SIGNIFICANCE OF……Page 145
BOURGHIBA, HABIB (1901–2000)……Page 146
BUKHARA, KHANATE AND EMIRATE OF……Page 147
BURAQ……Page 149
CAIRO……Page 150
CALIPHATE……Page 151
CALLIGRAPHY……Page 158
CAPITALISM……Page 161
CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY……Page 163
CENTRAL ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 167
CENTRAL ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 173
CHILDHOOD……Page 176
CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM……Page 177
CIRCUMCISION……Page 183
CLOTHING……Page 184
COINAGE……Page 186
COLONIALISM……Page 187
COMMUNISM……Page 190
CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE……Page 192
CONVERSION……Page 195
CRUSADES……Page 198
CUSTOM……Page 202
DAR AL-ISLAM……Page 204
DAWA……Page 205
DAWLA……Page 209
DEATH……Page 210
DEOBAND……Page 211
DEVOTIONAL LIFE……Page 212
DHIKR……Page 214
DIETARY LAWS……Page 215
DISPUTATION……Page 216
DIVORCE……Page 217
DOME OF THE ROCK……Page 218
DUA……Page 220
EAST ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 222
EAST ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 225
ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS……Page 228
EDUCATION……Page 237
EMPIRES……Page 242
ETHICS AND SOCIAL ISSUES……Page 259
ETHIOPIA……Page 266
ETHNICITY……Page 267
EUNUCHS……Page 268
EUROPEAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 269
EUROPE, ISLAM IN……Page 270
EXPANSION……Page 274
FALSAFA……Page 282
FARRAKHAN, LOUIS (1933– )……Page 288
FATIMA (C. 605–633)……Page 289
FEDAIYAN-E ISLAM……Page 290
FEMINISM……Page 291
FEZ……Page 293
FITNA……Page 294
FUNDAMENTALISM……Page 296
FUTUWWA……Page 298
GENDER……Page 300
GENEALOGY……Page 307
GHAYBA(T)……Page 308
GHAZALI, AL- (C. 1059–1111)……Page 309
GHAZALI, MUHAMMAD AL- (1917–2001)……Page 310
GLOBALIZATION……Page 311
GRAMMAR AND LEXICOGRAPHY……Page 314
GREEK CIVILIZATION……Page 316
GUMI, ABU BAKR……Page 318
HADITH……Page 320
HALLAJ, AL- (858–922)……Page 324
HAMAS……Page 325
HAREM……Page 326
HARON, ABDULLAH (1924–1969)……Page 327
HASAN (624–670)……Page 328
HEALING……Page 329
HERESIOGRAPHY……Page 331
HIJRI CALENDAR……Page 334
HINDUISM AND ISLAM……Page 336
HISTORICAL WRITING……Page 341
HIZB ALLAH……Page 344
HOJJATIYYA SOCIETY……Page 345
HOLY CITIES……Page 346
HOMOSEXUALITY……Page 351
HOSPITALITY AND ISLAM……Page 352
HUMAN RIGHTS……Page 353
HUMOR……Page 354
HUSAYN (603–661)……Page 357
HUSAYN, TAHA (1889–1973)……Page 360
IBADAT……Page 362
IBN AL-ARABI (1165–1240)……Page 368
IBN HANBAL (780–855)……Page 369
IBN KHALDUN (1332–1406)……Page 370
IBN MAJA (824–887)……Page 371
IBN SINA (980–1037)……Page 372
IBN TAYMIYYA (1263–1328)……Page 373
IDENTITY, MUSLIM……Page 374
IJTIHAD……Page 379
IKHWAN AL-MUSLIMIN……Page 380
IKHWAN AL-SAFA……Page 383
IMAM……Page 384
IMAMATE……Page 385
IMAMZADAH……Page 386
INTERNET……Page 387
INTIFADA……Page 390
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF……Page 391
ISLAM AND ISLAMIC……Page 394
ISLAM AND OTHER RELIGIONS……Page 395
ISLAMICATE SOCIETY……Page 399
ISLAMIC SALVATION FRONT……Page 400
ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA……Page 401
ISMAIL I, SHAH (1487–1524)……Page 402
JAFAR AL-SADIQ (C. 701–765)……Page 404
JAHILIYYA……Page 405
JAMAAT-E ISLAMI……Page 406
JAMIL AL-AMIN, IMAM (1943– )……Page 408
JAMIYAT-E ULAMA-E ISLAM……Page 409
JANNA……Page 410
JEVDET PASHA (1822–1895)……Page 411
JIHAD……Page 412
JINNAH, MUHAMMAD ALI (1876–1948)……Page 414
JUDAISM AND ISLAM……Page 415
KANO……Page 420
KARAKI, SHAYKH ALI……Page 421
KEMAL, NAMEK (1840–1888)……Page 422
KHAN……Page 423
KHAN, REZA OF BAREILLY (1856–1921)……Page 424
KHIDR, AL-Al-……Page 425
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT……Page 426
KHIVA, KHANATE OF……Page 427
KHOMEINI, RUHOLLAH (1902–1989)……Page 428
KHUTBA……Page 429
KINDI, AL- (801–866)……Page 431
KNOWLEDGE……Page 432
KUNTI, MUKHTAR AL- (1729–1811)……Page 437
LAW……Page 440
LEBANON……Page 446
LIBERATION MOVEMENT OF IRAN……Page 448
LIBRARIES……Page 449
LITERATURE……Page 451
MADHHAB……Page 452
MADRASA……Page 453
MAHDI, SADIQ AL- (1936–)……Page 456
MAHDIST STATE, MAHDIYYA……Page 457
MAHR……Page 459
MAJLISI, MUHAMMAD BAQIR (1627–1698)……Page 460
MALIK, IBN ANAS (C. 708–795)……Page 461
MAMUN, AL- (786–833)……Page 462
MANICHEANISM……Page 463
MANSA MUSA (? –1337)……Page 464
MARRIAGE……Page 465
MARTYRDOM……Page 466
MARWA, MUHAMMAD (D. 1980)……Page 469
MARWAN (623–685 C.E.)……Page 470
MASHHAD……Page 471
MASJID……Page 472
MATERIAL CULTURE……Page 475
MATURIDI, AL- (?–944)……Page 477
MAUDUDI, ABU L-ALA (1903–1979)……Page 478
MAZALIM……Page 479
MEDICINE……Page 480
MIHNA……Page 483
MILITARY RAID……Page 485
MINORITIES……Page 486
MIRAJ……Page 489
MODERNITY……Page 491
MODERNIZATION, POLITICAL……Page 493
MODERN THOUGHT……Page 502
MOJAHEDIN-E KHALQ……Page 507
MOLLABASHI……Page 508
MONARCHY……Page 509
MORAVIDS……Page 510
MOTAHHARI, MORTAZA (1920–1979)……Page 511
MUAWIYA (?–680)……Page 512
MUHAMMAD (570–632 C.E.)……Page 513
MUHAMMAD ALI, DYNASTY OF……Page 520
MUHAMMAD, ELIJAH (1897–1975)……Page 521
MUHAMMAD REZA SHAH PAHLEVI (1919–1980)……Page 522
MUHARRAM……Page 523
MUHTASIB……Page 524
MUJAHIDIN……Page 525
MULLA SADRA (C. 1572–1640)……Page 526
MUSIC……Page 527
MUSLIM STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF NORTH AMERICA……Page 531
MUTHANNA, MUHAMMAD IBN ABDALLAH, AL-……Page 532
NAHDLATUL ULAMA (NU)……Page 534
NAINI, MOHAMMAD HOSAYN (1860–1936)……Page 535
NAR……Page 536
NATIONALISM……Page 537
NATION OF ISLAM……Page 540
NAZZAM, AL- (782–C. 840)……Page 541
NETWORKS, MUSLIM……Page 542
NIYABAT-E AMMA……Page 545
NIZARI……Page 546
NUR MOVEMENT……Page 547
NURSI, SAID (1876–1960)……Page 548
ORIENTALISM……Page 550
PAKISTAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF……Page 552
PAN-ARABISM……Page 553
PAN-ISLAM……Page 554
PAN-TURANISM……Page 556
PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE……Page 557
PILGRIMAGE……Page 564
PLURALISM……Page 568
POLITICAL ISLAM……Page 571
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION……Page 575
POLITICAL THOUGHT……Page 580
POLYGAMY……Page 587
PROPERTY……Page 588
PROPHETS……Page 589
PURDAH……Page 590
QADI (KADI, KAZI)……Page 592
QAIDA, AL-The……Page 594
QANUN……Page 595
QOM……Page 596
QURAN……Page 597
QUTB, SAYYID (1906–1966)……Page 603
RAHMAN, FAZLUR (1919–1988)……Page 606
RASHID, HARUN AL- (C. 763 OR 766–809)……Page 607
RASHIDUN……Page 608
REFORM……Page 609
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS……Page 618
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS……Page 619
REVOLUTION……Page 625
RIBA……Page 631
RITUAL……Page 632
RUMI, JALALUDDIN (1207–1273)……Page 636
RUSHDIE, SALMAN (1947– )……Page 638
SADR……Page 640
SAHARA……Page 641
SAINT……Page 642
SALAFIYYA……Page 643
SAUDI DYNASTY……Page 645
SCIENCE, ISLAM AND……Page 646
SECULARISM, ISLAMIC……Page 649
SECULARIZATION……Page 650
SHAFII, AL- (C. 767–820)……Page 651
SHARIA……Page 653
SHARIAT-SHANGALAJI, REZA-QOLI (1890–1943)……Page 654
SHAYKHIYYA……Page 655
SHIA……Page 656
SHIRK……Page 665
SILSILA……Page 666
SOCIALISM……Page 667
SOUTH ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 669
SOUTH ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 676
SOUTHEAST ASIA, ISLAM IN……Page 679
SOUTHEAST ASIAN CULTURE AND ISLAM……Page 683
SUCCESSION……Page 686
SUHRAWARDI, AL- (C. 1154–1191)……Page 691
SULTANATES……Page 692
SUNNA……Page 701
SUYUTI, AL- (1445–1505)……Page 704
TABLIGHI JAMAAT……Page 706
TAFSIR……Page 707
TAJDID……Page 710
TALIBAN……Page 711
TAQIYYA……Page 713
TAQLID……Page 714
TARIQA……Page 715
TASAWWUF……Page 719
TERRORISM……Page 726
THAQAFI, MUKHTAR AL- (C. 622–687)……Page 728
TRADITIONALISM……Page 729
TRANSLATION……Page 730
TRAVEL AND TRAVELERS……Page 733
TRIBE……Page 734
TUSI, MUHAMMAD IBN AL-HASAN (SHAYKH AL-TAIFA) (995–1067)……Page 735
TUSI, NASIR AL-DIN (1201–1274)……Page 736
ULEMA……Page 738
UMMA……Page 740
UMM KULTHUM (1904?–1975)……Page 741
UNITED STATES, ISLAM IN……Page 742
URDU LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND POETRY……Page 749
USULIYYA……Page 752
UTHMAN IBN AFFAN (R. 644–656)……Page 754
VEILING……Page 756
VELAYAT-E FAQIH……Page 757
VERNACULAR ISLAM……Page 758
VIZIER……Page 760
WAHHABIYYA……Page 762
WAJIB AL-WUJUD……Page 764
WAQF……Page 765
WAZIR……Page 767
WEST, CONCEPT OF IN ISLAM……Page 768
WOMEN, PUBLIC ROLES OF……Page 769
YOUNG OTTOMANS……Page 772
YOUNG TURKS……Page 774
YOUTH MOVEMENTS……Page 775
YUSUF ALI, ABDULLAH (1872–1953)……Page 779
ZANZIBAR, SAIDI SULTANATE OF……Page 780
ZAR……Page 781
ZIYARA……Page 782
Glossary……Page 784
Appendix……Page 790
Genealogies……Page 792
Timelines……Page 798
Index……Page 820
Angels……Page 859
Architecture……Page 860
Bukhara, Khanate and Emirate of……Page 861
Clothing……Page 862
Empires: Mongol and Il-Khanid……Page 864
European Culture and Islam……Page 865
Travels of Ibn Battuta……Page 866
Southeast Asian Culture and Islam……Page 867
Mi‘raj……Page 868
Pakistan, Islamic Republic of……Page 869
Qur’an……Page 870
Qur’an……Page 871
Science, Islam and……Page 872
Persian Language and Literature……Page 873
Travel and Travelers……Page 874