The Visual Neurosciences. Volumes 1,2

Leo M. Chalupa, John S. Werner9780262033084, 0-262-03308-9

Visual science is the model system for neuroscience, its findings relevant to all other areas. This massive collection of papers by leading researchers in the field will become an essential reference for researchers and students in visual neuroscience, and will be of importance to researchers and professionals in other disciplines, including molecular and cellular biology, cognitive science, ophthalmology, psychology, computer science, optometry, and education. Over 100 chapters cover the entire field of visual neuroscience, from its historical foundations to the latest research and findings in molecular mechanisms and network modeling. The book is organized by topic–different sections cover such subjects as the history of vision science; developmental processes; retinal mechanisms and processes; organization of visual pathways; subcortical processing; processing in the primary visual cortex; detection and sampling; brightness and color; form, shape,and object recognition; motion, depth, and spatial relationships; eye movements; attention and cognition; and theoretical and computational perspectives. The list of contributors includes leading international researchers in visual science.

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 14
I HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS……Page 16
1. Vision Structure and Function: The Early History……Page 18
2. The Role of Single-Unit Analysis in the Past and Future of Neurobiology……Page 29
II DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES……Page 46
3. Molecular Regulation of Vertebrate Retinal Development……Page 48
4. Neurotrophins, Electrical Activity, and the Development of Visual Function……Page 61
5. Developmental and Genetic Control of Cell Number in the Retina……Page 78
6. Development of the Vertebrate Retina……Page 92
7. The Development of Retinal Decussations……Page 109
8. The Development of Eye-Specific Segregation in the Retino-Geniculo-Striate……Page 123
9. The Role of Neural Activity in the Development of Orientation Selectivity……Page 132
10. Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Visual Cortex……Page 141
11. Ontogenesis of Cortical Connectivity……Page 161
12. Neural Limitations on Visual Development in Primates……Page 174
13. Development of Spatial Selectivity and Response Timing in Humans……Page 189
14. The Effects of Selected Forms of Early Visual Deprivation on Perception……Page 204
15. Toward a Future for Aging Eyes……Page 220
III RETINAL MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES……Page 228
16. Visual Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors……Page 230
17. How Retinal Circuits Optimize the Transfer of Visual Information……Page 249
18. ON and OFF Pathways in the Vertebrate Retina and Visual System……Page 275
19. Retinal Synapses……Page 294
20. Retinal Neurotransmitters……Page 319
21. Excitation in the Retina……Page 335
22. Peptide and Peptide Receptor Expression and Function in the Vertebrate Retina……Page 349
23. Inhibition in the Retina……Page 370
24. Anatomy, Circuitry, and Physiology of Vertebrate Horizontal Cells……Page 384
25. Retinal Amacrine Cells……Page 410
26. Ganglion Cells in Mammalian Retinae……Page 425
27. Retinal Ganglion Cell Excitability……Page 437
28. Direction Selectivity in Retinal Ganglion Cells……Page 466
29. Spatial Regularity among Retinal Neurons……Page 478
IV ORGANIZATION OF VISUAL PATHWAYS……Page 494
30. The M, P, and K Pathways of the Primate Visual System……Page 496
31. Parallel Visual Pathways: A Comparative Perspective……Page 509
32. Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral Cortex……Page 522
33. Communications between Cortical Areas of the Visual System……Page 537
34. Ventral and Dorsal Cortical Processing Streams……Page 556
V SUBCORTICAL PROCESSING……Page 578
35. The Visual Relays in the Thalamus……Page 580
36. The Visual Functions of the Pulvinar……Page 607
37. Feedback Systems in Visual Processing……Page 624
38. Light Responsiveness and Photic Entrainment of the Mammalian Circadian……Page 640
39. Learning from the Pupil……Page 656
40. Blindsight……Page 672
VI PROCESSING IN PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX……Page 686
41. Functional Connectivity in the Pathway from Retina to Striate Cortex……Page 688
42. Cell Types and Local Circuits in Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey……Page 695
43. Assembly of Receptive Fields in Primary Visual Co……Page 710
44. A Modern View of the Classical Receptive Field……Page 719
45. Beyond the Classical Receptive Field……Page 735
46. Contributions of Vertical and Horizontal Circuits to the Response Properties……Page 748
47. Nonlinear Properties of Visual Cortex Neurons……Page 762
48. Binocular Interaction in the Visual Cortex……Page 780
49. From Binocular Disparity to the Perception of Stereoscopic Depth……Page 794
VII DETECTION AND SAMPLING……Page 808
50. Formation and Acquisition of the Retinal Image……Page 810
51. Thresholds and Noise……Page 826
52. Ideal Observer Analysis……Page 840
53. Scotopic Vision……Page 853
54. Visual Adaptation……Page 866
55. Rod-Cone Interactions in Human Vision……Page 878
VIII BRIGHTNESS AND COLOR……Page 894
56. Brightness and Lightness……Page 896
57. Color Appearance……Page 907
58. Chromatic Discrimination……Page 923
59. The Role of Color in Spatial Vision……Page 939
60. Pattern-Selective Adaptation in Color and Form Perception……Page 951
61. Color Constancy……Page 963
62. Comparative Color Vision……Page 977
63. Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision and Color Vision Defects……Page 989
64. Linking Retinal Circuits to Color Op……Page 1004
65. Neural Coding of Color……Page 1018
66. The Processing of Color in Extrastriate Cortex……Page 1032
67. Improbable Areas in Color Vision……Page 1044
IX FORM, SHAPE, AND OBJECT RECOGNITION……Page 1056
68. Spatial Scale in Visual Processing……Page 1058
69. Spatial Channels in Vision and Spatial Pooling……Page 1075
70. Contour Integration and the Lateral Connections of V1 Neurons……Page 1084
71. Shape Dimensions and Object Primitives……Page 1095
72. Shape and Shading……Page 1105
73. Visual Perception of Texture……Page 1121
74. Visual Segmentation and Illusory Contours……Page 1134
75. Global Yet Early Processing of Visual Surfaces……Page 1144
76. Image Parsing Mechanisms of the Visual Cortex……Page 1154
77. Inferotemporal Response Properties……Page 1166
78. Invariant Object and Face Recognition……Page 1180
79. The Ventral Visual Object Pathway in Humans……Page 1194
X MOTION, DEPTH, AND SPATIAL RELATIONS……Page 1206
80. Motion Cues in Insect Vision and Navigation……Page 1208
81. The Middle Temporal Area……Page 1218
82. Merging Processing Streams……Page 1232
83. Functional Mapping of Motion Regions……Page 1244
84. Optic Flow……Page 1262
85. The Cortical Analysis of Optic Flow……Page 1275
86. The Perceptual Organization of Depth……Page 1299
87. Stereopsis……Page 1315
88. Binocular Rivalry……Page 1328
89. Sensorimotor Transformation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex……Page 1339
XI EYE MOVEMENTS……Page 1352
90. Gaze Control under Natural Conditions……Page 1354
91. Eye Movements in Daily Life……Page 1372
92. Selection of Targets for Saccadic Eye Movements……Page 1384
93. Visual Perception during Saccades……Page 1406
94. Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements: Recent Advances……Page 1417
95. Neural Control of Vergence Eye Movements……Page 1430
96. The Primate Frontal Eye Field……Page 1443
97. Changing Views of the Role of Superior Colliculus in the Control of Gaze……Page 1464
98. The Dialogue between Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus……Page 1481
99. Cerebellar Control of Eye Movements……Page 1500
XII ATTENTION AND COGNITION……Page 1514
100. Visual Perception and Cognition in Honeybees……Page 1516
101. A Neural Basis for Human Visual Attention……Page 1529
102. Neural and Behavioral Measures of Change Detection……Page 1539
103. The Role of Attention in Visual Cerebral Cortex……Page 1553
104. Volition and the Prefrontal Cortex……Page 1561
XIII THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL PERSPECTIVES……Page 1576
105. The Evolution of the Visual System in Primates……Page 1578
106. Gestalt Factors in the Visual Neurosciences……Page 1588
107. Neural Mechanisms of Natural Scene Perception……Page 1605
108. Principles of Image Representation in Visual Cortex……Page 1618
109. Local Analysis of Visual Motion……Page 1631
110. Visual Boundaries and Surfaces……Page 1639
111. How the Visual Cortex Recognizes Objects……Page 1655
112. Plasticity of Orientation Processing in Adult Visual Cortex……Page 1669
113. Synchrony, Oscillations, and Relational Codes……Page 1680
114. The Neuronal Basis of Visual Consciousness……Page 1697
List of Contributors……Page 1710
A……Page 1716
B……Page 1721
C……Page 1725
D……Page 1736
E……Page 1739
F……Page 1742
G……Page 1745
H……Page 1752
I……Page 1754
L……Page 1757
M……Page 1761
N……Page 1770
O……Page 1773
P……Page 1777
R……Page 1786
S……Page 1794
T……Page 1803
V……Page 1806
Z……Page 1813