A history of science

Williams H.S.

Table of contents :
Volume 1 – The Beginnings of Science……Page 1
I. PREHISTORIC SCIENCE……Page 2
II. EGYPTIAN SCIENCE……Page 11
ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE……Page 14
IDEAS OF COSMOLOGY……Page 18
CHARMS AND INCANTATIONS……Page 20
ABSTRACT SCIENCE……Page 22
III. SCIENCE OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA……Page 24
BABYLONIAN ASTRONOMY……Page 26
ASTROLOGY……Page 28
CHALDEAN MAGIC……Page 29
BABYLONIAN MEDICINE……Page 32
ESTIMATES OF BABYLONIAN SCIENCE……Page 33
IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALPHABET……Page 36
EGYPTIAN WRITING……Page 38
BABYLONIAN WRITING……Page 39
THE ALPHABET ACHIEVED……Page 41
V. THE BEGINNINGS OF GREEK SCIENCE……Page 43
VI. THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS IN ITALY……Page 47
XENOPHANES AND PARMENIDES……Page 53
EMPEDOCLES……Page 55
ANAXAGORAS……Page 58
Biological Speculations……Page 63
Physical Speculations……Page 64
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS……Page 67
VIII. POST-SOCRATIC SCIENCE AT ATHENS–PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND
THEOPHRASTUS……Page 73
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)……Page 75
IX. GREEK SCIENCE OF THE ALEXANDRIAN OR HELLENISTIC PERIOD……Page 78
EUCLID (ABOUT 300 B.C.)……Page 79
HEROPHILUS AND ERASISTRATUS……Page 80
ARCHIMEDES OF SYRACUSE AND THE FOUNDATION OF MECHANICS……Page 81
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS, THE COPERNICUS OF ANTIQUITY……Page 87
ERATOSTHENES, “THE SURVEYOR OF THE WORLD”……Page 93
HIPPARCHUS, “THE LOVER OF TRUTH”……Page 96
CTESIBIUS AND HERO: MAGICIANS OF ALEXANDRIA……Page 100
X. SCIENCE OF THE ROMAN PERIOD……Page 104
STRABO THE GEOGRAPHER……Page 105
TWO FAMOUS EXPOSITORS–PLINY AND PTOLEMY……Page 109
PTOLEMY, THE LAST GREAT ASTRONOMER OF ANTIQUITY……Page 110
GALEN–THE LAST GREAT ALEXANDRIAN……Page 112
XI. A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE AT CLASSICAL SCIENCE……Page 117
CHAPTER I. PREHISTORIC SCIENCE……Page 124
CHAPTER II. EGYPTIAN SCIENCE……Page 125
CHAPTER III. SCIENCE OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA……Page 126
CHAPTER VI. THE EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS IN ITALY……Page 128
CHAPTER VIII. POST-SOCRATIC SCIENCE AT ATHENS……Page 129
CHAPTER XI. A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE AT CLASSICAL SCIENCE……Page 130
Volume 2 – The Beginnings of Modern Science……Page 131
I. SCIENCE IN THE DARK AGE……Page 132
II. MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABIANS……Page 136
ARABIAN HOSPITALS……Page 142
III. MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE IN THE WEST……Page 143
THIRTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE……Page 144
FIFTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE……Page 147
NEW BEGINNINGS IN GENERAL SCIENCE……Page 148
ROGER BACON……Page 149
LEONARDO DA VINCI……Page 150
IV. THE NEW COSMOLOGY–COPERNICUS TO KEPLER AND GALILEO……Page 152
JOHANN KEPLER AND THE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION……Page 159
GALILEO GALILEI……Page 162
V. GALILEO AND THE NEW PHYSICS……Page 168
STEVINUS AND THE LAW OF EQUILIBRIUM……Page 172
GALILEO AND THE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUIDS……Page 173
WILLIAM GILBERT AND THE STUDY OF MAGNETISM……Page 176
VI. TWO PSEUDO-SCIENCES–ALCHEMY AND ASTROLOGY……Page 181
ASTROLOGY……Page 188
PARACELSUS……Page 195
THE GREAT ANATOMISTS……Page 198
THE COMING OF HARVEY……Page 200
VIII. MEDICINE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES……Page 205
THOMAS SYDENHAM……Page 208
IX. PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTISTS AND NEW INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING……Page 209
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES……Page 212
ROBERT BOYLE (1627-1691)……Page 214
MARIOTTE AND VON GUERICKE……Page 217
ROBERT HOOKE……Page 219
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS……Page 220
XI. NEWTON AND THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHT……Page 223
THE COMPOSITION OF WHITE LIGHT……Page 224
THE NATURE OF COLOR……Page 226
XII. NEWTON AND THE LAW OF GRAVITATION……Page 227
“PROPOSITION V., THEOREM V…….Page 230
“PROPOSITION VI., THEOREM VI…….Page 231
“PROPOSITION VII., THEOREM VII…….Page 233
XIII. INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION IN THE AGE OF NEWTON……Page 234
XIV. PROGRESS IN ELECTRICITY FROM GILBERT AND VON GUERICKE TO
FRANKLIN……Page 237
THE EXPERIMENTS OF STEPHEN GRAY……Page 238
EXPERIMENTS OF CISTERNAY DUFAY……Page 240
DUFAY DISCOVERS VITREOUS AND RESINOUS ELECTRICITY……Page 242
LUDOLFF’S EXPERIMENT WITH THE ELECTRIC SPARK……Page 244
THE LEYDEN JAR DISCOVERED……Page 246
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN……Page 248
FRANKLIN’S THEORY OF ELECTRICITY……Page 249
FRANKLIN INVENTS THE LIGHTNING-ROD……Page 250
FRANKLIN PROVES THAT LIGHTNING IS ELECTRICITY……Page 251
XV. NATURAL HISTORY TO THE TIME OF LINNAeUS……Page 253
CHAPTER I SCIENCE IN THE DARK AGE……Page 255
CHAPTER VII FROM PARACELSUS TO HARVEY……Page 256
CHAPTER XI NEWTON AND THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHT……Page 257
CHAPTER XIV PROGRESS IN ELECTRICITY FROM GILBERT AND VON GUERICKE
TO FRANKLIN……Page 258
VOLUME III. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES……Page 259
CHAPTER IV. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GEOLOGY……Page 260
CHAPTER VII. THE MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM……Page 261
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE- BOOK III MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL
SCIENCES……Page 262
HEVELIUS AND HALLEY……Page 263
BRADLEY AND THE ABERRATION OF LIGHT……Page 266
FRENCH ASTRONOMERS……Page 267
LEONARD EULER……Page 269
II THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ASTRONOMY……Page 270
THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS OF KANT……Page 273
LAPLACE AND THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS……Page 275
ASTEROIDS AND SATELLITES……Page 279
The Rings of Saturn……Page 280
Studies of the Moon……Page 282
COMETS AND METEORS……Page 283
THE FIXED STARS……Page 286
Double Stars……Page 287
The Distance of the Stars……Page 288
Revelations of the Spectroscope……Page 289
The Astronomy of the Invisible……Page 290
The Structure of Nebulae……Page 291
Lockyer’s Meteoric Hypothesis……Page 292
WILLIAM SMITH AND FOSSIL SHELLS……Page 293
CUVIER AND FOSSIL VERTEBRATES……Page 295
CHARLES LYELL COMBATS CATASTROPHISM……Page 298
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES……Page 302
FOSSIL MAN……Page 304
THE FOSSIL-BEDS OF AMERICA……Page 307
Marsh Describes the Fossil Horse……Page 308
PALEONTOLOGY OF EVOLUTION……Page 310
JAMES HUTTON……Page 312
MODERN GEOLOGY……Page 313
NEPTUNISTS VERSUS PLUTONISTS……Page 318
LYELL AND UNIFORMITARIANISM……Page 323
AGASSIZ AND THE GLACIAL THEORY……Page 324
THE GEOLOGICAL AGES……Page 329
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE……Page 333
METEORITES……Page 335
THE AURORA BOREALIS……Page 337
EVAPORATION, CLOUD FORMATION, AND DEW……Page 339
Dr. Wells’s Essay on Dew……Page 342
ISOTHERMS AND OCEAN CURRENTS……Page 345
CYCLONES AND ANTI-CYCLONES……Page 348
VI MODERN THEORIES OF HEAT AND LIGHT……Page 351
COUNT RUMFORD AND THE VIBRATORY THEORY OF HEAT……Page 352
THOMAS YOUNG AND THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT……Page 355
Of the Colors of Thick Plates……Page 357
The Colors of Striated Surfaces……Page 358
ARAGO AND FRESNEL CHAMPION THE WAVE THEORY……Page 360
GALVANI AND VOLTA……Page 361
In Davy’s own account……Page 363
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM……Page 364
FARADAY AND ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION……Page 366
STORAGE BATTERIES……Page 368
ROENTGEN RAYS, OR X-RAYS……Page 369
VIII. THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY……Page 372
MAYER’S PAPER OF 1842……Page 374
MAYER AND HELMHOLTZ……Page 378
JOULE’S PAPER OF 1843……Page 379
JOULE OR MAYER?……Page 380
LORD KELVIN AND THE DISSIPATION OF ENERGY……Page 381
THE FINAL UNIFICATION……Page 383
IX. THE ETHER AND PONDERABLE MATTER……Page 384
CHAPTER V……Page 395
CHAPTER IX……Page 396
VOLUME IV. MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES……Page 397
I. THE PHLOGISTON THEORY IN CHEMISTRY……Page 398
II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY THE “PNEUMATIC” CHEMISTS……Page 401
HENRY CAVENDISH……Page 402
JOSEPH PRIESTLEY……Page 405
KARL WILHELM SCHEELE……Page 407
LAVOISIER AND THE FOUNDATION OF MODERN CHEMISTRY……Page 409
JOHN DALTON AND THE ATOMIC THEORY……Page 413
HUMPHRY DAVY AND ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY……Page 417
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND THE IDEA OF THE MOLECULE……Page 420
CHEMICAL AFFINITY……Page 421
PERIODICITY OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS……Page 424
NEW WEAPONS–SPECTROSCOPE AND CAMERA……Page 426
ALBRECHT VON HALLER……Page 428
BATTISTA MORGAGNI AND MORBID ANATOMY……Page 429
JOHN HUNTER……Page 430
Hunter’s Operation for the Cure of Aneurisms……Page 432
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI……Page 434
THE CHEMICAL THEORY OF DIGESTION……Page 435
THE FUNCTION OF RESPIRATION……Page 436
ERASMUS DARWIN AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY……Page 437
ZOOLOGY AT THE CLOSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY……Page 440
CUVIER AND THE CORRELATION OF PARTS……Page 441
BICHAT AND THE BODILY TISSUES……Page 443
LISTER AND THE PERFECTED MICROSCOPE……Page 444
ROBERT BROWN AND THE CELL NUCLEUS……Page 446
SCHLEIDEN AND SCHWANN AND THE CELL THEORY……Page 448
THE CELL THEORY ELABORATED……Page 450
ANIMAL CHEMISTRY……Page 452
LIEBIG ON ANIMAL HEAT……Page 454
BLOOD CORPUSCLES, MUSCLES, AND GLANDS……Page 455
GOETHE AND THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PARTS……Page 457
ERASMUS DARWIN……Page 461
LAMARCK VERSUS CUVIER……Page 462
TENTATIVE ADVANCES……Page 466
DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES……Page 469
NEW CHAMPIONS……Page 472
THE ORIGIN OF THE FITTEST……Page 474
VII. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE……Page 475
THE SYSTEM OF BOERHAAVE……Page 476
ANIMISTS, VITALISTS, AND ORGANICISTS……Page 477
THE SYSTEM OF HAHNEMANN……Page 479
JENNER AND VACCINATION……Page 480
PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS……Page 483
PARASITIC DISEASES……Page 485
PAINLESS SURGERY……Page 487
PASTEUR AND THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE……Page 491
EXPERIMENTS WITH GRAPE SUGAR……Page 492
FOREIGN ORGANISMS AND THE WORT OF BEER……Page 494
LISTER AND ANTISEPTIC SURGERY……Page 496
PREVENTIVE INOCULATION……Page 497
SERUM-THERAPY……Page 501
BRAIN AND MIND……Page 503
FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVES……Page 505
PSYCHO-PHYSICS……Page 510
FECHNER EXPOUNDS WEBER’S LAW……Page 511
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY……Page 512
THE BRAIN AS THE ORGAN OF MIND……Page 514
THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN……Page 517
HOW THE “RIDDLE OF THE SPHINX” WAS READ……Page 521
TREASURES FROM NINEVEH……Page 523
HOW THE RECORDS WERE READ……Page 525
CHAPTER IV…….Page 528
CHAPTER VII…….Page 529
CHAPTER IX…….Page 530