Power Transmission

Padiyar, K. R.

Table of contents :
Preface
……Page 8
Contents
……Page 12
1.2 Basics of Power Transmission Networks
……Page 18
1.3 Control of Power Flow in AC Transmission Line
……Page 21
1.4 Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers
……Page 24
1.5 Application of FACTS Controllers in Distribution Systems
……Page 33
2.1 Analysis of Uncompensated AC Line……Page 36
2.2 Passive Reactive Power Compensation……Page 46
2.3 Compensation by a Series Capacitor Connected at the Midpoint of the Line
……Page 49
2.4 Shunt Compensation Connected at the Midpoint of the Line
……Page 51
2.5 Comparison between Series and Shunt Capacitor……Page 53
2.6 Compensation by STATCOM and SSSC……Page 55
2.7 Some Representative Examples……Page 59
3.1 Analysis of SVC……Page 68
3.2 Configuration of SVC
……Page 75
3.3 SVC Controller……Page 85
3.4 Voltage Regulator Design-Some Issues
……Page 92
3.5 Harmonics and Filtering……Page 100
3.6 Protection Aspects……Page 108
3.7 Modelling of SVC……Page 113
3.8 Applications of SVC……Page 116
4.1 Introduction……Page 122
4.2 Basic Concepts of Controlled Series Compensation……Page 123
4.3 Operation of TCSC……Page 127
4.4 Analysis of TCSC……Page 129
4.5 Control of TCSC……Page 135
4.6 Modelling of TCSC for Stability Studies
……Page 139
4.7 GTO Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC)
……Page 142
4.8 Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance with TCSC and GCSC
……Page 145
4.9 Applications of TCSC……Page 167
5.2 Basic Principle of a PST……Page 174
5.3 Configurations of SPST
……Page 178
5.4 Improvement of Transient Stability Using SPST……Page 183
5.5 Damping of Low Frequency Power Oscillations……Page 185
5.6 Applications of SPST……Page 187
6.1 Introduction……Page 190
6.2 Principle of Operation of STATCOM……Page 191
6.3 A Simplified Analysis of a Three Phase Six Pulse STATCOM
……Page 194
6.4 Analysis of a Six Pulse VSC Using Switching Functions……Page 201
6.5 Multi-pulse Converters……Page 205
6.6 Control of Type 2 Converters……Page 209
6.7 Control of Type 1 Converter……Page 214
6.8 Multilevel Voltage Source Converters……Page 217
6.9 Harmonic Transfer and Resonance in VSC……Page 226
6.10 Applications of STATCOM……Page 230
7.2 Operation of SSSC and the Control of Power Flow……Page 234
7.3 Modelling and Control of SSSC……Page 242
7.4 SSSC with an Energy Source……Page 246
7.5 Analysis of SSR with a SSSC……Page 254
7.6 Applications of SSSC……Page 257
8.1 Introduction……Page 260
8.2 Operation of a UPFC……Page 263
8.3 Control of UPFC……Page 274
8.4 Protection of UPFC……Page 279
8.5 Interline Power Flow Controller……Page 280
8.6 Convertible Static Compensator……Page 282
8.7 Modelling of UPFC, IPFC and other Multi-Converter FACTS
……Page 283
8.9 Applications of UPFC……Page 286
9.1 Interphase Power Controller (IPC)……Page 290
9.2 NGH SSR Damping Scheme……Page 303
9.3 Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)
……Page 308
9.4 Fault Current Limiter (FCL)……Page 310
9.5 Thyristor Controlled Voltage Limiter (TCVL)……Page 313
10.1 Introduction……Page 318
10.2 Basic Issues in the Damping of Low Frequency Oscillations in Large Power Systems……Page 319
10.3 System Modelling for Small Signal Stability……Page 322
10.4 Design of Damping Controllers……Page 333
10.5 Modal Transformation of Swing Equations……Page 339
10.6 Damping of Power Oscillations Using Series FACTS Controllers……Page 342
10.7 Damping of Power Oscillations Using Shunt FACTS Controllers
……Page 351
10.8 A Case Study of Damping Controllers in UPFC……Page 357
11.1 Introduction……Page 366
11.2 Transient Stability of a Two Machine System……Page 367
11.3 Extension to Multimachine Power Systems……Page 369
11.4 Potential Energy Function for SVC, SSSC and UPFC……Page 378
11.5 A New Control Algorithm for Improving Transient Stability and Damping of Oscillations……Page 383
11.6 Case Studies of Discrete Control for Stability Improvement……Page 391
12.1 General……Page 400
12.2 Electromagnetic Phenomena and Power Quality……Page 401
12.3 Custom Power Devices……Page 411
12.4 Definitions of Reactive Power
……Page 420
12.5 Reactive Power Compensation in Single Phase Circuits……Page 429
12.6 Reactive Power Compensation in Three Phase Circuits……Page 437
13.1 Introduction……Page 450
13.2 Three Phase Three Wire Systems……Page 451
13.3 Three Phase Four Wire Systems……Page 460
13.4 A Case Study……Page 465
13.5 Synchronous Reference Frame Based Extraction of Reference Currents……Page 467
13.6 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Based Extraction of Reference Currents……Page 470
13.7 Application of DSTATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation and Voltage Regulation……Page 477
13.8 Current Control Techniques for PWM Converters……Page 478
13.9 Application of Composite Compensation
……Page 481
14.1 Introduction……Page 484
14.2 Dynamic Voltage Restoration……Page 485
14.3 Series Active Filtering……Page 490
14.4 A Case Study on DVR……Page 494
14.5 Unified Power Quality Conditioner
……Page 501
14.6 A Case Study on UPQC……Page 504
A.1 Synchronous Machine Model……Page 512
A.2 Modelling of Turbine Generator Mechanical Systems……Page 518
A.3 Relationship between Park and Kron Transformation……Page 521
B.1 Introduction……Page 524
B.2 Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE)……Page 526
B.3 Sinusoidal PWM……Page 528
B.4 Space Vector Modulation (SVM)……Page 532
Appendix C: Per Unit System for STATCOM……Page 540
Appendix D: Abbreviations……Page 544
Index……Page 546