Michael Köhl3540325719, 9783540325710, 9783540325727
To accomplish these goals, the book provides a short summary of the history of forest resources assessments, introduces some general aspects of the planning and organization of forest inventories, gives an overview of the assessment of attributes of single trees and forest stands, including global positioning systems and location-based services, and presents the critical definitions and theory needed for designing sample-based surveys and performing statistical inference. One chapter is devoted to the theory and application of remote-sensing techniques, another chapter to geographic information systems. The last chapter concerns topics such as dissemination of inventory results, forest information systems, and the application of IT techniques. Future needs for research and methodological developments are outlined.
Table of contents :
Contents……Page 11
1.1 Focus……Page 19
1.2 Objectives……Page 21
1.3 A Typology of Forest Inventories……Page 27
1.4 Inventory Planning……Page 29
2.1 Introduction……Page 34
2.2.1 Forest Area Definitions……Page 35
2.2.2 Assessment of Forest Area……Page 39
2.3.1 Species Identification……Page 41
2.3.2 Diameter at Breast Height and Upper-Stem Diameters……Page 43
2.3.3 Cross-Sectional Area Measurement……Page 52
2.3.4 Height……Page 53
2.3.5 Bark Thickness……Page 61
2.3.6 Tree Form……Page 62
2.3.7 Volume……Page 64
2.3.8 Weight and Wood Density……Page 70
2.3.9 Biomass……Page 71
2.3.10 Quantification of Timber Quality……Page 75
2.3.11 Age……Page 78
2.3.12 Growth and Increment……Page 79
2.3.13 Density……Page 86
3.2.1 Population, Samples, and Estimators……Page 87
3.2.2 Probability Sampling……Page 90
3.2.3 Definitions and Notations……Page 92
3.2.4 Properties of Estimators……Page 94
3.3 Survey Design and Sampling Design……Page 96
3.3.1 Simple Random Sampling……Page 98
3.3.2 Systematic Sampling……Page 109
3.3.3 Cluster Sampling……Page 113
3.3.4 Stratified Sampling……Page 121
3.3.5 Two-Phase Sampling……Page 128
3.3.6 Multiphase Sampling……Page 134
3.4 Errors in Forest Surveys……Page 136
3.4.1 Non-Sampling inventory errors……Page 138
3.5 Selection of Trees on Sampling Units……Page 145
3.5.1 Tree Selection with Fixed-Area Sampling Units……Page 146
3.5.2 Scaling of Individual Tree Data into Sample Plot Values……Page 149
3.5.3 Point Sampling……Page 150
3.5.4 Point Sampling Versus Fixed-Area Plots……Page 156
3.5.5 Sampling at the Forest Edge……Page 157
3.6 Sampling on Successive Occasions……Page 159
3.6.1 Continuous Forest Inventory……Page 160
3.6.2 Sampling with Partial Replacement of Sample Plots……Page 163
3.6.3 Estimates for Subpopulations……Page 165
3.7 Sampling for Rare and Elusive Populations……Page 166
3.7.1 Adaptive Cluster Sampling……Page 167
3.7.2 Sampling with Probability Proportional to Size……Page 171
3.7.3 Line Transect Sampling……Page 176
3.7.4 Capture–Recapture Sampling……Page 182
3.7.5 Inverse Sampling……Page 183
3.7.6 Double Sampling……Page 184
3.7.7 Composite Sampling……Page 186
3.8 Small-Area Estimation……Page 189
3.8.1 Direct Small-Area Estimators……Page 190
3.8.2 Synthetic Small-Area Estimators……Page 191
3.8.3 Composite Small-Area Estimators……Page 192
3.8.4 Model-Based Small-Area Estimation……Page 193
3.8.5 Small-Area Estimation by Block Kriging……Page 198
3.8.6 Empirical Bayesian Methods for Small-Area Estimation……Page 201
3.9 k Nearest-Neighbor Prediction……Page 203
3.10 Resampling for Nonlinear Inventory Statistics……Page 207
3.10.1 The Bootstrap……Page 208
3.10.2 The Jackknife Resampling……Page 210
3.10.3 The Pòlya-Urn Resampling Scheme……Page 211
4.1 Introduction……Page 213
4.2 Basic Concepts……Page 217
4.2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation……Page 218
4.2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum……Page 219
4.2.3 Interactions with the Atmosphere……Page 221
4.2.4 Radiation–Target Interactions……Page 223
4.2.5 Passive and Active Sensing……Page 226
4.2.6 Characteristics and Analysis of Images……Page 227
4.3 The Instruments and Their Use……Page 240
4.3.2 Medium and High Spatial Resolution Sensors……Page 243
4.3.3 Very High Spatial Resolution Sensors……Page 245
4.3.5 Microwave Sensors……Page 246
4.3.6 Laser Sensors……Page 249
4.4 Accuracy Requirements……Page 250
4.4.1 Accuracy of Position and of Classification……Page 252
4.4.2 Testing the Accuracy of Borderlines……Page 253
5.1 Introduction……Page 255
5.2 Geographic Information Systems……Page 256
5.2.1 Spatial Data……Page 257
5.2.2 Spatial Analyses……Page 261
5.2.3 Pattern Analysis……Page 270
5.2.4 Network Analysis……Page 273
5.2.5 Surface Analysis……Page 274
5.2.6 Grid Analysis……Page 277
5.2.7 Geostatistical Methods……Page 278
5.3 Forest Information Systems……Page 285
5.4 Methodical Components of Information Systems……Page 289
6.1 Introduction……Page 292
6.2.1 From Tree Volume to Utilized Timber Volume……Page 293
6.2.2 Access Studies……Page 295
6.3.1 Historical Perspective……Page 297
6.3.2 Definition of Nonwood Goods and Services……Page 299
6.3.3 Classification Systems for Nonwood Goods and Services……Page 301
6.3.4 The Assessment of Nonwood Goods and Services……Page 303
6.4 Forest Ecosystems and Biological Diversity[sup(2)]……Page 308
6.4.1 Biodiversity Indicators……Page 313
6.4.2 Assessment of the Forest Edge……Page 314
6.4.3 Sampling Diversity……Page 315
6.4.5 Plant Density Estimation……Page 317
6.4.6 Assessment of Deadwood by Transect Relaskop Sampling and Guided Transect Sampling……Page 318
6.5 Landscape Analysis……Page 319
6.5.1 The Theory of Windows……Page 320
6.6 Forest Fires……Page 327
6.6.1 Assessment and Modeling of Wildfire Risks……Page 328
6.6.2 Detecting Fires and Emissions……Page 334
6.6.3 Mapping Burned Areas……Page 336
6.6.5 Indices for Danger Assessment……Page 340
A……Page 342
B……Page 343
C……Page 346
D……Page 349
E……Page 350
F……Page 351
G……Page 353
H……Page 355
I……Page 357
K……Page 358
L……Page 361
M……Page 363
O……Page 366
P……Page 367
R……Page 369
S……Page 371
T……Page 376
V……Page 377
W……Page 379
Y……Page 380
Z……Page 381
C……Page 382
E……Page 383
J……Page 384
O……Page 385
R……Page 386
S……Page 387
W……Page 388
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