Traumatic brain injury: methods for clinical and forensic neuropsychiatric assessment

Robert P. Granacher Jr.9780849314292, 0-8493-1429-1

This text has a specific focus. It provides not only methods for clinical examination but also the forensic evaluation of traumatically brain-injured persons. The reader can be selective in using this book. If he or she is interested only in clinical assessment, treatment planning, and neuropsychiatric treatment, the first eight chapters of the book will suffice. On the other hand, for the physician performing a forensic neuropsychiatric examination, the entire book should be useful. If the clinician is already highly skilled in the clinical evaluation of traumatic brain injury but wishes to learn further forensic issues, he or she may focus only on the last four chapters of this text.

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Table of contents :
EEn……Page 1
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: Methods for Clinical and Forensic Neuropsychiatric Assessment……Page 2
Back Cover……Page 3
Copyright Info……Page 5
Preface……Page 6
Author……Page 7
TOC……Page 8
INTRODUCTION……Page 19
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 20
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAD INJURY……Page 21
BIOMECHANIC MECHANISMS IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 22
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 24
NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 25
APOPTOSIS FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 26
Contusions and Lacerations……Page 27
Hemorrhage and Hematoma……Page 28
Subdural Hematoma……Page 29
Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage……Page 30
Ischemic Brain Injury……Page 31
VASCULAR FAILURE……Page 32
BRAIN SHIFT AND HERNIATION……Page 33
THE GENETIC COMPONENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 34
CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS AND NEURODEGENERATION……Page 35
REFERENCES……Page 36
Disorders of Attention……Page 43
Disorders of Memory……Page 44
Visual-Perceptual Disorders……Page 46
Executive Disorders……Page 47
Intellectual Disorders……Page 48
Disorders of Attention……Page 49
Disorders of Language……Page 50
Intellectual Disorders……Page 51
FRONTAL LOBE SYNDROMES……Page 53
Apathetic and Akinetic (Mediofrontal) Syndromes……Page 54
POSTTRAUMATIC SEIZURE DISORDERS……Page 55
POSTTRAUMATIC HEADACHE……Page 56
POSTTRAUMATIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE……Page 57
Depression……Page 58
Mania……Page 59
ANXIETY DISORDER……Page 60
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS……Page 62
PERSONALITY CHANGES FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 63
AGGRESSION AND ANGER……Page 64
REFERENCES……Page 65
POSTTRAUMA SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT……Page 74
Attention……Page 75
Speech and Language……Page 76
Memory and Orientation……Page 77
Visuospatial and Constructional History……Page 78
Executive Function History……Page 79
Obtaining the History of Affective and Mood Changes……Page 80
Questioning the Patient about Risk to Self or Others……Page 82
ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING……Page 83
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY……Page 84
PAST NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HISTORY……Page 86
SOCIAL HISTORY……Page 87
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS……Page 89
POSTTRAUMA SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT……Page 90
Speech and Language……Page 91
Visuospatial and Constructional History……Page 92
Obtaining the History of Affective and Mood Changes……Page 93
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DEVELOPMENT HISTORY……Page 94
PAST PEDIATRIC HISTORY……Page 95
SOCIAL HISTORY……Page 96
EMERGENCY ROOM RECORDS……Page 97
THE HOSPITAL RECORD……Page 98
COGNITIVE REHABILITATION RECORDS……Page 99
OCCUPATIONAL AND PHYSICAL THERAPY RECORDS……Page 100
TAKING THE COLLATERAL HISTORY……Page 101
REFERENCES……Page 103
INTRODUCTION……Page 109
ATTENTION……Page 110
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE……Page 112
MEMORY AND ORIENTATION……Page 115
VISUOSPATIAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL ABILITY……Page 118
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION……Page 119
AFFECT AND MOOD……Page 120
THOUGHT PROCESSING, CONTENT, AND PERCEPTION……Page 122
MENTAL SCREENING EXAMINATION……Page 125
THE ADULT NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION……Page 127
Cranial Nerve II……Page 128
Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI……Page 129
Cranial Nerve VIII……Page 130
Cranial Nerves IX and X……Page 131
Muscle Tone……Page 132
ABNORMAL INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS……Page 134
SENSORY EXAMINATION……Page 135
REFLEXES……Page 136
COORDINATION: CEREBELLAR……Page 137
THE CHILD MENTAL EXAMINATION……Page 138
MEMORY AND ORIENTATION……Page 139
VISUOSPATIAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL ABILITY……Page 140
THE CHILD NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION……Page 141
CRANIAL NERVES……Page 142
COORDINATION: CEREBELLAR……Page 144
REFERENCES……Page 145
INTRODUCTION……Page 150
Use in the Acute Care Setting……Page 151
Skull Fracture……Page 152
Contusions……Page 153
Brain Stem Injury……Page 154
Subdural Hematoma……Page 155
Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage……Page 156
Diffuse Axonal Hemorrhage……Page 157
Posttraumatic Neurodegeneration……Page 158
Contusions……Page 160
Brain Stem Injury……Page 161
Subdural Hematoma……Page 162
Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage……Page 163
Intraventricular Hemorrhage……Page 164
Diffuse Axonal Injury……Page 165
Posttraumatic Neurodegeneration……Page 166
SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY……Page 168
SPECT and the Pathophysiology of Acute Brain Injury……Page 169
SPECT and Neuropsychological Outcome……Page 171
PET and the Pathophysiology of Acute Brain Injury……Page 172
PET and Mild Head Injury……Page 174
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING……Page 175
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY……Page 176
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY……Page 177
REFERENCES……Page 178
INTRODUCTION……Page 186
BASIC STATISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING……Page 187
MEASURING COGNITIVE DISTORTION……Page 189
Test of Memory Malingering……Page 191
ESTABLISHING A PREINJURY COGNITIVE BASELINE……Page 192
Wechsler Test of Adult Reading……Page 194
The Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Bases of Attention……Page 195
The Neuropsychological Measurement of Attention……Page 198
The Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Bases of Memory……Page 202
The Neuropsychological Measurement of Memory……Page 204
The Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Bases of Language……Page 205
The Neuropsychological Measurement of Language……Page 208
The Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Bases of Visuoperception……Page 210
The Neuropsychological Measurement of Visuospatial and Perceptual Ability……Page 212
The Neuroanatomical and Neuroimaging Bases of Sensorimotor Function……Page 214
The Neuropsychological Measurement of Sensorimotor Function……Page 215
The Neuroanatomical Bases of Executive Frontal Lobe Function……Page 217
The Neuropsychological Measurement of Executive Function……Page 218
Kaufman’s Brief Test of Intelligence……Page 220
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence……Page 221
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III……Page 222
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-II……Page 223
Kiddie Continuous Performance Test……Page 225
Children’s Memory Scale……Page 226
MEASURING LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN……Page 227
MEASURING VISUOPERCEPTUAL ABILITY IN CHILDREN……Page 228
Measuring Sensorimotor Function in Children……Page 229
Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System……Page 230
Cognitive Assessment System……Page 231
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III……Page 232
MEASURING COGNITIVE INJURY IN THE VERY YOUNG CHILD……Page 233
REFERENCES……Page 234
EFFECTS UPON AFFECT AND MOOD……Page 242
Beck Anxiety Inventory……Page 243
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III……Page 244
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2……Page 245
Personality Assessment Inventory……Page 246
State–Trait Anxiety Inventory……Page 247
Aggression Questionnaire……Page 248
Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory……Page 249
EFFECTS OF BRAIN INJURY UPON SEXUALITY……Page 250
PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING……Page 251
DRIVING BEHAVIORS FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 252
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND IMPACT UPON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE……Page 253
Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome……Page 254
Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i)……Page 255
Adolescent Psychopathology Scale……Page 257
Behavior Assessment System for Children……Page 258
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent……Page 259
Multiscore Depression Inventory for Children……Page 261
AGGRESSION……Page 262
THE ADULT……Page 263
THE CHILD……Page 264
Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory……Page 265
REFERENCES……Page 266
THE INJURY RECORD……Page 271
History……Page 274
Mental Status Examination……Page 275
Neurological Examination……Page 276
Neurocognitive Measures……Page 277
Behavioral Measures……Page 278
ESTABLISHING NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DEFICITS……Page 279
PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SYMPTOMS……Page 281
Antidepressants……Page 282
Antiepileptic Drugs……Page 284
Neuroleptic Drugs……Page 286
Anxiolytic Medications……Page 287
Cholinergic Cognitive Enhancers……Page 288
Psychostimulants……Page 289
Dopamine Agonists and Amantadine……Page 290
Other Categories of Drugs……Page 291
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 293
FAMILY INTERVENTIONS AND THERAPY……Page 295
COGNITIVE REHABILITATION……Page 296
Introduction……Page 297
Past Medical and Psychiatric History……Page 298
Neurological Examination……Page 299
Standardized Mental Assessment……Page 300
Neurobehavioral Analysis……Page 305
History of the Accident……Page 308
Review of Systems and Activities of Daily Living……Page 309
Standardized Mental Assessment……Page 310
Neurobehavioral Analysis……Page 316
History of the Accident……Page 318
History from the Patient……Page 319
Mental Status Examination……Page 320
Standardized Mental Assessment……Page 321
Diagnoses……Page 325
Treatment Planning……Page 326
REFERENCES……Page 327
INTRODUCTION……Page 334
ARE YOU EXAMINING A PATIENT OR AN EXAMINEE ?……Page 335
ETHICS AND BOUNDARY ISSUES OF THE FORENSIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATION……Page 336
FRYE V. UNITED STATES: GENERAL ACCEPTANCE STANDARD……Page 337
THE DAUBERT RULE……Page 338
CASE LAW SINCE DAUBERT……Page 339
MALINGERING……Page 340
DETECTION OF COGNITIVE MALINGERING……Page 343
Detecting False Memory Complaints……Page 346
Detecting False Executive Function Complaints……Page 347
Detecting False Visuospatial Function Complaints……Page 348
Using IQ Tests to Detect Poor Effort……Page 349
The MMPI-2 in Detection of Psychological Malingering……Page 350
The Personality Assessment Inventory in Detection of Psychological Malingering……Page 355
The Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms……Page 357
REFERENCES……Page 358
INTRODUCTION……Page 363
CAUSATION……Page 364
DAMAGES……Page 365
ADULT OUTCOMES FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 366
CHILD OUTCOMES FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 370
Outcome from Moderate Head Injury……Page 372
ADULT COMPETENCE……Page 373
DETERMINING IMPAIRMENT FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 375
DISABILITY DETERMINATION FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY……Page 380
FORENSIC MEDICAL HISTORY……Page 381
FORENSIC MEDICAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE……Page 383
REFERENCES……Page 392
THE POLICE RECORD OR INJURY REPORT……Page 397
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT RECORDS……Page 399
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD……Page 400
OUTPATIENT TREATMENT……Page 401
COLLATERAL HISTORY SOURCES……Page 402
ACADEMIC AND EMPLOYMENT RECORDS……Page 403
DEPOSITIONS……Page 404
CAUSATION ANALYSIS……Page 405
DAMAGES ANALYSIS……Page 406
CASE 1: MALINGERING BRAIN INJURY ATTRIBUTED TO RAILROAD INJURY……Page 407
HISTORY FROM THE INJURY RECORDS……Page 408
PAST MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY……Page 410
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION……Page 411
Measures of Cognitive and Psychological Effort……Page 412
Assessment of Emotional Adjustment……Page 413
FORENSIC NEUROBEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS……Page 414
INTRODUCTION……Page 415
FAMILY AND SOCIAL HISTORY……Page 416
MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION……Page 417
STANDARDIZED MENTAL ASSESSMENT……Page 418
Measures Providing Estimates of Preinjury Function……Page 419
Language and Language-Related Skills……Page 420
Sensory Perceptual Skills……Page 421
Executive Function……Page 422
Test Intelligence……Page 423
FORENSIC NEUROBEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS……Page 424
PAST MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY……Page 427
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS AND ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING……Page 428
STANDARDIZED MENTAL ASSESSMENT……Page 429
DIAGNOSES……Page 431
FORENSIC NEUROBEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS……Page 432
REFERENCES……Page 433
THE PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE……Page 434
THE STYLE OF THE REPORT……Page 435
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 437
REPORT 1: RIGHT DEPRESSED TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURE IN AN ADULT……Page 438
REPORT 2: CLOSED-HEAD INJURY IN A TEENAGER……Page 454
REPORT 3: MALINGERING APHASIA AND HEMIPARESIS……Page 469
EXPERT TESTIMONY……Page 480
DEPOSITION FOR DISCOVERY……Page 481
DEPOSITION FOR EVIDENCE……Page 482
COMMUNICATING THE MESSAGE……Page 483
CROSS-EXAMINATION……Page 485
REFERENCES……Page 486