Ching T. Hou, Jei-Fu Shaw9781420077032, 1420077031
Created Under the Editorial Guidance of Leading Biotechnology Experts
With the aid of numerous graphs and illustrations, this authoritative reference documents such important advances as:
Cloning and characterization of Kennedy pathway acyltransferases
Engineering of plants for industrial uses
New approaches from acquired tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stress of economically important crops
This comprehensive text also explores a variety of bio-based industrial products, including:
The modification of enzyme character through gene manipulation
The biocatalytic synthesis of chiral intermediates for drug development
The use of Omega-3 phospholipid nano capsules as effective forms for transporting immune response modifiers
Providing in-depth reviews of this ancient field and its modern-day advances, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology is an invaluable lab reference for teachers, graduate students, and industrial scientists conducting research in the biosciences.
Table of contents :
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology……Page 2
Contents……Page 4
Preface……Page 8
Contributors……Page 10
Editors……Page 15
Table of Contents……Page 0
Section 1: Improvement of Agronomic and Microbial Traits……Page 17
1.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 18
1.2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF SEED OIL……Page 19
1.3.1 OVEREXPRESSION OF ENZYMES PRODUCING TAG BUILDING BLOCKS……Page 21
1.3.4 OVEREXPRESSION OF DGAT……Page 22
1.4 OVEREXPRESSION/REPRESSION OF ENZYMES REGULATING CARBON FLUX……Page 24
1.5 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS GOVERNING SEED OIL ACCUMULATION……Page 27
1.6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS……Page 28
REFERENCES……Page 29
2.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 33
2.2 CASTOR AND TUNG: TEXTBOOK EXAMPLES OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EXOTIC OILSEED SPECIES……Page 35
2.3 PRIMARY BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES ARE INSUFFICIENT FOR HIGH-LEVEL PRODUCTION OF UNUSUAL FATTY ACIDS……Page 36
2.4.1 DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE……Page 37
2.4.2.1 The Other Kennedy Pathway Acyltransferases……Page 39
2.4.2.2 The Land’s Cycle Enzymes and Other Acyltransferases……Page 41
REFERENCES……Page 42
3.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 46
3.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……Page 48
3.3 CONCLUSIONS……Page 52
REFERENCES……Page 53
CONTENTS……Page 56
4.2 RAPESEED CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 57
4.2.1 LOW-ERUCIC ACID, HIGH-GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 58
4.2.3 DOUBLE-LOW (LOW ERUCIC ACID AND LOW GLUCOSINOLATE) RAPESEED (CANOLA) CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 59
4.2.4 SPECIALTY OIL PROFILE DOUBLE-LOW RAPESEED (CANOLA) CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 60
4.2.6 NEW TRAITS AND NEW CULTIVAR TYPES IN RAPESEED AND DOUBLE-LOW RAPESEED (CANOLA) CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 61
4.2.7 HIGH-ERUCIC ACID, LOW-GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 62
4.2.8 HERBICIDE-TOLERANT HIGH-ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 65
4.2.9 HYBRID HERBICIDE-TOLERANT HIGH-ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT……Page 67
4.2.10 SUPER-HIGH-ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED, LOW-GLUCOSINOLATE GERMPLASM DEVELOPMENT……Page 68
4.3 MOLECULAR MARKER DEVELOPMENT AND MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION FOR ENHANCING BREEDING EFFICACY……Page 69
4.4 THE FUTURE……Page 70
REFERENCES……Page 71
CONTENTS……Page 75
5.2.1.1 Reactive Oxygen Species……Page 76
5.2.1.2 H2O2 as Signaling Molecule……Page 77
5.2.2 TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESS……Page 78
5.2.2.1 Chilling Tolerance……Page 79
5.2.2.3 Drought Tolerance……Page 80
5.2.2.4 Heat Tolerance……Page 81
5.2.3 TOLERANCE TO PATHOGENS AND INSECTS……Page 82
5.3.1.2 Marker-Assisted Selection……Page 83
5.3.1.3 Transgenic Plants……Page 84
5.3.2 SHORT-TERM TREATMENTS……Page 87
5.3.3 NEW PERSPECTIVES……Page 88
REFERENCES……Page 90
6.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 100
6.2 OIL COMPOSITION AS A TARGET OF GENETIC ENGINEERING……Page 101
6.4 SOURCES OF HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS……Page 103
6.5 USES OF CASTOR OIL AND RICINOLEATE……Page 104
6.6 BIOSYNTHESIS OF RICINOLEATE……Page 105
REFERENCES……Page 107
7.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 109
7.2 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM ALLOWING RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCE HRF……Page 110
7.3.1 ANALYSIS OF HRF IN THE MS MEDIUM DEPLETED OF CERTAIN CHEMICALS……Page 111
7.3.2 ANALYSIS OF HRF IN THE MEDIUM ENRICHED WITH VARIOUS COMPOUNDS……Page 113
7.3.3 THE INFLUENCE OF COMBINATIONS OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS ON HRF……Page 115
7.3.4 EFFECTS OF GROWTH MEDIUM ENRICHED WITH G CHEMICAL ON STABLE TRANSFORMATION FREQUENCY……Page 116
7.4.2 CALCULATION OF HRF AND RR……Page 117
7.5 CONCLUSIONS……Page 119
REFERENCES……Page 120
8.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 122
8.2 PURIFICATION AND CLONING OF LNBP……Page 123
8.3 GENE CLUSTER INCLUDING THE LNBP GENE……Page 124
8.4 ROLE OF THE LNB/GNB PATHWAY……Page 126
8.5 LNBP HOMOLOGUE OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS……Page 127
REFERENCES……Page 128
9.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 131
9.3 APPLICATION OF THE pflp GENE IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS……Page 132
9.3.1 MECHANISM OF PFLP FOR PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE……Page 133
9.3.2 FDS FOR BIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE……Page 134
9.3.3 FDS FOR ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE……Page 135
9.3.4 FD DESIGNED AS A SELECTIVE MARKER FOR TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY……Page 136
9.3.5 FD ISOFORMS AS SOURCE AND SINK SWITCHES FOR CROP PRODUCTIVITY……Page 137
REFERENCES……Page 138
10.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 141
10.2 MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UNUSUAL FATTY ACIDS……Page 142
10.3 PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL FATTY ACIDS IN PLANTS: A MICROBIAL EXAMPLE……Page 145
10.4 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES……Page 147
REFERENCES……Page 148
11.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 151
11.2 REGULATION OF PLANTS WITH NOVEL TRAITS IN CANADA……Page 153
11.3 RISK ASSESSMENT OF NOVEL PLANTS: A POTENTIAL APPROACH……Page 154
11.4.2 PMGF TO WILD/WEEDY RELATIVES……Page 155
11.4.3 PMGF FROM TRANSGENIC PMP TO COMMODITY SAFFLOWER……Page 157
11.4.4 HARVEST LOSS AND SEED BANK PERSISTENCE……Page 159
11.5 DISCUSSION……Page 162
REFERENCES……Page 166
Section 2: Bio-Based Industry Products……Page 168
CONTENTS……Page 169
12.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 170
12.2.1.1 Plasmid Construction, Yeast Transformation, and Gene Expression……Page 171
12.3.1 CONVERSION OF LA TO GLA BY Delta6-DESATURASE……Page 174
12.3.2 AN OPTIMAL MEDIUM FOR LIPID PRODUCTION BY Y. LIPOLYTICA……Page 175
12.3.3 EFFECT OF CULTIVATION TIME ON TOTAL LIPID AND GLA PRODUCTION IN THE TRANSFORMED Y. LIPOLYTICA……Page 176
12.3.4 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TOTAL LIPID AND GLA PRODUCTION IN THE TRANSFORMED Y. LIPOLYTICA……Page 177
12.3.6 EFFECT OF SIMULTANEOUS EXPRESSION OF FUNGAL Delta12- AND Delta6-DESATURASE GENES IN THE TRANSFORMED Y. LIPOLYTICA……Page 179
12.3.7 COMPARISON OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN FOUR TRANSFORMED Y. LIPOLYTICA STRAINS……Page 180
12.4 DISCUSSION……Page 182
REFERENCES……Page 185
CONTENTS……Page 187
13.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 188
13.3.1 REACTION WITH IMMOBILIZED GLYCEROL……Page 189
13.3.3.1 Production of MAG by Esterification at Low Temperature……Page 190
13.3.3.2 Effect of Low Reaction Temperature: Solidification of MAG……Page 191
13.3.4.1 Production of MAG by Esterification with Dehydration……Page 193
13.3.4.2 Effect of Dehydration on Substrate Specificity of Lipase……Page 194
13.4.1 GLYCEROLYSIS OF TAG……Page 196
13.4.3.1 Production of 2-MAG……Page 197
13.4.3.2 Application to Synthesis of Structured TAG-Containing PUFA……Page 198
13.5 PURIFICATION OF MAG FROM REACTION MIXTURE BY SOLVENT WINTERIZATION……Page 200
13.6 CONCLUSION……Page 201
REFERENCES……Page 202
14.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 204
14.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ISHIRU PRODUCTS [2–4]……Page 205
14.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF ISHIRU……Page 206
14.4 CONCLUSIONS……Page 210
REFERENCES……Page 211
15.1 SCREENING OF ENZYMES FROM NATURE……Page 212
15.4 SHUFFLING AT THE DESIGNATED SITES OF beta-GLUCOSIDASES……Page 213
15.5 PREPARATION OF CHIMERIC GENES BY OVERLAPPING PCR……Page 214
15.6 EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHIMERIC ENZYMES……Page 215
15.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 217
REFERENCES……Page 218
CONTENTS……Page 220
16.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 221
16.2.1 ENZYMATIC PREPARATION OF 6-HYDROXYBUSPIRONE……Page 222
16.3.1 ENZYMATIC REDUCTIVE AMINATION OF 2-(3-HYDROXY-1-ADAMANTYL)-2-OXOETHANOIC ACID……Page 224
16.3.2 ENZYMATIC AMMONOLYSIS OF (5S)-4,5-DIHYDRO-1H-PYRROLE-1,5-DICARBOXYLIC ACID, 1-(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)-5-ETHYL ESTER……Page 226
16.4.1 ENZYMATIC PREPARATION OF (1S,2R)-[3-CHLORO-2-HYDROXY-1-(PHENYLMETHYL) PROPYL]-CARBAMIC ACID, 1,1-DIMETHYL-ETHYL ESTER……Page 227
16.4.2 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF (S)-TERTIARY-LEUCINE……Page 228
16.5.1 REGIOSELECTIVE ENZYMATIC AMINOACYLATION……Page 229
16.6.1 ENZYMATIC ASYMMETRIC HYDROLYSIS AND ACETYLATION……Page 230
16.7.1 PACLITAXEL SEMISYNTHETIC PROCESS……Page 231
16.7.2 WATER-SOLUBLE TAXANE DERIVATIVES……Page 234
16.8.1 MICROBIAL HYDROXYLATION OF EPOTHILONE B TO EPOTHILONE F……Page 235
16.9.1 ENZYMATIC PREPARATION OF (S)-2-CHLORO-1-(3-CHLOROPHENYL)ETHANOL……Page 236
16.10.1 ENZYMATIC PREPARATION OF 2-(R)-HYDROXY-2-(1´,2´,3´,4´-TETRAHYDRO-1´,1´,4´,4´-TETRAMETHYL-6´-NAPHTHALENYL)ACETATE……Page 237
16.11.1 ENZYMATIC PREPARATION OF (S)-N(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)-3-HYDROXYMETHYL PIPERIDINE……Page 238
16.12.1 PREPARATION OF (S)-4-CHLORO-3-HYDROXYBUTANOIC ACID METHYL ESTER……Page 239
16.13.1 ENANTIOSELECTIVE ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF 5-OXOHEXANOATE AND 5-OXOHEXANENITRILE……Page 240
16.13.2 ENANTIOSELECTIVE MICROBIAL REDUCTION OF SUBSTITUTED ACETOPHENONE……Page 241
16.14.1 MICROBIAL HYDROXYLATION OF PLEUROMUTILIN OR MUTILIN……Page 242
16.14.2 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF L-beta-HYDROXYVALINE……Page 244
16.15.1 ENANTIOSELECTIVE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF RACEMIC 1-{2´,3´-DIHYDRO BENZO[B]FURAN-4´-YL}-1,2-OXIRANE……Page 245
16.15.2 BIOCATALYTIC DYNAMIC KINETIC RESOLUTION OF (R,S)-1-{2´,3´-DIHYDROBENZO[B]FURAN-4´-YL}-ETHANE-1,2-DIOL……Page 246
REFERENCES……Page 247
17.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 254
17.2 PLANT STRESS RESPONSES AND SECONDARY METABOLITES……Page 255
17.3.1 CHITOSAN……Page 256
17.3.2 METHYL JASMONATE……Page 257
17.3.3 SALINITY STRESS……Page 260
REFERENCES……Page 261
18.2 ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF BCFAS……Page 264
18.3 ANTILIPOGENIC ACTIVITY OF BCFAS……Page 266
18.4 STRUCTURE–CYTOTOXICITY RELATIONSHIP OF UNUSUAL FATTY ACIDS……Page 267
18.6 CASPASE-INDEPENDENT INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS BY BCFAs……Page 268
REFERENCES……Page 269
CONTENTS……Page 273
19.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 274
19.3 EFFICIENT PRODUCTION OF DR5P FROM GLUCOSE AND ACETALDEHYDE VIA FDP BY COUPLING OF ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION SYSTEM OF BAKER’S YEAST AND DEOXYRIBOALDOLASE-EXPRESSING E. COLI……Page 275
19.4 BIOCHEMICAL RETROSYNTHESIS OF 2´-DEOXYRIBONUCLEOSIDES FROM GLUCOSE, ACETALDEHYDE, AND A NUCLEOBASE……Page 277
19.6 CONCLUSIONS……Page 279
REFERENCES……Page 281
20.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 283
20.2 BIOCATALYTIC PARTIAL HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHOLIPID IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE……Page 284
20.3 TRANSPORT OF THE OBTAINED LPC IN SMALL INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL MODEL……Page 288
20.4 HEALTH BENEFITS OF THE DHA-LPC……Page 290
REFERENCES……Page 292
21.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 294
21.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY OF OOP……Page 296
21.4 REGIOSPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE MIXTURE OF OPO AND OOP……Page 301
21.6 REGIOSPECIFIC QUANTIFICATION OF TAG IN OLIVE OIL……Page 302
21.7 REGIOSPECIFIC QUANTIFICATION OF TAG USING CALIBRATION CURVES……Page 303
21.8 CONCLUSION……Page 305
REFERENCES……Page 306
22.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 308
22.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS……Page 310
22.3.1 TOTAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENTS……Page 313
22.3.2 BATCHWISE CONCENTRATION EXPERIMENTS……Page 314
22.3.4 PROCESS DESIGN……Page 316
22.4 CONCLUSIONS……Page 317
REFERENCES……Page 318
23.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 320
23.2.1 ESTERIFICATION……Page 322
23.2.2 TRANSESTERIFICATION (ACIDOLYSIS)……Page 326
23.3.1 SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL PLS……Page 328
23.3.2.2 Stereoisomeric Recognition of PLD from Streptomyces sp…….Page 329
23.3.2.4 Substituent Effects……Page 332
23.4.1 PHOSPHATIDYL-NUCLEOSIDES……Page 333
23.4.2 PHOSPHATIDYL-L-ASCORBIC ACID……Page 334
23.4.6 PHOSPHATIDYL-TERPENE ALCOHOL……Page 335
23.5 CONCLUSION AND OTHER REMARKS……Page 336
REFERENCES……Page 337
CONTENTS……Page 342
24.2.1 TRANSGLYCOSYLATION……Page 343
24.3.1 OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION METHODS……Page 344
24.3.2 PRODUCTS AND REACTION CONDITIONS OF CGTASE-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS……Page 345
24.3.4 ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION OF OTHER GLYCOSYL GLYCEROLS AND REACTIVITY IN ESTERIFICATION……Page 347
24.4.1 NATURAL HIGHLY SWEET GLYCOSIDES……Page 348
24.4.3 SWEETNESS AND TASTES OF GLYCOSYLATION PRODUCTS……Page 349
24.5.1 GLYCOSIDES WITH VARIOUS LINKAGES……Page 350
24.5.2 beta-GALACTOSYLATION……Page 351
24.5.3 beta-FRUCTOFURANOSYLATION……Page 352
24.5.4 INHIBITION OF SEVERAL GLYCOSIDASES BY S-FRUCTOSIDE……Page 353
24.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 354
REFERENCES……Page 355
CONTENTS……Page 357
25.2.1 BACTERIA……Page 358
25.2.4 ALGAE……Page 359
25.3.1 ISOPRENOID BIOSYNTHESIS……Page 360
25.3.2 CAROTENE BIOSYNTHESIS……Page 361
25.3.3 GENES CODING BIOSYNTHESIS OF CAROTENOIDS……Page 362
25.4.1.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources……Page 363
25.4.1.2 Environmental Stress……Page 364
25.4.1.3 Chemical Enhancers……Page 365
25.4.1.5 Light……Page 366
25.4.2 GENE ENGINEERING……Page 367
25.5 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR CAROTENOID PIGMENT PRODUCTION……Page 368
25.6 PROPERTIES OF CAROTENOID PIGMENTS……Page 370
25.7 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES FOR MICROBIAL PIGMENTS……Page 372
REFERENCES……Page 373
CONTENTS……Page 378
26.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 379
26.2.4 PREPARATION OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA EXTRACT POLYSACCHARIDES……Page 380
26.2.7 DNA FRAGMENTATION ASSAY……Page 381
26.3.1 PROLIFERATING INHIBITION OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED HARD CLAM EXTRACT……Page 382
26.3.2 EPIDIOXYSTEROL COMPOUNDS FROM ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION……Page 383
26.3.3 NANOPARTICLE PREPARATION……Page 384
26.3.3.1 Encapsulated Nanoparticle Preparation……Page 385
26.3.3.2 Antiproliferation of Encapsulated Nanoparticles……Page 386
26.3.4 EFFECTS OF ACE NANOPARTICLES ON THE CELL GROWTH AND VIABILITY OF HEP G2 CELLS……Page 387
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……Page 388
REFERENCES……Page 389
27.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 391
27.2 PRODUCTION OF GLYCOGEN……Page 393
27.3 FUNCTION OF GLYCOGEN……Page 394
27.4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS……Page 395
REFERENCES……Page 396
28.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 398
28.3.1 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS USING MICROORGANISM……Page 399
28.3.2 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS USING ENZYME……Page 400
28.3.3 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS USING PLANTS OR PLANT EXTRACTS……Page 401
28.4 CONCLUSION……Page 404
REFERENCES……Page 405
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