Handbook on Secondary Particle Production and Transport by High-Energy Heavy Ions

Takashi Nakamura9789812565587, 981-256-558-2

“This handbook is a timely resource for the rapidly growing field of heavy-ion transport-model theory and its applications to the fields of accelerator development, heavy-ion radiotherapy, and shielding of accelerators and in space. Data from over 20 years of experiments in the production of secondary neutrons and spallation products are contained in the handbook, and are available on the accompanying CD. Transport modelers and experimentalists will find the detailed descriptions of the experiments and subsequent analyses to be a valuable aid in utilizing the data for their particular applications.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 10
Preface……Page 6
1. Introduction……Page 14
1.1 Radiation in Space Environment……Page 15
1.2 Heavy-Ion Accelerators for Medical Applications……Page 17
1.3 Radioisotope (RI) Beam Factory in Large-Scale Heavy-Ion Accelerators……Page 20
1.4 Purpose of This Handbook……Page 21
2.1 Overview of Measured Systems……Page 23
2.2.1 HIMAC experiments……Page 26
2.2.2 NSCL experiments……Page 29
2.2.3 Bevalac experiments……Page 32
2.2.4 SREL experiments……Page 35
2.3.1 Double-differential spectra……Page 38
2.3.2 Angular distributions……Page 40
2.3.3 Total yields……Page 43
2.4 Double-Differential Thick-Target Yields from the HIMAC Experiments (Plots)……Page 46
2.5 Double-Differential Thick-Target Yields from the Bevalac Experiments……Page 58
2.6 Double-Differential Thick-Target Yields fiom the SREL Experiments……Page 60
2.7 Double-Differential Thick-Target Yields from the NSCL Experiments……Page 62
2.8 Angular Distributions of Thick-Target Neutron Yields above 5 MeV fiom the HIMAC Experiments……Page 63
2.9 Angular and Energy Distributions of Thick-Target Neutron Yields above 20 MeV from the Bevalac Experiments……Page 67
2.10 Angular Distributions of Thick-Target Neutron Yields above 10 MeV from the SREL Experiments……Page 68
2.11 Angular and Energy Distributions of Thick-Target Neutron Yields above 10 MeV from the NSCL Experiments……Page 69
2.12 Total Yields for Systems with Al, C, Cu or Pb Targets……Page 71
3.1 Overview of Measured Systems……Page 73
3.2 Experimental Details……Page 75
3.2.1 HIMAC experiments……Page 76
3.2.2 RIKEN experiments……Page 83
3.2.3 Bevalac experiments……Page 85
3.3.1 Analysis of HIMAC experiments……Page 86
3.3.3 Analysis of Bevalac experiments……Page 88
3.3.5 Angular distributions……Page 89
3.3.6 Total yields……Page 92
3.4 Double Differential Neutron Production Cross Sections from HIMAC Experiments……Page 95
3.5 Double Differential Neutron Production Cross Sections from RIKEN Experiments……Page 114
3.6 Double Differential Neutron Production Cross Sections from Bevalac Experiments…….Page 122
3.7 Angular Distributions……Page 124
3.8 Total Cross Sections……Page 128
4. Measurements of HZE Neutrons Behind Shielding……Page 131
4.1.1 Concrete shielding using self-TOF, NE-213, and activation foils……Page 132
4.1.3 Concrete and iron shielding using a TEPC……Page 137
4.1.4 Bonner sphere measurements behind concrete and iron……Page 138
4.2.1 400 MeV/nucleon 12C + Cu neutrons behind concrete……Page 140
4.2.2 400 MeV/nucleon 12C + Cu neutrons behind iron……Page 142
4.2.3 400 MeV/nucleon 12C + Cu neutrons behind iron and concrete, TEPC measurements……Page 144
4.2.4 155 MeV/nucleon He, C, and O + Hevimet neutrons behind iron and concrete……Page 145
4.3 Spectra from HIMAC Experiments of Sasaki et al…….Page 148
4.4 Spectra from HIMAC Experiments of Nunomiya et al…….Page 152
4.5 Spectra from NSCL Experiments……Page 155
5. Production Cross Sections of Spallation Products Created in Heavy-Ion Reactions……Page 156
5.1.1 278 MeV/nucleon I4N + Cu (Cumming et al., Princeton Particle Accelerator)……Page 157
5.1.2.2 2083 MeV/nucleon 40Ar + Cu……Page 158
5.1.3 2100 MeV/nucleon I2C + Ag (Porile et al., Bevalac (LBNL))……Page 159
5.1.4 211 and 377 MeV/nucleon Ne + Cu (Hicks et al., Bevalac (LBNL))……Page 12
5.1.6 Yashima et al., HIMAC……Page 160
5.1.7 200 MeV/nucleon I2C + natCu,27 Al, 59Co, Titarenko et al., TWA-ITEP……Page 162
5.2.2 2083 MeV/nucleon 12C + Cu……Page 163
5.2.3 2000 MeV/nucleon 40Ar + Cu……Page 164
5.2.5 211 and 377 MeV/nucleon 20Ne + Cu……Page 166
5.2.7 HIMAC series of experiments at 100, 230 400 and 800 MeV/nucleon……Page 167
5.2.9 I2C + Cu excitation functions……Page 168
5.2.10 Mass-yield distributions……Page 169
5.2.12 Spatial distribution of residual activities induced by spallation products……Page 170
5.3 Spallation Products Excitation Functions……Page 171
5.4 Spallation Products Mass Distributions……Page 178
5.5 Comparisons between Spallation Products Cross Sections and Calculations……Page 180
5.6 Spatial Distributions of Residual Activities Induced in the Target by Spallation Products……Page 186
6. Moving Source Parameterizations of Secondary Neutron Production……Page 188
6.1 Moving-Source Parameterization of Thick-Target Neutron Yields……Page 189
6.2 Moving-Source Parameterization of Neutron Production Cross Sections……Page 198
6.3 Moving-Source Fits to Thick-Target Yields……Page 202
6.4 Moving-Source Fits to Neutron Production Cross Sections……Page 206
7. Conclusion……Page 211
Appendix: Application of Data to Benchmark Transport Model Calculations……Page 212
Bibliography……Page 230
Index……Page 236