Explosion protection: electrical apparatus and systems for chemical plants, oil and gas industry, coal mining

Heinrich Groh0750647779, 9780750647779, 9781429465175

This book makes Hazardous or Electrical Area Classification simple. In plants processing flammable materials, every effort is made to avoid the escape of such materials and in addition, stringent measures are taken to exclude sources of ignition. A complex array of standards surround this topic which has lead to an overly conservative approach being taken. This type of approach means that much more expensive electrical apparatus than is necessary is installed. To avoid this unnecessary expenditure, Dr Groh clearly explains the relevant standards, so that accurate assessment of the risks associated with hazardous areas is possible. He also identifies possible ignition sources and methods of designing apparatus which do not cause sparks thereby maintaining safety. * Covers must-have information regarding IEC/CENELEC standards in electrical or hazardous area classification * Provides a clear overview of a complex area

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half Title Page……Page 2
Dedication Page……Page 3
Title Page……Page 4
Copyright……Page 5
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 10
Acknowledgements……Page 12
1.1 Introduction……Page 18
1.2 Sources of ignition……Page 19
2.1 Basic principles……Page 44
2.3 Explosion protection for zone 0……Page 53
2.4 Explosion protection for zone 2……Page 58
2.5 Explosion protection for electrical apparatus in the presence of combustible dusts……Page 62
3.1 National standardization and approvals……Page 68
3.2 Standardization in Europe – European Standards and Directives……Page 72
3.3 The new approach – Directive 94/9/EC……Page 90
3.4 The IEC world……Page 102
4. Grouping and classification of explosion protected electrical apparatus……Page 116
5. Marking and selection of explosion protected apparatus……Page 126
6. The different types of protection – constructional requirements……Page 136
6.1 General requirements……Page 137
6.2 Oil immersion……Page 146
6.3 Powder filling……Page 147
6.4 Pressurized apparatus……Page 151
6.5 Encapsulation……Page 183
6.6 Special type of protection……Page 190
6.7 Increased safety……Page 191
6.8 Flameproof enclosure……Page 246
6.9 Intrinsic safety……Page 340
7.1 Pressurized enclosures with an internal release of flammable substances……Page 440
7.2 Pressurized enclosures in zone 2 and for use in the presence of combustible dusts……Page 444
7.3 Analyser rooms – manned pressurized enclosures?……Page 447
8. Testing explosion protected electrical equipment……Page 449
8.1 Tests for flameproof enclosures……Page 450
8.2 Partial discharge (PD) measurements……Page 457
8.3 Testing intrinsic safety of electrical circuits……Page 467
9.1 Mains-operated light fittings in zone 1……Page 473
9.2 Motors and generators……Page 476
9.3 Switchgear assemblies and frequency convertors……Page 481
9.4 Remote controlling and monitoring, data transmission and communication……Page 485
10. Inspection, maintenance and repair of explosion protected equipment……Page 489
11.1 Apparatus for zone 0……Page 502
11.2 Apparatus for zone 2……Page 504
12.1 Principles of cable fault detection……Page 510
12.2 Cable protection by rapid-acting switchgear with electrodynamic linear drives……Page 515
Bibliography……Page 528
Index……Page 534