Water treatment plant performance evaluations and operations

John O’Connor, Tom O’Connor, Rick Twait9780470288610, 0470288612

Water treatment is a growing field in North America, with seventy US states and localities and ten Canadian provinces requiring certification for water treatment plant operators. This book provides a step-by-step look at the most current water treatment technologies, balancing academic theory and professional practice. A compilation of studies conducted over the past decade at the Bloomington, Illinois Water Treatment Plant, it presents studies that are useful as templates for comparable long-term studies at other water utilities. This is an unparalleled gathering of techniques, processes, and data, including test results for every potential taste and odor control method.

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title: WATER TREATMENT: PLANT PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS AND OPERATIONS……Page 3
ISBN 0470288612……Page 4
CONTENTS (with page links)……Page 5
PREFACE……Page 9
CHAPTER 3 (LIME SOFTENING)……Page 10
CHAPTER 6 (GRIT REMOVAL)……Page 11
CHAPTER 10 (PLANT OPERATIONS MANUAL)……Page 12
CHAPTER 12 (GAC ADSORPTION AND MICROBIAL DEGRADATION)……Page 13
PROCESS EVALUATIONS AND OPERATIONS……Page 14
1 MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE ANALYSIS……Page 15
Source Waters……Page 17
Plant Influent (Raw) Water……Page 19
Recarbonated Water; Filter Influent……Page 21
Filter Effluent……Page 22
Bacterial Populations in Lake Bloomington Water……Page 25
Removal of Bacterial Cells during Lime Softening and Clari cation……Page 26
Overall Bacterial Cell Reductions……Page 27
Bacterial Populations in Filter Effluent before and after Filter Backwash……Page 28
Turbidity of Filter Effluent before and after Backwash……Page 29
Effluent Turbidity from GAC-Capped Filter……Page 30
ELECTRONIC PARTICLE COUNTING FOR EVALUATION OF FILTER PERFORMANCE……Page 32
PHOTOMICROGRAPHS USING EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY……Page 33
REFERENCES……Page 34
Following Coagulation with Polymer and Ferric Sulfate……Page 37
Following Filtration……Page 38
Electronic Particle Counts from Source to Filtered Water……Page 39
Filter Ramping Studies……Page 40
Correlation of Turbidity and Particle Count……Page 42
Filter Ramping Studies……Page 43
Comparative Study of Ramping……Page 45
REFERENCES……Page 46
Magnesium Ion Removals……Page 47
Hardness Reduction……Page 51
Calcium Removals……Page 52
Jar Test Studies of Hardness Reduction……Page 53
REFERENCE……Page 54
REGULATION OF TURBIDITY AS A MICROBIOLOGICAL SURROGATE……Page 55
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT PERFORMANCE……Page 56
Electronic Particle Counting and Sizing……Page 57
FORMATION OF PARTICLES DURING TREATMENT……Page 58
INTERIM ENHANCED SURFACE WATER TREATMENT RULE……Page 60
Particle Counts……Page 61
Dissolution of Calcium Carbonate……Page 63
ACIDIFICATION PROTOCOL……Page 64
REFERENCES……Page 65
Filters in the Annex Building……Page 67
Filters in the Main Building……Page 69
FILTER OPERATIONS……Page 71
Filter Monitoring……Page 72
What to Do About High Turbidities……Page 73
TOC Removal by GAC and through Plant……Page 74
Changes in GAC Media……Page 76
GAC Replacement……Page 77
GAC Size Distribution and Characteristics……Page 78
Sand Size Distribution and Characteristics……Page 79
Particles Washed from GAC……Page 82
FILTER EFFLUENT: CALCIUM CARBONATE POST-PRECIPITATION……Page 84
Filter Washing Procedure……Page 85
Measurement of Filter Bed Expansion during Backwash……Page 86
RECOMMENDED TESTING OF AUXILIARY AIR SCOUR……Page 87
REFERENCES……Page 88
6 GRIT REMOVAL……Page 89
Material and Source……Page 90
Slurry Settling Rates……Page 91
CLARICONE SETTLING VELOCITIES VERSUS APPLIED FLOW……Page 95
GRIT REMOVAL MODIFICATION……Page 97
RECARBONATION FOLLOWING SLURRY BLANKET UPSET……Page 99
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS: EFFECT OF GRITTING……Page 101
POST GRIT……Page 102
pH AND CONDUCTIVITY……Page 103
REVISED GRIT REMOVAL PROTOCOL……Page 105
MODIFIED LIME SLURRY FEED POINTS……Page 109
EVALUATION OF GRIT REMOVAL PROCESS……Page 111
RECARBONATION BASINS: POST-PRECIPITATION PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS……Page 114
RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE GRITTING PROCESS……Page 116
EVALUATION OF THE INLINE DEGRITTER……Page 117
8 LIME SOFTENER OPERATIONAL ENHANCEMENTS……Page 121
FLOW RATES TO CLARICONES……Page 122
ENERGY INPUT TO IMPART SPIRAL FLOW……Page 123
MODIFICATION OF KINETIC ENERGY INPUT……Page 124
EFFECT OF GRITTING ON SLURRY BLANKET……Page 125
FREQUENCY OF INTENSE CLEANING……Page 126
MAINTENANCE OF LIME DELIVERY SYSTEM……Page 128
Taste and Odor in Source Waters……Page 131
COSTS OF CARBON……Page 132
Alternatives……Page 133
REFERENCE……Page 134
Lake Water Sources……Page 135
Lake Destratifier……Page 138
Watershed Protection……Page 139
Blend of Influen Lake Waters……Page 142
Treatment Processes……Page 143
Water Treatment Flow Diagram……Page 145
Lime Storage and Slaking……Page 147
Recirculating Lime Slurry Pipeline……Page 149
Upflw Solids-Contact Softener/Clarifiers……Page 152
Softening by Precipitation with Lime……Page 158
Lime Softening Sludge……Page 159
Filter Operations……Page 160
Primary Disinfection……Page 162
Secondary (Final) Disinfection……Page 164
LABORATORY FACILITIES……Page 165
SHOP FACILITIES……Page 166
COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN OPERATORS AND OPERATIONAL CONTINUITY……Page 168
REFERENCE……Page 169
11 TASTE-AND-ODOR CONTROL……Page 171
NUTRIENT SOURCES AND ORGANISM GROWTH……Page 172
Total Organic Carbon……Page 173
Actinomycetes……Page 174
Geosmin and Methyl Isoborneol (MIB)……Page 175
DESTRATIFICATION……Page 176
LAKE SOURCE WATER PROTECTION……Page 177
ODOR CONTROL: OPERATING PROCEDURES AND PROCESSES……Page 178
EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL FOR MODIFIED OR ENHANCED TREATMENT PROCESS……Page 179
Aeration……Page 180
Potassium Permanganate and Other Oxidizing Agents……Page 181
Fenton’s Reagent……Page 182
BIODEGRADATION: BLOOMINGTON’S WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONS MANUAL……Page 183
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION AND DESCRIPTION OF MICROGRAPHS……Page 184
TASTE AND ODOR REMISSION AND PAC STUDIES……Page 185
REFERENCES……Page 186
REMOVAL OF GEOSMIN ON GAC……Page 189
Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen……Page 191
Removal of Geosmin……Page 193
Examination of GAC……Page 194
REMOVAL OF GEOSMIN USING OZONATED AIR……Page 195
LAKE WATER MONITORING FOR GEOSMIN AND MIB……Page 197
Geosmin and MIB as a Function of Lake Water Depth……Page 198
Depletion of Dissolved Oxygen in Operating Filters……Page 199
FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF TEMPERATURE EFFECTS……Page 200
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT PLUS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE……Page 201
Inhibition of Blue–Green Algal Blooms……Page 203
Application of Powdered Activated Carbon……Page 204
Granular Activated Carbon……Page 205
APPARATUS AND SUPPLIES……Page 207
Microscopic Examination and Enumeration of Bacterial Cell Count……Page 208
Calculation of Total Bacterial Cell Count……Page 209
REFERENCES……Page 211
Recarbonation Basin Effluen……Page 213
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT……Page 214
Information Transfer……Page 217
OPERATOR-ON-DUTY: RESPONSIBILITIES……Page 218
OPERATOR’S LABORATORY: FROM ANALYSIS TO DATABASE……Page 219
OPERATOR-ON-DUTY: MAKING THE ROUNDS……Page 221
Lime Slaking and Storage……Page 230
Lime Recirculation Loop……Page 234
Grit Removal……Page 237
Stabilization……Page 239
Filter Sizes, Media Depths, and Flow Rates……Page 242
Filter Characteristics and Performance……Page 243
GAC Replacement……Page 245
INDEX (with page links)……Page 249
Figure 1-3a–b……Page 251
Figure 1-3e–f……Page 252
Figure 1-3i–j……Page 253
Figure 1-3k–m……Page 254
Figure 1-8a–c……Page 255
Figure 5-23a,b……Page 256
Figure 5-23c–e……Page 257
Figure 12-10a……Page 258
Back Cover Page……Page 259