Eugene A. Avallone, Theodore Baumeister0070049971, 9780070049970
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Front Matter……Page 2
Table of Contents……Page 6
Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures……Page 0
Contributors……Page 10
Dedication……Page 14
Preface to the First Edition……Page 18
Preface to the Tenth Edition……Page 16
Symbols and Abbreviations……Page 20
1.1 Mathematical Tables……Page 26
Segments of Circles……Page 27
Binomical Coefficients……Page 29
Compound Interest and Annuities……Page 30
Statistical Distributions……Page 34
Decimal Equivalents……Page 40
U.S. Customary System (USCS)……Page 41
The International System of Units (SI)……Page 42
Systems of Units……Page 49
Time……Page 50
Density and Relative Density……Page 51
Conversion and Equivalency Tables……Page 52
2. Mathematics……Page 60
Sets, Numbers, and Arithmetic……Page 61
Significant Figures and Precision……Page 63
Geometry, Areas, and Volumes……Page 64
Permutations and Combinations……Page 69
Linear Algebra……Page 70
Trigonometry……Page 73
Analytical Geometry……Page 77
Differential and Integral Calculus……Page 83
Series and Sequences……Page 89
Ordinary Differential Equations……Page 90
Vector Calculus……Page 93
Laplace and Fourier Transforms……Page 94
Special Functions……Page 96
Numerical Methods……Page 97
Computer Data Structures……Page 99
Computer Organization……Page 101
Distributed Computing……Page 105
Software Engineering……Page 108
Software Systems……Page 110
3. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids……Page 115
Systems and Units of Measurements……Page 116
Statics of Rigid Bodies……Page 117
Center of Gravity……Page 120
Moment of Inertial……Page 122
Kinematics……Page 124
Dynamics of Particles……Page 128
Work and Energy……Page 131
Impulse and Momentum……Page 132
Gyroscopic Motion and the Gyroscope……Page 133
Static and Kinetic Coeffcients of Friction……Page 134
Friction of Machine Elements……Page 139
3.3 Mechanics of Fluids……Page 143
Fluids and Other Substances……Page 144
Fluid Properties……Page 145
Fluid Statics……Page 147
Fluid Kinematics……Page 150
Fluid Dynamics……Page 151
Dimensionless Parameters……Page 155
Dynamic Similarity……Page 157
Dimensionless Analysis……Page 158
Forces of Immersed Objects……Page 160
Flow in Pipes……Page 161
Piping Systems……Page 164
Asme Pipeline Flowmeters……Page 167
Asme Weirs……Page 171
Open-Channel Flow……Page 173
Flow of Liquids from Tank Openings……Page 174
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems……Page 175
Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems……Page 184
Distributed-Parameter Systems……Page 186
Approximate Methods for Distributed Systems……Page 189
Vibration-Measuring Instruments……Page 192
4. Heat……Page 194
Units of Force and Mass……Page 195
Specific Heat of Gases……Page 196
General Principles of Thermodynamics……Page 197
Perfect Differentials. Maxwell Relations……Page 199
Ideal Gas Mixtures……Page 201
Graphical Representation……Page 202
Ideal Cycles with Perfect Gases……Page 203
Air Compression……Page 205
Thermal Properties of Saturated Vapors and of Vapor and Liquid Mixtures……Page 206
Changes of State. Superheated Vapors and Mixtures of Liquid and Vapor……Page 207
Humidity Measurements……Page 208
Air Conditioning……Page 209
Refridgeration……Page 211
Steam Cycles……Page 212
Thermodynamic Properties of Substances……Page 213
Flow of Fluids in Circular Pipes……Page 216
Combustion……Page 217
Effect of Dissociation……Page 222
Combustion of Liquid Fuels……Page 223
Thermodynamic Properties of Substances……Page 224
Radiative Exchange Between Surfaces of Solids……Page 255
Radiation from Flames, Combustion Products, and Particle Clouds……Page 261
Radiative Exchange in Enclosures of Radiating Gas……Page 264
4.4 Transmission of Heat by Conduction and Convection……Page 272
Conduction and Convection……Page 273
Film Coefficients……Page 276
Laminar Flow……Page 279
5. Strength of Materials……Page 282
Stress-Strain Diagrams……Page 283
Fracture at Low Stresses……Page 288
Fatigue……Page 289
Creep……Page 291
Hardness……Page 293
Testing of Materials……Page 294
5.2 Mechanics of Materials……Page 295
Simple Stresses and Strains……Page 296
Combined Stresses……Page 299
Plastic Design……Page 300
Beams……Page 301
Torsion……Page 317
Columns……Page 319
Eccentric Loads……Page 321
Curved Beams……Page 322
Impact……Page 324
Theory of Elasticity……Page 325
Cylinders and Spheres……Page 326
Flat Plates……Page 328
Theories of Failure……Page 329
Plasticity……Page 330
Rotating Disks……Page 331
Experimental Stress Analysis……Page 332
5.3 Pipeline Flexure Stresses……Page 336
Penetrant Methods……Page 342
Radiographic Methods……Page 346
Eddy Current Methods……Page 347
Acoustic Signature……Page 348
6. Materials of Engineering……Page 349
Chemistry……Page 351
Specific Gravities and Densities……Page 355
Other Physical Data……Page 358
Steel……Page 361
Principles of Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel……Page 367
Composite Materials……Page 369
Commercial Steels……Page 370
Tool Steels……Page 378
Spring Steel……Page 379
Stainless Steels……Page 380
Cast Iron……Page 386
Steel Castings……Page 391
Introduction……Page 397
Aluminum and its Alloys……Page 401
Cemented Carbides……Page 409
Copper and Copper Alloys……Page 413
Low-Melting-Point Metals and Alloys……Page 422
Metals and Alloys for Use at Elevated Temperatures……Page 425
Metals and Alloys for Nuclear Energy Applications……Page 430
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys……Page 432
Powdered Metals……Page 435
Nickel and Nickel Alloys……Page 436
Titanium and Zirconium……Page 439
Zinc and Zinc Alloys……Page 441
6.5 Corrosion……Page 442
Thermodynamics of Corrosion……Page 443
Corrosion Kinetics……Page 444
Factors Influencing Corrosion……Page 445
Forms of Corrosion……Page 447
Corrosion Testing……Page 451
Corrosion Prevention or Reduction Methods……Page 452
Corrosion in Industrial and Utility Steam- Generating Systems……Page 453
Corrosion in the Chemical Process Industry……Page 455
Paint Ingredients……Page 456
Paints……Page 457
Other Protective and Decorative Coatings……Page 458
6.7 Wood……Page 460
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clear Wood……Page 461
Properties of Lumber Products……Page 467
Properties of Structural Panel Products……Page 472
Durability of Wood in Construction……Page 474
Abrasives……Page 476
Adhesives……Page 478
Brick, Block, and Tile……Page 479
Ceramics……Page 484
Cordage……Page 485
Electrical Insulating Materials……Page 486
Fibers and Fabrics……Page 487
Freezing Preventives……Page 489
Glass……Page 490
Natural Stones……Page 491
Paper……Page 492
Roofing Materials……Page 493
Rubber and Rubberlike Materials (Elastomers)……Page 494
Solvents……Page 496
Thermal Insulation……Page 497
Refractories……Page 499
Sealants……Page 503
Cement……Page 507
Lime……Page 508
Water……Page 509
Mortars……Page 510
Concrete……Page 511
Water Resources……Page 516
Measurements and Definitions……Page 517
Industrial Water……Page 519
Water Pollution Control……Page 520
Water Desalination……Page 521
Liquid Lubricants……Page 525
Viscosity Tests……Page 526
Other Physical and Chemical Tests……Page 527
Greases……Page 528
Lubrication of Specific Equipment……Page 529
General Overview of Plastics……Page 533
Additives……Page 549
Introduction……Page 550
Matrices……Page 551
Design and Analysis……Page 552
7. Fuels and Furnaces……Page 554
Coal……Page 555
Biomass Fuels……Page 561
Petroleum and Other Liquid Fuels……Page 563
Gaseous Fuels……Page 567
Synthetic Fuels……Page 569
Explosives……Page 572
Dust Explosions……Page 575
Rocket Fuels……Page 581
7.2 Carbonization of Coal and Gas Making……Page 583
Carbonization of Coal……Page 584
Carbonizing Apparatus……Page 586
Gasification……Page 588
Types of Industrial Heating Furnaces……Page 594
Size and Economy of Furnaces……Page 595
Heat-Saving Methods……Page 597
Nature of the Fuel……Page 598
Furnace Design……Page 599
Combustion Calculations……Page 602
Recovery……Page 604
Resistor Furnaces……Page 605
Arc Furnaces……Page 608
Induction Furnaces……Page 610
Power Requirements for Electric Furnaces……Page 611
Submerged-Arc and Resistance Furnaces……Page 612
8. Machine Elements……Page 613
Linkages……Page 615
Cams……Page 616
Epicyclic Trains……Page 619
Screw Fastenings……Page 620
Rivet Fastenings……Page 639
Keys, Pins, and Cotters……Page 643
Splines……Page 645
Dry and Viscous Couplings……Page 646
Clutches……Page 649
Hydraulic Power Transmission 8-39……Page 651
Brakes……Page 652
Shrink, Press, Drive, and Running Fits……Page 655
Shafts, Axles, and Cranks……Page 659
Pulleys, Sheaves, and Flywheels……Page 662
Belt Drives……Page 663
Chain Drives……Page 671
Rotary and Reciprocating Elements……Page 677
Springs……Page 678
Wire Rope……Page 687
Fiber Lines……Page 693
Nails and Spikes……Page 694
Drill Sizes……Page 697
8.3 Gearing……Page 699
Basic Gear Data……Page 700
Fundamental Relationships of Spur and Helical Gears……Page 703
Helical Gears……Page 706
Nonspur Gear Types*……Page 707
Wormgears and Worms……Page 711
Strength and Durability……Page 712
Gear Materials……Page 720
Gear Lubrication……Page 725
8.4 Fluid Film Bearings……Page 728
Incompressible and Compressible Lubrication……Page 729
Elements of Journal Bearings……Page 734
Thrust Bearings……Page 737
Gas-Lubricated Bearings……Page 739
Principal Standard Bearing Types……Page 744
Rolling-Contact Bearings’ Life, Load, and Speed Relationships……Page 745
Life Adjustment Factors……Page 747
Bearing Closures……Page 748
Lubrication……Page 749
8.6 Packings and Seals……Page 750
Piping Standards……Page 755
Piping, Pipe, and Tubing……Page 758
Pipe Fittings……Page 781
Cast-Iron and Ductile-Iron Pipe……Page 799
Pipes and Tubes of Nonferrous Materials……Page 801
Vitrified, Wooden-Stave, and Concrete Pipe……Page 803
Fittings for Steel Pipe……Page 807
8.8 Preferred Numbers……Page 827
9. Power Generation……Page 829
Introduction……Page 831
Muscle-Generated Power……Page 832
Wind Power……Page 833
Power From Vegetation and Wood……Page 838
Solar Energy……Page 839
Geothermal Power……Page 845
Stirling (Hot Air) Engines……Page 848
Power From the Tides……Page 849
Utilization of Heat Energy of the Sea……Page 850
Power from Hydrogen……Page 851
Direct Energy Conversion……Page 852
Flywheel Energy Storage……Page 855
Slag and Ash……Page 857
Soot Blower Systems……Page 859
Pulverizers……Page 860
Burners……Page 862
Unburned Combustible Loss……Page 863
Boiler Types……Page 864
Furnaces……Page 865
Superheaters and Reheaters……Page 869
Air Heaters……Page 871
Steam Temperature, Adjustment and Control……Page 872
Boiler Circulation……Page 873
Flow of Gas Through Boiler Unit……Page 874
Performance……Page 875
Water Treatment and Steam Purification……Page 876
Steam Purification……Page 879
Codes……Page 880
Nuclear Boilers……Page 881
Work and Dimensions of the Steam Engine……Page 882
9.4 Steam Turbines……Page 884
Steam Flow Through Nozzles and Buckets in Impulse Turbines……Page 885
Low-Pressure Elements of Turbines……Page 888
Turbine Buckets, Blading, and Parts……Page 890
Industrial and Auxiliary Turbines……Page 892
Large Central-Station Turbines……Page 894
Steam Turbine Performance……Page 897
Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Considerations……Page 901
Surface Condensers……Page 903
Direct-Contact Condensers……Page 909
Air Ejectors……Page 910
Vacuum Pumps……Page 911
Cooling Towers……Page 912
Closed Feedwater Heaters……Page 914
Evaporators……Page 917
General Features……Page 918
Analysis of Engine Process……Page 919
U.S. Automobile Engines……Page 922
Foreign Automobile Engines……Page 924
Truck and Bus Engines……Page 925
Tractor Engines……Page 926
Marine Engines……Page 927
Small Industrial, Utility, and Recreational Vehicle Gasoline Engines……Page 928
Wankel (Rotary) Engines……Page 930
Fuels……Page 932
Gas Exchange Processes……Page 934
Fuel-Air Mixture Preparation……Page 936
Combustion Chambers……Page 939
Spark Ignition Combustion……Page 942
Combustion Knock……Page 943
Cooling Systems……Page 945
Lubrication……Page 946
Air Pollution……Page 947
Fuels……Page 952
Thermodynamic Cycle Basis……Page 953
Brayton Cycle Variations……Page 954
Configuration Variations……Page 956
Waste Heat Recovery Systems……Page 957
Operating Characteristics……Page 958
Gas-Turbine Components……Page 959
Applications……Page 960
Nuclear Physics……Page 961
Utilization of Fission Energy……Page 963
Properties of Materials……Page 966
Fission Reactor Design……Page 968
Nuclear Power Plant Economics……Page 970
Nuclear Power Plant Safety……Page 973
Nuclear Power Plant Licensing……Page 974
Nuclear Fusion……Page 976
General……Page 977
Reaction Turbines……Page 979
Impulse Turbines……Page 983
Reversible Pump/ Turbines……Page 985
Model Tests……Page 986
Speed Regulation……Page 987
Turbine Tests……Page 988
10. Materials Handling……Page 989
Flow Analysis……Page 990
Material Feeding and Metering Modes……Page 991
Chain……Page 992
Wire Rope……Page 996
Holding Mechanisms……Page 998
Hoists……Page 1000
Mine Hoists and Skips……Page 1004
Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators……Page 1006
Locomotive Haulage, Coal Mines……Page 1007
Industrial Cars……Page 1009
Car-Unloading Machinery……Page 1010
Surface Handling……Page 1011
Above-Surface Handling……Page 1014
Below-Surface Handling……Page 1021
Overhead Conveyors……Page 1023
Noncarrying Conveyors……Page 1028
Carrying Conveyors……Page 1032
Changing Direction of Materials on a Conveyor……Page 1042
Robots……Page 1044
Identification and Control of Materials……Page 1050
Storage Equipment……Page 1059
Loading Dock Design……Page 1061
11. Transportation……Page 1062
Traction Required……Page 1064
Fuel Consumption……Page 1066
Transmission Mechanisms……Page 1067
Automatic Transmissions……Page 1070
Final Drive……Page 1071
Suspensions……Page 1072
Steering……Page 1073
Brakes……Page 1074
Air Conditioning and Heating……Page 1077
Body Structure……Page 1078
Trucks……Page 1079
Diesel-Electric Locomotives……Page 1081
Electric Locomotives……Page 1086
Freight Cars……Page 1088
Passenger Equipment……Page 1094
Track……Page 1098
Vehicle-Track Interaction……Page 1099
The Marine Environment……Page 1101
Seaworthiness……Page 1102
Engineering Constraints……Page 1108
Main Propulsion Plants……Page 1109
Propulsors……Page 1113
Propulsion Transmission……Page 1116
High-Performance Ship Systems……Page 1118
Upper Atmosphere……Page 1120
Subsonic Aerodynamic Forces……Page 1121
Airfoils……Page 1122
Stability and Control……Page 1131
Helicopters……Page 1132
Supersonic and Hypersonic Aerodynamics……Page 1133
Linearized Small-Disturbance Theory……Page 1138
11.5 Jet Propulsion and Aircraft Propellers……Page 1142
Essential Features of Airbreathing or Thermal-Jet Engines……Page 1143
Essential Features of Rocket Engines……Page 1146
Notation……Page 1148
Power and Efficiency Relationships……Page 1150
Performance Characteristics of Airbreathing Jet Engines……Page 1151
Criteria of Rocket-Motor Performance……Page 1154
Aircraft Propellers……Page 1156
Space Flight……Page 1161
Astronomical Constants of the Solar System……Page 1162
Dynamic Environments……Page 1164
Space-Vehicle Trajectories, Flight Mechanics, and Performance……Page 1165
Orbital Mechanics……Page 1166
Lunar- and Interplanetary-Flight Mechanics……Page 1167
Atmospheric Entry……Page 1168
Attitude Dynamics, Stabilization, and Control of Spacecraft……Page 1170
Metallic Materials for Aerospace Applications……Page 1172
Structural Composites……Page 1173
Materials for Use in High-Pressure Oxygen Systems……Page 1174
Space Environment……Page 1175
Space-Vehicle Structures……Page 1177
Vibration of Structures……Page 1178
Space Propulsion……Page 1179
Spacecraft Life Support and Thermal Management……Page 1181
Docking of Two Free-Flying Spacecraft……Page 1186
Natural Gas……Page 1187
Crude Oil and Oil Products……Page 1190
Solids……Page 1192
Container Specifications……Page 1195
Container Fleets……Page 1196
12. Building Construction and Equipment……Page 1197
Purposes……Page 1198
Plant Design……Page 1199
Contract Procedures……Page 1213
Loads and Forces……Page 1214
Design of Structural Members……Page 1217
Masonry Construction……Page 1223
Timber Construction……Page 1224
Steel Construction……Page 1229
Materials……Page 1245
Loads……Page 1246
Load Factors for Reinforced Concrete……Page 1247
Reinforced Concrete Beams……Page 1248
Reinforced Concrete Columns……Page 1251
Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems……Page 1252
Footings……Page 1254
Prestressed Concrete……Page 1255
Forms……Page 1256
Comfort Indexes……Page 1257
Indoor Design Conditions……Page 1258
Outdoor Design Conditions……Page 1259
Air Conditioning……Page 1267
Psychrometrics……Page 1281
Duct Design……Page 1284
Fans……Page 1285
Fan Laws……Page 1286
Heat Rejection Apparatus……Page 1287
Light Meters……Page 1295
Light Sources……Page 1296
Prescribing Illumination……Page 1301
Lighting Design……Page 1303
Heat From Lighting……Page 1312
Definitions……Page 1313
The Production and Reception of Sounds……Page 1314
Noise Control……Page 1315
Applications……Page 1317
Safety……Page 1319
13. Manufacturing Processes……Page 1320
Patterns……Page 1321
Molding Processes and Materials……Page 1322
Molding Sand……Page 1324
Casting Alloys……Page 1325
Cleaning and Inspection……Page 1326
Structure……Page 1327
Plasticity……Page 1328
Plastic-Working Techniques……Page 1329
Rolling Operations……Page 1330
Shearing……Page 1333
Drawing……Page 1335
Bulk Forming……Page 1338
Equipment for Working Metals……Page 1340
Arc Welding……Page 1343
Resistance Welding……Page 1348
Other Welding Processes……Page 1349
Thermal Cutting Processes……Page 1350
Design of Welded Connections……Page 1351
Base Metals for Welding……Page 1361
Introduction……Page 1364
Basic Mechanics of Metal Cutting……Page 1365
Cutting-Tool Materials……Page 1367
Machine Tools……Page 1369
Turning……Page 1370
Drilling……Page 1374
Reaming……Page 1375
Milling……Page 1376
Gear Manufacturing……Page 1378
Broaching……Page 1379
Abrasive Processes……Page 1380
Other Material Removal Processes……Page 1384
13.5 Surface Texture Designation, Production, and Control……Page 1386
Designation Standards, Symbols, and Conventions……Page 1387
Surface Quality Versus Tolerances……Page 1389
Sawing……Page 1391
Boring……Page 1393
Sanding……Page 1394
14. Fans, Pumps, and Compressors……Page 1396
Reciprocating Pumps……Page 1397
Rotary Pumps……Page 1406
Power Output and Input……Page 1408
System Design……Page 1409
Nomenclature and Mechanical Design……Page 1410
Materials of Construction……Page 1415
Pump Performance……Page 1416
Installation, Operation, Maintenance……Page 1421
14.3 Compressors……Page 1422
Polytropic Process……Page 1423
Positive-Displacement Compressors Versus Dynamic Compressors……Page 1424
Reciprocating Compressors……Page 1425
Compressor Valves……Page 1426
Lubrication……Page 1427
Rotary-Vane Compressors……Page 1428
Rotary, Twin-Screw, Oil-Flooded Compressors……Page 1429
Rotary Single-Screw Compressors……Page 1431
Orbiting Scroll Compressors……Page 1432
Thrust Pressures……Page 1433
Selection of Pumps……Page 1434
Types and Sizes……Page 1435
Vapor Contamination……Page 1437
Applications of High-Vacuum Pumps……Page 1438
Fan Types and Nomenclature……Page 1439
Fan Performance and Testing……Page 1440
Fan and System Performance Characteristics……Page 1441
15. Electrical and Electronics Engineering……Page 1447
Electrical and Magnetic Units……Page 1448
Conductors and Resistance……Page 1450
Magnetism……Page 1454
Batteries……Page 1457
Dielectric Circuits……Page 1461
Transients……Page 1462
Alternating Currents……Page 1464
Electrical Instruments and Measurements……Page 1466
DC Generators……Page 1471
DC Motors……Page 1473
Synchronous Generators……Page 1477
Transformers……Page 1480
AC Motors……Page 1483
AC-DC Conversion……Page 1487
Synchronous Converters……Page 1488
Rating of Electrical Apparatus……Page 1489
Switchboards……Page 1490
Power Transimission……Page 1492
Power Distribution……Page 1497
Wiring Calculations……Page 1499
Interior Wiring……Page 1501
Resistor Materials……Page 1507
Magnets……Page 1508
Automobile Systems……Page 1512
Components……Page 1514
Discrete-Component Circuits……Page 1517
Linear Integrated Circuits……Page 1521
Digital Integrated Circuits……Page 1525
Conputer Integrated Circuits……Page 1528
Computer Applications……Page 1529
Power Electronics……Page 1531
Communications……Page 1533
Global Positioning Information……Page 1536
16. Instruments and Controls……Page 1538
Counting Events……Page 1539
Mass and Weight Measurement……Page 1540
Measurement of Linear and Angular Displacement……Page 1541
Force and Torque Measurement……Page 1544
Pressure and Vacuum Measurement……Page 1545
Temperature Measurement……Page 1546
Measurement of Fluid Flow Rate……Page 1550
Power Measurement……Page 1552
Electrical Measurements……Page 1553
Velocity and Acceleration Measurement……Page 1554
Measurement of Physical and Chemical Properties……Page 1555
Indicating, Recording, and Logging……Page 1556
Information Transmission……Page 1557
16.2 Automatic Controls……Page 1558
Basic Automatic-Control System……Page 1559
Process as Part of the System……Page 1560
Transient Analysis of a Control System……Page 1561
Time Constants……Page 1563
Block Diagrams……Page 1564
Controller Mechanisms……Page 1565
Hydraulic-Control Systems……Page 1567
Closed-Loop Block Diagram……Page 1569
Frequency Response……Page 1570
Bode Diagram……Page 1571
Stability and Performance of an Automatic Control……Page 1574
Sampled-Data Control Systems……Page 1575
Modern Control Techniques……Page 1576
Evaluating Multivariable Performance and Stability Robustness of a Control System Using Singular Values……Page 1578
Review of Optimal Control Theory……Page 1580
Procedure for LQG/LTR Compensator Design……Page 1581
Example Controller Design for a Deaerator……Page 1582
Analysis of Singular-Value Plots……Page 1585
Technology Review……Page 1586
Horizontal Distance……Page 1587
Vertical Distance……Page 1588
Angular Measurement……Page 1590
Special Problems in Surveying and Measuration……Page 1593
Global Positioning System……Page 1595
17. Industrial Engineering……Page 1597
Plant Organization……Page 1598
Process Analysis……Page 1599
Just-In-Time Techniques, Manufacturing Resource Planning, and Production Control……Page 1600
Control of Materials……Page 1602
Optimization Techniques……Page 1603
Employee Relations……Page 1606
Role and Purpose of Cost Accounting……Page 1607
Classifications of Costs……Page 1608
Elements of Costs……Page 1610
Management and the Control Function……Page 1611
Budgets and Standard Costs……Page 1612
Supporting Decision Making……Page 1613
Cost Management……Page 1614
Characterizing Observational Data: The Average and Standard Deviation……Page 1615
Process Variability – How Much Data?……Page 1616
Comparison of Methods or Processes……Page 1617
Go/ No-Go Data……Page 1619
Control Charts……Page 1620
Process Analysis……Page 1621
Operation Analysis……Page 1622
Principles of Motion Study……Page 1623
Time Study Observations……Page 1624
Performance Rating……Page 1625
Time Formulas and Standard Data……Page 1627
Constructed Plant Costs……Page 1628
Fixed Charges……Page 1631
Operating Expenses……Page 1632
Overall Generation Costs……Page 1633
Power Prices……Page 1634
Psychomotor Behavior……Page 1635
Manual Control……Page 1636
17.7 Automatic Manufacturing……Page 1637
Design for Assembly……Page 1638
Autofacturing Subsystems……Page 1639
18. The Engineering Environment……Page 1641
An Overview of Ecology……Page 1642
Cost/ Benefit Balancing and ISO 9000 Registration……Page 1643
Control of Thermal Discharges……Page 1644
Wastewater Control……Page 1645
Sources and Control of Air Pollution……Page 1647
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management……Page 1657
RCRA and CERCLA……Page 1658
Safety……Page 1659
Construction……Page 1663
Automatic Sprinklers……Page 1664
Underground Water Piping for Fire Service……Page 1666
Portable Hand Extinguishers……Page 1667
Patents……Page 1668
Trademarks……Page 1669
Copyrights……Page 1670
Professional Liability Insurance……Page 1671
19. Refrigeration, Cryogenics, Optics, and Miscellaneous……Page 1673
Properties of Refrigerants……Page 1674
Overall Cycles……Page 1684
Components of Compression Systems……Page 1685
Thermoelectric Cooling……Page 1689
Methods of Applying Refrigeration……Page 1690
Refrigerant Piping……Page 1692
Cold Storage……Page 1693
Ice Making……Page 1696
Deep Refrigeration……Page 1697
19.2 Cryogenics……Page 1698
Refrigeration Methods……Page 1699
Properties of Solids at Low Temperatures……Page 1701
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids (Cryogens)……Page 1706
Instrumentation……Page 1709
Insulation……Page 1710
Safety……Page 1712
Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics……Page 1713
Interference and Interferometry……Page 1714
Proofreading……Page 1715
Special Alphabets……Page 1716
A……Page 1717
B……Page 1721
C……Page 1724
D……Page 1732
E……Page 1734
F……Page 1737
G……Page 1740
H……Page 1742
I……Page 1744
J……Page 1746
L……Page 1747
M……Page 1749
O……Page 1752
P……Page 1753
R……Page 1758
S……Page 1761
T……Page 1768
V……Page 1771
W……Page 1772
Z……Page 1774
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