Conserving and valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity: economic, institutional and social challenges

K. N. Ninan, Achim Steiner9781844076512, 1844076512

This is the most comprehensive book to address the economic, social and institutional difficulties in conserving biodiversity. It covers a wide range of issues such as biodiversity, ecosystem services and valuation in the context of diverse ecosystems such as tropical forests, marine areas, wetlands and agricultural landscapes, non-timber forest products, incentives and institutions, payments for ecosystem services, governance, intellectual property rights and the protection of traditional knowledge, management of protected areas, and climate change and biodiversity.It also covers the application of environmental economics and institutional economics to different cases and the use of techniques such as contingent valuation method and game theory. The book spans the globe with case studies drawn from a cross section of regions and continents including the UK, US, Europe, Australia, India, Africa and South America.Contributors include Jeffrey McNeely, Charles Perrings, Clem Tisdell, Timothy Swanson, Lucy Emerton, R Kerry Turner, Ian Batemen, John Loomis, Leslie Richardson, Unai Pascual, Timothy Hass, Krystyna Swiderska, Regina Birner, Randall Kramer, Jane Kabubo-Mariara, Ernest L Molua, and others.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 8
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes……Page 12
List of Contributors……Page 16
Foreword……Page 18
Preface……Page 22
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations……Page 26
Biodiversity, ecosystem services andhuman well-being……Page 32
Biodiversity, ecosystem services and valuation……Page 41
Incentives and institutions……Page 45
Governance……Page 47
IPRs and protection of indigenous knowledge……Page 50
Climate change, biodiversity and ecosystem services……Page 51
References……Page 52
PART 1 BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND VALUATION……Page 54
Introduction……Page 56
Data sources……Page 57
Results……Page 58
Influence of CVM methodology on value estimates……Page 63
Conclusion……Page 65
References……Page 66
Trends in fish supplies from aquaculture versus supplies from wild catch……Page 78
Commercial and recreational fishing as a source of biodiversity loss in the wild……Page 83
Aquatic biodiversity and the resilience of productive ecosystems……Page 84
Consequences of the development of aquaculture for the biodiversity of farmed fish……Page 85
Uncertainty about the economic benefits of alterations in fish biodiversity……Page 86
References……Page 87
Ecosystem-based management and the problem of scale……Page 90
Open access capture fisheries in the high seas……Page 92
The governance of LMEs……Page 97
Economic incentives under ecosystem-based management……Page 101
Biodiversity conservation investment……Page 104
Concluding remarks……Page 107
Notes……Page 108
References……Page 109
Appendix……Page 114
Introduction: Biodiversity as a key component of development investments……Page 116
The Case of Lao PDR……Page 117
The value of biodiversity at a local level: Nam Et and Phou Loei Protected Areas……Page 119
Biodiversity values in the national economy……Page 121
Biodiversity investments: Recent trends……Page 123
Conclusions: The returns to investing in natural ecosystems as development infrastructure……Page 125
References……Page 126
Introduction……Page 130
NTFP benefits……Page 131
Economic value of NTFPs: A review……Page 132
Estimates of NTFP values……Page 133
Net NTFP benefits……Page 135
NTFP benefits and externalities……Page 137
Estimate of NTFP benefits for Nagarhole National Park……Page 138
Valuing local tribal community’s preferences for biodiversity conservation……Page 140
Conclusion……Page 142
References……Page 143
Introduction……Page 144
Case study……Page 147
Conceptual framework……Page 149
Empirical methods……Page 150
Results……Page 152
Conclusions……Page 157
Notes……Page 159
References……Page 160
PART 2 INCENTIVES AND INSTITUTIONS……Page 164
Introduction……Page 166
Values of ecosystem services……Page 167
Markets for ecosystem services……Page 168
Eco-labelling……Page 169
Carbon sequestration and trading……Page 170
Payments for cultural services……Page 171
Watershed protection……Page 172
Building markets for forest ecosystem services……Page 174
Institutions supporting payments for ecosystem services……Page 176
Conclusions……Page 177
Acknowledgements……Page 178
References……Page 179
Introduction……Page 182
The drivers of agrobiodiversity change……Page 184
Understanding the social value of agrobiodiversity……Page 187
From demonstration to capturing and sharing the benefits of agrobiodiversity conservation……Page 192
Conclusions……Page 198
References……Page 200
Introduction……Page 206
Institutional factors and the objectives of conservation NGOs……Page 208
Rent capture and conservation alliances……Page 210
Social influences on the selection by NGOs of focal species for conservation efforts – factors restricting the diversity of species favoured……Page 212
Bounded rationality and the operation of conservation NGOs……Page 214
The efficiency of conservation NGOs in fund-raising and how their competition may narrow the diversity of species supported for conservation……Page 215
How should the (social) role of conservation NGOs be assessed?……Page 218
Concluding comments……Page 219
References……Page 221
PART 3 GOVERNANCE……Page 224
Introduction……Page 226
Towards a framework for integrated wetland management assessment……Page 227
Functions, uses, stakeholders, pressures and environmental changes……Page 231
Sustainable tourism……Page 234
Managing dynamic ecosystem change: Combating eutrophication and feedback effects……Page 239
Flood alleviation and sea level rise mitigation strategies for Broadland: Valuation analysis……Page 242
Conclusions and policy implications……Page 247
References……Page 248
Introduction……Page 252
Overview of group and ecosystem IDs……Page 255
East African cheetah EMS……Page 256
Parameter estimation via consistency analysis……Page 261
One-step-ahead prediction error rates……Page 270
EMS-derived practical management strategies……Page 274
Conclusions……Page 277
Appendix A: Group ID architecture……Page 278
Appendix B: Ecosystem ID……Page 285
References……Page 289
Introduction……Page 292
Conceptual framework……Page 293
Research area and methods……Page 301
Approaches to establish community agreements……Page 302
Participation and perceptions of the villagers……Page 308
Assessment of the conservation agreements……Page 317
Conclusions……Page 322
Acknowledgements……Page 324
References……Page 325
PART 4 IPRS AND PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE……Page 328
Introduction……Page 330
The implementation of the CBD and EO247……Page 332
The implementation of TRIPs and the PVPA……Page 336
The Philippines’ movement to protect indigenous peoples’ rights……Page 339
The protection of traditional and alternative health care……Page 342
What is the traditional knowledge that is to be protected?……Page 346
Conclusion……Page 356
Notes……Page 357
References……Page 359
The privatization of community knowledge……Page 362
An action-research approach using an indigenous conceptual framework……Page 363
Comparing ABS, IPR and customary law models……Page 366
‘Collective bio-cultural heritage’ as the basis for TK protection……Page 368
Conclusions and recommendations for the protection of indigenous knowledge……Page 370
References……Page 372
PART 5 CLIMATE CHANGE, BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES……Page 374
Introduction……Page 376
AOGCMs and climate change scenarios……Page 378
Methods of analysis……Page 380
Empirical results……Page 382
Livestock management and biodiversity adaptation to climate change……Page 391
Conclusion……Page 396
Notes……Page 398
References……Page 399
Introduction……Page 402
Marine and coastal resources in Cameroon: Interplay of climate and climate change……Page 405
Climate change, coastal biodiversity and socioeconomic consequences……Page 407
Climate change and coastal biodiversity: Perception, adaptation and mitigation……Page 411
Perception of climate change and welfare……Page 415
Concluding remarks……Page 418
Notes……Page 419
References……Page 420
Index……Page 424