Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessor Systems

Stuart Ball9780750677233, 0-7506-7723-6

Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors addresses the technologies and methods used in interfacing analog devices to microprocessors, providing in-depth coverage of practical control applications, op amp examples, and much more. A companion to the author’s popular Embedded Microprocessor Systems: Real World Design, this new embedded systems book focuses on measurement and control of analog quantities in embedded systems that are required to interface to the real world.At a time when modern electronic systems are increasingly digital, a comprehensive source on interfacing the real world to microprocessors should prove invaluable to embedded systems engineers, students, technicians, and hobbyists. Anyone involved in connecting the analog environment to their digital machines, or troubleshooting such connections will find this book especially useful. Stuart Ball is also the author of Debugging Embedded Microprocessor Systems, both published by Newnes. Additionally, Stuart has written articles for periodicals such as Circuit Cellar INK, Byte, and Modern Electronics.* Provides hard-to-find information on interfacing analog devices and technologies to the purely digital world of embedded microprocessors* Gives the reader the insight and perspective of a real embedded systems design engineer, including tips that only a hands-on professional would know* Covers important considerations for both hardware and software systems when linking analog and digital devices

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Table of contents :
Front Cover……Page 1
Copyright……Page 5
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 10
Dynamic Range……Page 14
Calibration……Page 15
Bandwidth……Page 18
Processor Throughput……Page 19
Avoiding Excess Speed……Page 20
Other System Considerations……Page 21
Sample Rate and Aliasing……Page 24
2. Analog-to-Digital Converters……Page 26
ADCs……Page 28
Types of ADCs……Page 30
ADC Comparison……Page 38
Sample and Hold……Page 39
Real Parts……Page 42
Microprocessor Interfacing……Page 43
Clocked Interfaces……Page 48
Serial Interfaces……Page 49
Multichannel ADCs……Page 54
Internal Microcontroller ADCs……Page 55
Codecs……Page 56
Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers……Page 57
Design Checklist……Page 59
Temperature Sensors……Page 60
Optical Sensors……Page 72
CCDs……Page 84
Magnetic Sensors……Page 95
Motion/Acceleration Sensors……Page 99
Strain Gauges……Page 102
4. Time-Based Measurements……Page 104
Measuring Period versus Frequency……Page 107
Mixing……Page 109
Voltage-to-Frequency Converters……Page 111
Clock Resolution and Range……Page 113
Extending Accuracy with Limited Resolution……Page 115
Negative Feedback and Control……Page 120
Microprocessor-Based Systems……Page 121
On-Off Control……Page 122
Proportional Control……Page 125
Proportional, Integral, Derivative Control……Page 129
Motor Control……Page 140
Predictive Control……Page 146
Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops……Page 147
PID Software Examples……Page 151
Things to Remember in Control Design……Page 156
Solenoids……Page 158
Heaters……Page 162
Coolers……Page 168
LEDs……Page 170
DACs……Page 175
Digital Potentiometers……Page 176
Analog Switches……Page 179
Stepper Motors……Page 184
DC Motors……Page 203
Tradeoffs between Motors……Page 219
Power-Up Issues……Page 220
Motor Torque……Page 221
A Real-World Stepper Application……Page 222
Ground Loops……Page 228
Electrostatic Discharge……Page 233
9. High-Precision Applications……Page 238
Input Offset Voltage……Page 240
Input Resistance……Page 241
Frequency Characteristics……Page 242
Temperature Effects in Resistors……Page 243
Voltage References……Page 244
Temperature Effects in General……Page 246
Noise and Grounding……Page 247
Printed Circuit Board Layout……Page 249
Statistical Tolerancing……Page 252
Supply-Based References……Page 253
Summary……Page 254
IEEE 1451.2……Page 256
4–20ma Current Loop……Page 257
Fieldbus……Page 258
Microcontroller Supply and Reference……Page 260
Resistor Networks……Page 262
Multiple Input Control……Page 263
AC Control……Page 265
Driving Bipolar Transistors……Page 267
Driving MOSFETs……Page 270
Reading Negative Voltages……Page 274
Example Control System……Page 275
Appendix A……Page 288
Appendix B……Page 300
Appendix C……Page 312
Appendix D……Page 314
Glossary……Page 320
Index……Page 324