Encyclopedia of the Human Brain

V. S. Ramachandran9780122272141, 0122272145

In the past decade, enormous strides have been made in understanding the human brain. The advent of sophisticated new imaging techniques (e.g. PET, MRI, MEG, etc.) and new behavioral testing procedures have revolutionized our understanding of the brain, and we now know more about the anatomy, functions, and development of this organ than ever before. However, much of this knowledge is scattered across scientific journals and books in a diverse group of specialties: psychology, neuroscience, medicine, etc. The Encyclopedia of the Human Brain places all information in a single source and contains clearly written summaries on what is known of the human brain. Covering anatomy, physiology, neuropsychology, clinical neurology, neuropharmacology, evolutionary biology, genetics, and behavioral science, this four-volume encyclopedia contains over 200 peer reviewed signed articles from experts around the world. The Encyclopedia articles range in size from 5-30 printed pages each, and contain a definition paragraph, glossary, outline, and suggested readings, in addition to the body of the article. Lavishly illustrated, the Encyclopedia includes over 1000 figures, many in full color. Managing both breadth and depth, the Encyclopedia is a must-have reference work for life science libraries and researchers investigating the human brain.

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Table of contents :
Encyclopedia of the Human Brain……Page 1
Preface……Page 2
Editorial Advisory Board……Page 3
Editor-in-Chief……Page 7
Action Potential, Pages 1-12, John A. White……Page 8
Adolescent Brain Maturation, Pages 13-20, Jay N. Giedd, Elizabeth A. Molloy and Jonathan Blumenthal……Page 20
Aggression, Pages 21-42, Jeffrey L. Saver……Page 28
Aging Brain, Pages 43-57, Lori L. Beason-held and Barry Horwitz……Page 50
Agnosia, Pages 59-70, Jonathan J. Marotta and Marlene Behrmann……Page 65
Agraphia, Pages 71-86, Steven Z. Rapcsak and Pelagie M. Beeson……Page 77
Alcohol Damage to the Brain, Pages 87-98, John W. Olney……Page 93
Alertness, Pages 99-110, Verity J. Brown and Eric M. Bowman……Page 105
Alexia, Pages 111-117, Rhonda B. Friedman……Page 117
Alzheimer’s Disease, Neuropsychology of, Pages 119-129, Robin G. Morris and Claire L. Worsley……Page 124
Anger, Pages 131-136, Christopher R. Long and James R. Averill……Page 135
Anomia, Pages 137-143, Lisa Tabor Connor and Loraine K. Obler……Page 141
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Pages 145-157, B. J. Casey, Nick Yeung and John Fossella……Page 148
Anxiety, Pages 159-180, Eric Vermetten, Dennis S. Charney and J. Douglas Bremner……Page 161
Aphasia, Pages 181-192, Martha Taylor Sarno……Page 183
Apraxia, Pages 193-197, Kenneth M. Heilman and Leslie J. Gonzalez-rothi……Page 195
Area V2, Pages 199-222, Daniel J. Felleman……Page 200
Arousal, Pages 223-236, Richard T. Marrocco and Brent A. Field……Page 224
Artificial Intelligence, Pages 237-250, Derek Partridge……Page 238
Astrocytes, Pages 251-268, Nicole Baumann and Danielle Pham-dinh……Page 252
Attention, Pages 269-284, Shaun P. Vecera and Steven J. Luck……Page 270
Auditory Agnosia, Pages 285-287, Henry A. Buchtel……Page 286
Auditory Cortex, Pages 289-301, Robert J. Zatorre……Page 289
Auditory Perception, Pages 303-320, William A. Yost……Page 302
Autism, Pages 321-342, Eric Courchesne and Karen Pierce……Page 320
Autoimmune Diseases, Pages 343-347, Felix Mor and Irun R. Cohen……Page 342
Axon, Pages 349-365, Kathleen S. Rockland……Page 347
Basal Ganglia, Pages 367-379, Bruce Crosson, Leeza Maron, Anna B. Moore and Laura Grande……Page 364
Behavioral Neurogenetics, Pages 381-392, Frans Sluyter Eco De Geus Gilles Van Luijtelaar Wim E. Crusio……Page 377
Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Pages 393-404, Douglas L. Delahanty and Julie K. Cremeans-smith……Page 389
Behavioral Pharmacology, Pages 405-416, Peter B. Dews……Page 401
Bilingualism, Pages 417-434, Jyotsna Vaid……Page 413
Biofeedback, Pages 435-441, Richard Gevirtz……Page 431
Body Perception Disorders, Pages 443-458, Georg Goldenberg……Page 438
Borna Disease Virus, Pages 459-468, W. Ian Lipkin, Thomas Briese and Mady Hornig……Page 454
Brain Anatomy and Networks, Pages 469-480, M. -marsel Mesulam……Page 464
Brain Damage, Recovery from, Pages 481-491, Paul Bach-y-rita……Page 476
Brain Development, Pages 493-507, Harun K. M. Yusuf and Khaleda Islam……Page 487
Brain Disease, Organic, Pages 509-527, Kenneth Maiese……Page 502
Brain Lesions, Pages 529-544, Matthias Keidel and Philipp Stude……Page 521
Brain Stem, Pages 545-567, William W. Blessing……Page 537
Broca’s Area, Pages 569-586, Michelle Crank and Peter T. Fox……Page 560
Cancer Patients, Cognitive Function, Pages 587-593, Christina A. Meyers……Page 578
Catecholamines, Pages 595-602, Arnold J. Friedhoff and Raul Silva……Page 585
Categorization, Pages 603-609, Barbara J. Knowlton……Page 593
Cerebellum, Pages 611-627, Marco Molinari……Page 600
Cerebral Circulation, Pages 629-661, John A. Jane, Jr. , Aaron S. Dumant, Daniel E. Couture, K. Michael Webb, Dilantha B. Ellegala, Hayan Dayoub and Neal F. Kassell……Page 617
Cerebral Cortex, Pages 663-679, David F. Cechetto and Jane C. Topolovec……Page 650
Cerebral Edema, Pages 681-701, David S. Liebeskind……Page 667
Cerebral Palsy, Pages 703-714, Stephanie Watkins and Angela Rosenberg……Page 688
Cerebral White Matter Disorders, Pages 715-731, Christopher M. Filley……Page 700
Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 733-757, John R. Absher……Page 717
Chemical Neuroanatomy, Pages 759-774, Yuri Koutcherov, Ken W. S. Ashwell and George Paxinos……Page 742
Cingulate Cortex, Pages 775-791, Michael Gabriel, Lauren Burhans, Andrew Talk and Paige Scalf……Page 758
Circadian Rhythms, Pages 793-812, Charles A. Fuller and Patrick M. Fuller……Page 775
Classical Conditioning, Pages 813-827, Robert E. Clark……Page 795
Cognitive Aging, Pages 829-838, Naftali Raz……Page 810
Cognitive Psychology, Overview, Pages 839-853, John F. Kihlstrom and Lillian Park……Page 820
Cognitive Rehabilitation, Pages 855-861, Stephanie A. Kolakowsky-hayner and Jeffrey S. Kreutzer……Page 835
Color Processing and Color Processing Disorders, Pages 1-14, Peter Gouras……Page 842
Color Vision, Pages 15-29, Gerald H. Jacobs……Page 856
Consciousness, Pages 31-35, Michael S. Gazzaniga……Page 871
Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Disorders, Pages 37-49, Richard J. Brown and Maria A. Brown……Page 876
Corpus Callosum, Pages 51-64, Kathleen Baynes……Page 889
Cranial Nerves, Pages 65-81, Ann B. Butler……Page 903
Creativity, Pages 83-87, Mark A. Runco……Page 920
Dementia, Pages 89-100, Alfred W. Kaszniak……Page 925
Depression, Pages 101-113, Esteban V. Cardemil……Page 937
Dopamine, Pages 115-122, Lisa A. Taylor and Ian Creese……Page 950
Dreaming, Pages 123-134, Mario Bertini……Page 958
Dyslexia, Pages 135-146, H. Branch Coslett……Page 970
Electrical Potentials, Pages 147-167, Fernando H. Lopes Da Silva……Page 982
Electroencephalography (EEG), Pages 169-179, Paul L. Nunez……Page 1003
Emotion, Pages 181-191, Ralph Adolphs and Andrea S. Heberlein……Page 1014
Endorphins and their Receptors, Pages 193-200, Catherine Abbadie and Gavril W. Abbadie……Page 1025
Epilepsy, Pages 201-219, Bettina Schmitz……Page 1033
Event-Related Electromagnetic Responses, Pages 221-250, John S. George……Page 1052
Evolution of the Brain, Pages 251-267, Harry J. Jerison……Page 1082
Eye Movements, Pages 269-297, Charles J. Bruce and Harriet R. Friedman……Page 1099
Forebrain, Pages 299-315, Luis Puelles and John Rubenstein……Page 1128
Frontal Lobe, Pages 317-325, Lada A. Kemenoff, Bruce L. Miller and Joel H. Kramer……Page 1145
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Pages 327-351, Robert L. Savoy……Page 1154
GABA, Pages 353-367, Sofie R. Kleppner and Allan J. Tobin……Page 1179
Glial Cell Types, Pages 369-387, Conrad A. Messam, Jean Hou, Nazila Janabi, Maria Chiara Monaco, Maneth Gravell and Eugene O. Major……Page 1194
Hallucinations, Pages 389-397, Jane Epstein, Emily Stern and David Silbersweig……Page 1213
Hand Movements, Pages 399-414, J. Randall Flanagan and Roland S. Johansson……Page 1222
Headaches, Pages 415-428, Seymour Diamond and George J. Urban……Page 1238
Hearing, Pages 429-448, John F. Brugge and Matthew A. Howard……Page 1252
Heuristics, Pages 449-460, Ralph Hertwig and Peter M. Todd……Page 1272
Hindbrain, Pages 461-473, Joel C. Glover……Page 1284
HIV Infection, Neurocognitive Complications of, Pages 475-489, Igor Grant……Page 1297
Homeostatic Mechanisms, Pages 491-504, Pierre-Marie Lledo……Page 1312
Humor and Laughter, Pages 505-516, Jyotsna Vaid……Page 1326
Hydrocephalus, Pages 517-524, Chima Ohaegbulam and Peter Black……Page 1338
Hypothalamus, Pages 525-535, J. Patrick Card and Linda Rinaman……Page 1346
Imaging – Brain Mapping Methods, Pages 537-555, John C. Mazziotta and Richard S. J. Frackowiak……Page 1357
Information Processing, Pages 557-570, Joe L. Martinez, Stephen A. K. Harvey, Adria E. Martinez and Edwin J. Barea-rodriguez.pdf……Page 1376
Inhibition, Pages 571-585, Avishai Henik and Thomas H. Carr……Page 1390
Intelligence, Pages 587-597, Robert J. Sternberg and James C. Kaufman……Page 1405
Ion Channels, Pages 599-615, B. Alexander Yi and Lily Y. Jan……Page 1416
Language Acquisition, Pages 617-629, Helen Tager-flusberg……Page 1433
Language and Lexical Processing, Pages 631-643, Randi C. Martin, Mary R. Newsome and Hoang Vu……Page 1446
Language Disorders, Pages 645-655, David Caplan……Page 1459
Language, Neural Basis of, Pages 657-669, David Caplan……Page 1470
Laterality, Pages 671-683, Joseph B. Hellige……Page 1483
Left-Handedness, Pages 685-694, Stanley Coren……Page 1496
Limbic System, Pages 695-702, Joseph L. Price……Page 1506
Logic and Reasoning, Pages 703-716, Philip N. Johnson-laird……Page 1514
Lyme Encephalopathy, Pages 717-727, Richard F. Kaplan……Page 1528
Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI], Pages 729-744, Jeffry R. Alger……Page 1539
Manic–Depressive Illness, Pages 745-757, Edward H. Taylor……Page 1555
Memory Disorders, Organic, Pages 759-772, Andrew R. Mayes……Page 1568
Memory Neurobiology, Pages 783-796, Raymond P. Kesner……Page 1582
Memory, Explicit and Implicit, Pages 773-781, Kathleen B. Mcdermott……Page 1596
Memory, Neuroimaging, Pages 797-816, John Jonides, Tor D. Wager and David T. Badre……Page 1605
Memory, Overview, Pages 817-833, John A. Lucas……Page 1625
Mental Retardation, Pages 1-15, Sandra Cluett Redden Stephen R. Hooper Martha Pope……Page 1642
Mental Workload, Pages 17-27, Raja Parasuraman and Daniel Caggiano……Page 1657
Microglia, Pages 29-41, Guido Stoll Sebastian Jander and Michael Schroeter……Page 1668
Midbrain, Pages 43-68, David M. Waitzman and Douglas L. Oliver……Page 1681
Migraine, Pages 69-80, Margarita Sanchez Del Rio and Stephen Silberstein#……Page 1707
Mild Head Injury, Pages 81-92, Jeffrey T. Barth, Jason R. Freeman and Donna K. Broshek……Page 1719
Modeling Brain Injury-Trauma, Pages 93-102, Helmut L. Laurer, David F. Meaney, Susan S. Margulies and Tracy K. Mcintosh……Page 1731
Mood Disorders, Pages 103-116, Eran Chemerinski and Robert G. Robinson……Page 1741
Motion Processing, Pages 117-135, Preeti Verghese and Brent R. Beutter……Page 1755
Motor Control, Pages 137-157, Steven P. Wise and Reza Shadmehr……Page 1774
Motor Cortex, Pages 159-169, Jon H. Kaas and Iwona Stepniewska……Page 1795
Motor Neuron Disease, Pages 171-181, Philip C. Wong, Donald L. Price and Jeffery Rothstein……Page 1806
Motor Skill, Pages 183-200, Eliot Hazeltine and Richard Ivry……Page 1817
Movement Regulation, Pages 201-210, John F. Soechting and Martha Flanders……Page 1835
Multiple Sclerosis, Pages 211-225, Lorri J. Lobeck……Page 1845
Multisensory Integration, Pages 227-241, Barry E. Stein, Paul J. Laurienti, Mark T. Wallace and Terrence R. Stanford……Page 1860
Music and the Brain, Pages 243-271, David W. Perry……Page 1875
Nausea and Vomiting, Pages 273-289, Robert J. Naylor……Page 1904
Neocortex, Pages 291-303, Jon H. Kaas……Page 1921
Nerve Cells and Memory, Pages 305-312, Peter S. Eriksson……Page 1934
Nervous System, Organization of, Pages 313-371, Jay B. Angevine, Jr…….Page 1942
Neural Networks, Pages 373-383, Paul Sajda……Page 2001
Neural Transplantation, Pages 385-402, Douglas Kondziolka, Elizabeth Tyler-Kabara and Cristian Achim……Page 2012
Neuroanatomy, Pages 403-422, Christopher M. Filley……Page 2030
Neurobehavioral Toxicology, Pages 423-439, Marcia Hillary Ratner, Robert G. Feldman and Roberta F. White……Page 2050
Neurodegenerative Disorders, Pages 441-463, Lee J. Martin……Page 2067
Neurofeedback, Pages 465-477, James R. Evans……Page 2090
Neuroglia, Overview, Pages 479-491, Angus M. Brown and Bruce R. Ransom……Page 2103
Neuroimaging, Pages 493-505, Giorgio Ganis and Stephen M. Kosslyn……Page 2116
Neuron, Pages 507-523, Maryann E. Martone and Mark H. Ellisman……Page 2129
Neuropeptides and Islet Function, Pages 525-540, Bo Ahrén……Page 2146
Neuropharmacology, Pages 541-560, Edward A. Workman……Page 2162
Neuroplasticity, Developmental, Pages 561-578, Daphne Bavelier and Helen Neville……Page 2182
Neuropsychological Assessment, Pages 579-593, Aaron P. Nelson and Meghan M. Searl……Page 2200
Neuropsychological Assessment, Pediatric, Pages 595-600, Lawrence C. Hartlage……Page 2215
Neurotransmitters, Pages 601-611, James H. Schwartz……Page 2221
Nociceptors, Pages 613-624, Lorne M. Mendell……Page 2232
Norepinephrine, Pages 625-646, Candice Drouin and Jean-Pol Tassin……Page 2244
Number Processing and Arithmetic, Pages 647-661, Karen Wynn……Page 2266
Object Perception, Pages 663-676, Pepper Williams……Page 2281
Occipital Lobe, Pages 677-715, Edgar A. Deyoe……Page 2295
Olfaction, Pages 717-727, Richard L. Doty……Page 2334
Opiates, Pages 729-739, Clifford M. Knapp……Page 2345
Oxytocin, Pages 741-749, Hans H. Zingg……Page 2356
Pain and Psychopathology, Pages 763-775, David Fishbain……Page 2365
Pain, Pages 751-761, A. D. Craig……Page 2378
Parkinson’s Disease, Pages 777-786, Melvin D. Yahr and Matthew A. Brodsky……Page 2389
Pattern Recognition, Pages 787-795, William R. Uttal……Page 2399
Peptides, Hormones, and the Brain and Spinal Cord, Pages 797-815, Lee J. Martin……Page 2408
Peripheral Nervous System, Pages 817-830, Andrei V. Krassioukov……Page 2427
Phantom Limb Pain, Pages 831-841, Herta Flor……Page 2441
Phineas Gage, Pages 843-857, Malcolm Macmillan……Page 2452
Pick’s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia, Pages 1-9, Andrew Kertesz and David G. Munoz……Page 2467
Prefrontal Cortex, Pages 11-26, Robert J. Morecraft and Edward H. Yeterian……Page 2476
Priming, Pages 27-46, Anthony D. Wagner and Wilma Koutstaal……Page 2492
Prion Diseases, Pages 47-60, Hans A. Kretzschmar……Page 2512
Problem Solving, Pages 61-66, Richard E. Mayer……Page 2526
Prosopagnosia, Pages 67-74, Edward H. F. De Haan……Page 2532
Psychoactive Drugs, Pages 75-82, David E. Presti……Page 2540
Psychoneuroendocrinology, Pages 83-101, Serge Campeau……Page 2548
Psychoneuroimmunology, Pages 103-127, David L. Felten and Mary E. Maida……Page 2567
Psychophysiology, Pages 129-139, David Lykken……Page 2592
Reading Disorders, Developmental, Pages 141-154, Virginia A. Mann……Page 2603
Receptive Field, Pages 155-168, Rajesh P. N. Rao……Page 2617
Recovered Memories, Pages 169-184, Heidi Sivers Jonathan Schooler Jennifer J. Freyd……Page 2631
Reinforcement, Reward, and Punishment, Pages 185-207, Daniel T. Cerutti……Page 2647
Respiration, Pages 209-216, Homayoun Kazemi and Douglas C. Johnson……Page 2670
Retina, Pages 217-235, John E. Dowling……Page 2678
Salience, Pages 237-250, Shih-cheng Yen and Leif H. Finkel……Page 2697
Schizophrenia, Pages 251-262, Lisa T. Eyler Zorrilla and Dilip V. Jeste……Page 2711
Semantic Memory, Pages 263-276, Murray Grossman and Phyllis L. Koenig……Page 2723
Sensory Deprivation, Pages 277-287, Josef P. Rauschecker……Page 2737
Sex Differences in the Human Brain, Pages 289-308, Laura S. Allen and Roger A. Gorski……Page 2748
Sexual Behavior, Pages 309-322, John D. Baldwin and Janice I. Baldwin……Page 2768
Sexual Differentiation, Hormones and, Pages 323-341, Susan L. Zup and Nancy G. Forger……Page 2782
Sexual Dysfunction, Pages 343-354, Lisa Regev, Claudia Avina and William Odonohue……Page 2801
Sexual Function, Pages 355-365, Mark S. George and Jeffrey P. Lorberbaum……Page 2813
Short-Term Memory, Pages 367-381, Giuseppe Vallar……Page 2824
Sleep Disorders, Pages 383-393, Clete A. Kushida……Page 2839
Spatial Cognition, Pages 395-418, Barbara Landau……Page 2850
Spatial Vision, Pages 419-431, Russell L. De Valois and Karen K. De Valois……Page 2874
Speech, Pages 433-448, Keith R. Kluender……Page 2887
Stress – Hormonal and Neural Aspects, Pages 463-474, Bruce Mcewen and Sonia Lupien……Page 2903
Stress, Pages 449-462, D. Jeffrey Newport and Charles B. Nemeroff……Page 2915
Stroke, Pages 475-492, Allyson R. Zazulia……Page 2929
Suicide, Pages 493-501, Beth S. Brodsky and J. John Mann……Page 2947
Superior Colliculus, Pages 503-520, Barry E. Stein, Mark T. Wallace and Terrence R. Stanford……Page 2956
Synapses and Synaptic Transmission and Integration, Pages 521-529, Michel Baudry……Page 2974
Synaptogenesis, Pages 531-544, Frederique Varoqueaux and Nils Brose……Page 2983
Tactile Perception, Pages 545-556, Catherine L. Reed……Page 2997
Taste, Pages 557-567, Michael A. Barry and Marion E. Frank……Page 3009
Temporal Lobes, Pages 569-573, Henry A. Buchtel……Page 3020
Thalamus and Thalamic Damage, Pages 575-597, Chihiro Ohye……Page 3025
Time Passage, Neural Substrates, Pages 599-614, Deborah L. Harrington and Stephen M. Rao……Page 3048
Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, Pages 615-622, Valsamma Eapen and Mary M. Robertson……Page 3064
Transplantation, Pages 623-634, Timothy J. Collier and John R. Sladek……Page 3072
Unconscious, The, Pages 635-646, John F. Kihlstrom……Page 3084
Unilateral Neglect, Pages 647-660, Eli Wertman and Kenneth M. Heilman……Page 3096
Ventricular System, Pages 661-685, David E. Scott……Page 3110
Vigilance, Pages 687-699, Martin Sarter and John P. Brun……Page 3135
Violence and the Brain, Pages 701-718, Karen E. Anderson and Jonathan M. Silver……Page 3148
Vision – Brain Mechanisms, Pages 719-738, Robert Shapley and Nava Rubin……Page 3166
Visual and Auditory Integration, Pages 739-752, Jennifer M. Groh and Uri Werner-reiss……Page 3186
Visual Cortex, Pages 753-773, Marcello G. P. Rosa……Page 3200
Visual Disorders, Pages 775-789, R. D. Jones and D. Tranel……Page 3221
Visual System Development and Neural Activity, Pages 791-804, A. E. Wiencken-barger and V. A. Casagrande……Page 3236
Wernicke’s Area, Pages 805-818, Eleanor M. Saffran……Page 3250
Working Memory, Pages 819-830, Sergio Della Sala and Robert H. Logie……Page 3264
LinkToy : )~……Page 0
Plate 1, Page xv……Page 3276
Plate 2, Page xvi……Page 3277
Plate 3, Page xvii……Page 3278
Plate 4, Page xviii……Page 3279
Plate 5, Page xix……Page 3280
Plate 6, Page xx……Page 3281
Plate 7, Page xxi……Page 3282
Plate 8, Page xxii……Page 3283
Plate 9, Page xxiii……Page 3284
Plate 10, Page xxv……Page 3285
Plate 11, Page xxvi……Page 3286
Plate 12, Page xxvii……Page 3287
Plate 13, Page xxviii……Page 3288
Plate 14, Page xxix……Page 3289