Synchrotron Radiation: Production and Properties (Oxford 2000)

Philip Duke0199559090, 9780199559091, 0198517580, 9780198517580, 9780585483870

This book introduces in a thorough and self-contained way the production of electromagnetic radiation by high energy electron storage rings. This radiation, which is called synchroton radiation, has become a research tool of wide application. Physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, engineers, material scientists, and other scientific disciplines use it as a structural probe for the study of surfaces, bulk material, crystals, and viruses. Solids, liquids and gases can be spectroscopically analysed by using synchroton radiation. This book brings together for the first time the properties as well as the means of production of synchroton radiation and presents them in a coherent and clear way. It will be an indispensable reference for all those involved in modern synchroton radiation experiments.

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Table of contents :
Preface……Page 8
Contents……Page 12
Prelude……Page 16
Elementary wave properties……Page 17
Electromagnetic waves……Page 18
The electromagnetic spectrum……Page 19
Electromagnetic waves around us……Page 20
The wave equation……Page 21
Analysis of the wave spectrum……Page 22
Electromagnetic wave pulses are called photons……Page 28
References……Page 30
Electrons-source of electric field……Page 31
Electric fields can be described by lines of force……Page 32
Fields described by potential functions……Page 36
The divergence equation……Page 37
The continuity equation……Page 39
The rotation or curl equation……Page 40
Changing magnetic fields produce electric fields……Page 42
Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic radiation……Page 44
Reference……Page 46
The special place of the velocity of light……Page 47
Relative motion – classical relativity……Page 48
Special Relativity……Page 49
Understanding the Lorentz transformation……Page 51
The Doppler effect – in the forward direction……Page 53
The Doppler effect – when the source is viewed from an oblique angle……Page 55
Lorentz transformation of four-vectors……Page 59
Transformation of velocities……Page 60
Transformation of accelerations……Page 62
Energy and momentum……Page 65
The four-force……Page 66
References……Page 67
Electromagnetic waves in free space – no electric charges or currents……Page 68
Electromagnetic waves produced by currents and charges……Page 70
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy – the Poynting vector……Page 72
Electromagnetic waves transfer momentum……Page 75
Electromagnetic waves generated by a distant source……Page 76
Properties of circular motion……Page 91
Motion of a moving charge in a constant magnetic field……Page 92
magnetic field……Page 94
Dependence of radiation on frequency and angle……Page 103
Fourier transform of the electric field……Page 106
Radiation from an electron moving along the arc of a circle……Page 108
Reference……Page 111
Properties of the modified Bessel functions……Page 112
Photon distribution as a function of energy and angle……Page 117
Photon polarization as a function of energy and angle……Page 121
References……Page 128
7. Photon spectral distribution integrated over vertical angles……Page 129
References……Page 141
Dipole magnets……Page 142
Quadrupole magnets……Page 145
Total energy radiated……Page 149
Radio-frequency cavities……Page 151
Beam lifetime and beam movement……Page 156
Ring injection……Page 157
References……Page 158
Description of the electron beam……Page 159
Definition of synchrotron radiation brightness……Page 161
Use of the synchrotron radiation universal function……Page 163
Approximation to the photon angular distribution……Page 165
References……Page 170
The magnetic field function……Page 171
The electron equations of motion – motion in the horizontal plane……Page 173
The electron equations of motion – motion in the vertical plane……Page 176
Electron beam trajectories……Page 177
Phase space……Page 180
The phase space ellipse……Page 183
References……Page 188
Betatron oscillations……Page 189
Betatron tune values……Page 190
Energy dispersion……Page 196
Orbit length and energy……Page 198
Isomagnetic guide field……Page 199
References……Page 200
Introduction……Page 201
Damping of energy oscillations……Page 203
Minimizing the electron beam emittance……Page 215
Vertical beam emittance……Page 218
Single and multipole wigglers……Page 221
Electron trajectory in a multipole wiggler……Page 224
References……Page 227
Elementary theory of undulators……Page 228
Calculation of the photon flux……Page 231
Total power output……Page 243
References……Page 245
High brightness sources……Page 246
Radiation from insertion devices……Page 247
Medium energy sources……Page 248
Coherence of undulator radiation……Page 249
Beam current and beam lifetime considerations……Page 252
Epilogue……Page 253
References……Page 254
Vectors in a right-handed coordinate system……Page 255
Vector multiplication – scalar product……Page 256
Vector multiplication – vector product……Page 257
Vector multiplication – vector triple product……Page 258
Differentiation of vectors……Page 259
The gradient operator……Page 260
Reference……Page 261
Index……Page 262