The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform

Mechthild Gretsch0521581559, 9780521581554, 9780511006708

This book explores the foundations of the intellectual renaissance in late-tenth-century England, including both the English Benedictine reform and the establishment by Г†thelwold, Bishop of Winchester, of his influential school. The early stages of Г†thelwold’s scholarly career are explored and new light is shed on the role which King Г†thelstan’s cosmopolitan court played. Two widely influential Old English texts are definitively attributed to Г†thelwold and his circle, which attest to the importance that the reformers attached to the vernacular.

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half-title……Page 3
Series-title……Page 4
Title……Page 5
Copyright……Page 6
Contents……Page 7
Preface……Page 9
Abbreviations……Page 11
1 Introduction……Page 15
2 Psalters and psalter glosses in Anglo-Saxon England……Page 20
THE BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT……Page 21
THE PSALTER……Page 27
The manuscripts……Page 31
The textual recensions of the psalter……Page 35
The textual affliations of the Old English psalter glosses……Page 40
The marginal commentary in Royal 2. B. V……Page 42
The Royal Psalter gloss and the A-type glosses……Page 47
3 The vocabulary of the Royal Psalter……Page 56
LEXICAL VARIATION AND DOUBLE GLOSSES……Page 58
The glosses for refugium……Page 60
Double glosses……Page 63
LOANWORDS……Page 65
UNUSUAL WORDS AND STYLISTIC EMBELLISHMENTS……Page 68
The translation of christus……Page 87
The stylistic background……Page 93
4 The Royal Psalter and the Rule: lexical and stylistic links……Page 103
LEXICAL LINKS……Page 104
Winchester vocabulary……Page 107
‘corona’ and ‘coronare’……Page 112
‘ecclesia’……Page 118
The Rule……Page 127
The preface to the Rule……Page 135
ÆTHELWOLD AND ALDHELM……Page 139
Interlaced word-order……Page 141
The couplets……Page 142
CONCLUSIONS……Page 144
THE GLOSSES IN BRUSSELS 1650……Page 146
THE TRANSMISSION OF THE OLD ENGLISH ALDHELM GLOSSES……Page 151
A LOST MANUSCRIPT AND ITS AFFLIATIONS……Page 153
THE TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE GLOSSES TO THE PROSE DE VIRGINITATE……Page 156
Salisbury group……Page 157
Manuscripts belonging neither to the Abingdon nor to the Salisbury group……Page 158
BRUSSELS 1650: THE LAYERS OF GLOSSES……Page 160
THE CLEOPATRA GLOSSARIES……Page 163
THE CORPUS GLOSSARY……Page 168
THE VOCABULARY OF THE BRUSSELS GLOSSES……Page 172
Historiographus: wyrdwritere (‘a writer of fate or destiny’) Chronographus: tidwritere (‘a writer about times’)……Page 174
Urbanitatis disertudo: burhspæc (`elegant speech, courtly speech’, lit. ‘speech which is used in a burh’)……Page 177
Dialectica: flitcræft……Page 179
Geometrica: eorðcræft, eorðgemet……Page 181
Leuiathan, palatum, Europa, Alpes, pelta……Page 182
The Etymologiae, glossaries and Isidorian scholia……Page 183
Gymnosophistae……Page 185
Sophisma……Page 191
Poetic words……Page 193
Summary: the vocabulary……Page 196
CONCLUSIONS……Page 197
6 Word usage in the Royal Psalter, the Rule and the Aldhelm glosses……Page 199
WYNDREAM, DREAM, DRYMAN AND MUSICAL TERMINOLOGY……Page 202
DÆGRED, DÆGREDSANG, GLÆTERUNG, GLÆTERIAN……Page 214
THE GLOSSES FOR LATIN HONOR……Page 217
WORDS FOR ‘SACRIFICE’……Page 219
HOSP ‘SCORN, OPPROBRIUM, INSULT’ AND HYSPAN’ TO MOCK, SCORN, DERIDE, REVILE’……Page 221
SCRUDNIAN `TO EXAMINE, INVESTIGATE, SCRUTINIZE, MEDITATE ON’, ASCRUDNIAN ‘TO SEARCH (THROUGH)’, SCRUDNUNG `INVESTIGATION………Page 225
FURTHER AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE PSALTER, THE RULE AND THE ALDHELM GLOSSES……Page 233
CONCLUSION……Page 238
THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE OLD ENGLISH RULE……Page 240
THE DATE OF THE OLD ENGLISH RULE……Page 247
The evidence of Æthelwold’s career……Page 249
The textual recensions of the `Regula’……Page 255
The early Glastonbury years and the evidence of CCCC 57……Page 265
The `Expositio in Regulam S. Benedicti’……Page 269
Winchester vocabulary……Page 273
8 Æthelwold and the Royal Psalter……Page 275
ÆTHELWOLD AS TEACHER……Page 276
Royal 2. B. V……Page 278
The evidence of the eleventh-century Winchester psalters……Page 281
A fresh translation of the Book of Psalms……Page 283
The Creed……Page 287
The continental psalters……Page 288
The gloss……Page 291
The ‘Benedictine’ reading……Page 294
The ‘Psalterium Romanum’ as the exemplar for the Royal gloss……Page 301
THE ART HISTORICAL EVIDENCE……Page 310
Posuisti in capite eius coronam de lapide pretioso……Page 311
Christus–rex–cyning……Page 318
The Galba Psalter……Page 324
The Junius Psalter……Page 329
The Junius gloss and the evidence of dialect features in the tenth century……Page 330
The Junius gloss and the Royal Psalter……Page 339
KING ÆTHELSTAN’S COURT……Page 346
‘Æthelstan A’……Page 348
The continental background……Page 350
Oda……Page 353
The Alfredian roots……Page 355
The Æthelstan acrostic……Page 358
Æthelstan and Malmesbury……Page 361
Conclusions……Page 362
THE MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE……Page 363
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson C. 697……Page 364
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 183……Page 366
BL, Royal 7. D. XXIV, part ii, fols. 82–168……Page 373
BL, Cotton Cleopatra A. iii……Page 381
Conclusions……Page 382
ARCHBISHOP ODA……Page 384
ABBOT DUNSTAN……Page 386
THE EVIDENCE OF LATER MANUSCRIPTS……Page 390
CONCLUSIONS……Page 395
10 French and German loan influence……Page 398
OLD SAXON AND OLD HIGH GERMAN INFLUENCE……Page 401
Galsmære and agælan……Page 404
æwicness ‘eternity’……Page 406
orgeldream……Page 408
cildgeong ‘young’……Page 411
ofearmian, ofearmung (misereri, miseratio)……Page 413
OLD FRENCH LOANWORDS AND WEST FRANKISH INFLUENCE……Page 417
Iugelere, tudenard, coittemære……Page 420
scrudnian (Lat. scrutari)……Page 421
Old English ‘prud’ and the terminology for ‘superbia’……Page 424
CONCLUSIONS……Page 437
11 Conclusion……Page 439
APPENDIX I Æthelwold’s life and career……Page 442
APPENDIX II The Royal Psalter at Canterbury……Page 444
APPENDIX III The Gernrode fragments of an Old Saxon psalm commentary……Page 446
Bibliography……Page 451
Index of Old English words……Page 465
Index of Latin words glossed in Old English or translated……Page 474
General index……Page 478