Computable Models of the Law – Languages, Dialogues, Games, Ontologies

Pompeu Casanovas, Giovanni Sartor, Núria Casellas, Rossella Rubino0302974335

Information technology has now pervaded the legal sector, and the very modern concepts of e-law and e-justice show that automation processes are ubiquitous. European policies on transparency and information society, in particular, require the use of technology and its steady improvement.Some of the revised papers presented in this book originate from a workshop held at the European University Institute of Florence, Italy, in December 2006. The workshop was devoted to the discussion of the different ways of understanding and explaining contemporary law, for the purpose of building computable models of it — especially models enabling the development of computer applications for the legal domain. During the course of the following year, several new contributions, provided by a number of ongoing (or recently finished) European projects on computation and law, were received, discussed and reviewed to complete the survey.This book presents 20 thoroughly refereed revised papers on the hot topics under research in different EU projects: legislative XML, legal ontologies, semantic web, search and meta-search engines, web services, system architecture, dialectic systems, dialogue games, multi-agent systems (MAS), legal argumentation, legal reasoning, e-justice, and online dispute resolution. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation, ontologies and XML legislative drafting; knowledge representation, legal ontologies and information retrieval; argumentation and legal reasoning; normative and multi-agent systems; and online dispute resolution.

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Table of contents :
cover.jpg……Page 1
front-matter.pdf……Page 2
The Diffusion of ICT in the Legal World……Page 12
Legal Information Search……Page 13
Collaborative Tools……Page 14
Technologies in Courtrooms and Judicial Offices……Page 15
The Development of Computational Models of the Law……Page 16
Models of Legal Norms……Page 17
Models of Legal Cases……Page 18
ALIS – Automated Legal Intelligent System……Page 19
ASPIC – Argumentation Service Platform with Integrated Components……Page 20
DALOS – Drafting Legislation with Ontology-Based Support……Page 21
ESTRELLA – European Project for Standardized Transparent Representations in Order to Extend LegaL Accessibility……Page 22
METASEARCH – Semantic Legal Metasearch Project……Page 23
SEKT- Semantically Enabled Knowledge Technologies……Page 24
Content of This Book……Page 25
Knowledge Representation, Legal Ontologies and Information Retrieval……Page 26
Argumentation and Legal Reasoning……Page 27
Online Dispute Resolution……Page 28
References……Page 29
Introduction……Page 32
MetaLex……Page 34
Scope of the Standard……Page 35
MetaLex Content Models……Page 37
Conformance of Elements……Page 38
Metadata……Page 39
Citation and Reference……Page 40
The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format……Page 42
Interface between LKIF and MetaLex……Page 43
The LKIF Ontology……Page 44
LKIF Rules……Page 46
Rules Versus Ontology……Page 48
Future Developments……Page 49
References……Page 51
Introduction……Page 53
Requirements……Page 54
Syntax and Semantics: MetaLex……Page 55
MetaVex……Page 58
Discussion and Future Work……Page 64
References……Page 65
The Legislative Process as a Place for `e-participation’……Page 67
Law and Language……Page 69
The Ontology-Based Approach……Page 70
A Semantic Lexicon for Law: The LOIS Database……Page 72
DALOS Knowledge Organization and Features……Page 73
Implementation of the DALOS Resource……Page 74
The Lexical Layer Implementation: The Italian Case……Page 75
Ontological Layer Implementation……Page 78
Conclusions……Page 79
References……Page 80
Introduction……Page 82
$FRBR_{ER}$……Page 83
CIDOC CRM and $FRBR_{OO}$……Page 85
$FRBR_{OO}$ – Harmonization of Work Entity……Page 86
$FRBR_{OO}$ – Harmonization of Expression Entity……Page 87
$FRBR_{OO}$ and Legal Resources……Page 88
From Signed Document to Official Publication……Page 89
From Norms to Legal and Normative Systems……Page 91
Legal Norm and Languages……Page 93
Conclusion……Page 94
References……Page 95
Introduction……Page 97
Linking Texts and Maps……Page 98
Spatial Aspects of Law……Page 99
Standards for Spatial Regulations……Page 101
MetaLex……Page 102
IMRO2006……Page 103
Links……Page 106
LegalAtlas……Page 107
RDF Repository……Page 110
SPARQL Queries……Page 111
Conclusion……Page 112
References……Page 115
Introduction……Page 116
Linguistic Preprocessing……Page 117
SubclassOf Relations……Page 119
InstanceOf Relations……Page 120
Non-taxonomic Relations……Page 121
References……Page 122
Introduction……Page 124
MORE: A Multi-version Ontology Reasoning System……Page 126
Ontology Versioning and Effect Space……Page 128
OPJK Versioning……Page 129
Ontology Change Measure on the Version Level……Page 130
Ontology Change Measure on the Concept Level……Page 133
Ontology Change Measure in the Logical Property Level……Page 135
Discussion and Conclusions……Page 137
References……Page 139
Introduction……Page 141
Users Have Difficulty Formulating Queries……Page 142
Full Text Search and Boolean Operators……Page 143
Natural Language: Semantic Indexation……Page 144
Relevance Review of the Result List……Page 146
Keyword-in-Context……Page 152
Conclusions……Page 153
Future Works……Page 154
References……Page 155
Introduction……Page 157
Arguments……Page 160
Critical Questions……Page 162
Argumentation Frameworks and Debates……Page 163
Another Argument Scheme……Page 165
Cases……Page 168
Evaluation of Arguments……Page 169
Conclusion……Page 170
References……Page 171
Introduction……Page 173
Informal Overview……Page 174
Syntax……Page 176
Semantics……Page 179
A German Family Law Example……Page 181
XML Syntax……Page 183
Reasoning with LKIF Rules Using Carneades……Page 186
Discussion……Page 191
References……Page 194
Introduction……Page 196
Abstract and Assumption-Based Argumentation……Page 197
Epistemic Reasoning……Page 200
Epistemic Frameworks without Preference Rules……Page 201
Epistemic Frameworks with Preferences……Page 206
Practical Reasoning……Page 207
Example……Page 209
Conclusions……Page 211
References……Page 212
Introduction……Page 214
Walk-through Example……Page 215
The Object Language……Page 216
Priority……Page 218
Arguments……Page 220
Interactions between Arguments……Page 221
Semantics……Page 224
Related Works……Page 225
Conclusions……Page 226
References……Page 227
Introduction……Page 230
ALIS Project Core Features with Regard to Argumentation……Page 231
Playability and Deterrence: Non Formal Definitions……Page 232
Playability System……Page 234
Graphs of Deterrence……Page 235
The Classical Approach of Argumentation……Page 237
From Deterrence to Statement Defeasibility……Page 238
Deterrence, Rebutting, Undercutting……Page 241
Decidability……Page 242
Consistency Condition……Page 243
Game of Deterrence Representation and Processing of an Argumentation Issue……Page 244
Consequences on the Argumentation Process……Page 245
References……Page 248
Introduction……Page 250
Temporal Model……Page 251
The Language……Page 252
Proof Theory……Page 254
The Argument Layer……Page 259
The Dialectical Layer……Page 261
The Argumentation Semantics……Page 263
References……Page 264
Introduction……Page 265
The Application Domain and Requirements……Page 266
Knowledge Representation……Page 267
Conclusions……Page 272
Source-Norms……Page 274
A Taxonomy of Source-Norms……Page 276
A Formal Model of Source-Norms……Page 277
Self-regulated Institutions……Page 282
Conclusions and Future Work……Page 284
Introduction……Page 286
Related Work……Page 289
The Scenario……Page 291
Simulations……Page 293
Future Work……Page 299
Introduction……Page 302
Applied Technique……Page 304
Experimental Set-Up……Page 305
Results……Page 306
Additional Experiments……Page 308
Discussion……Page 309
Concept-Based Search Documents: Technique Enabling Visualization in a Later Stage……Page 310
Open Textured and Clear Concepts……Page 311
Experimental Set-Up……Page 312
Procedure……Page 313
Examples……Page 314
Results……Page 316
Motivation……Page 317
Technical Implementation……Page 318
User Satisfaction Research……Page 319
Future Work……Page 321
ICT Support for Judicial Dispute Resolution……Page 323
The Italian On-Line Civil Trial……Page 324
The Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Arbitration……Page 327
On-Line Mediation……Page 328
Intelligent Technology in Dispute Resolution: The ALIS Project……Page 331
Conclusions……Page 332
Introduction……Page 334
Concepts and Fields……Page 335
Natural Conflict Resolution, Aggression and Conciliation Patterns……Page 336
The Role of Culture and Language in Interaction Patterns……Page 338
Context, Negotiation and Dialogue Processes in Conflict, Violence and Reconciliation Patterns……Page 339
Theory and Practice of Mediation in Law and Legal Systems……Page 340
Discussion and Future Research Trends……Page 341
back-matter.pdf……Page 351