Bistatic radar

Nicholas J. Willis1891121456, 9781891121456

A reference which summarizes results from bistatic radar research and contains material on concepts, definitions and mathematical development of basic relationships. The fundamentals of bistatic radars are discussed in terms of theory, requirements, applications, technology, advantages and limitations. This reference is ideal for ECM and ECCM engineers working in design and performance analysis for research and development.

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Table of contents :
Front Matter……Page 1
Preface……Page 4
Acknowledgments……Page 8
Table of Contents……Page 0
Table of Contents……Page 9
1.1 Introduction……Page 15
1.2 Definitions……Page 16
1.3 Requirements……Page 20
1.4 Applications and Issues……Page 21
2. History……Page 29
2.1 Early History……Page 30
2.1.1 Developments in the United States……Page 36
2.1.2 Developments in the United Kingdom……Page 39
2.1.3 Developments in France……Page 44
2.1.4 Developments in the Soviet Union……Page 46
2.1.5 Developments in Japan……Page 47
2.1.6 Developments in Germany……Page 48
2.1.7 Developments in Italy……Page 49
2.2.1 Theory and Measurements……Page 50
2.2.3 Hitchhiking……Page 51
2.2.4 Forward-scatter Fences……Page 52
2.2.5 Multistatic Radars……Page 53
2.3 Second Resurgence……Page 57
2.3.1 Air Defense……Page 58
2.3.2 Clutter Tuning……Page 61
2.3.3 Hitchhiking……Page 64
2.3.4 Forward-scatter Fences……Page 68
2.3.5 Multistatic Radars……Page 70
2.4 Nonmilitary Applications……Page 72
3. Coordinate Systems, Geometry, and Equations……Page 73
4.1 Range Equation……Page 81
4.2 Pattern Propagation Factors……Page 82
4.3 Ovals of Cassini……Page 84
4.4 Operating Regions……Page 86
4.5 Target Path Dynamic Range……Page 87
4.6 Isorange Ellipsoids, Isorange Contours, and Range Cells……Page 90
4.7 Operating Limits and Instantaneous S/N Dynamic Range……Page 94
4.7.2 Instantaneous S/N Dynamic Range……Page 95
5. Location and Area Relationships……Page 99
5.1 Target Location……Page 100
5.2 Measurement and Location Errors……Page 104
5.3 Coordinate Conversion……Page 114
5.4 Display Correction……Page 118
5.5 Coverage……Page 119
5.5.1 Detection-constrained Coverage……Page 120
5.5.2 Line-of-sight-constrained Coverage……Page 122
5.6 Clutter Cell Area……Page 125
5.6.2 Range-limited Clutter Cell Area……Page 126
5.7 Maximum Unambiguous Range and PRF……Page 128
6.1 Target Doppler……Page 133
6.2 Isodoppler Contours……Page 136
6.3 Clutter Doppler Spread……Page 138
6.3.1 Clutter Doppler Spread over an Isorange Contour……Page 139
6.3.2 Clutter Doppler Spread over a Range Cell……Page 141
6.3.3 Clutter Doppler Spread through Sidelobes……Page 142
6.4 Doppler Beat Frequency……Page 143
7.1 Range Resolution……Page 144
7.2 Doppler Resolution……Page 146
7.3 Angle Resolution……Page 148
7.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar Isorange Resolution……Page 151
8.1 Pseudomonostatic RCS Region……Page 157
8.2 Bistatic RCS Region……Page 159
8.3 Glint Reduction in the Bistatic RCS Region……Page 160
8.4 Forward-scatter RCS Region……Page 162
9.1 Surface Clutter……Page 168
9.1.1 In-plane Ground Clutter……Page 171
9.1.2 In-plane Sea Clutter……Page 175
9.1.3 Out-of-plane Ground Clutter……Page 178
9.1.4 Out-of-plane Sea Clutter……Page 181
9.2 Chaff……Page 182
10. Electronic Countermeasures and Counter-countermeasures……Page 186
10.1 Noise Jamming……Page 187
10.2 Deception Jamming……Page 196
11. Multistatic Radars……Page 202
11.1 Receiving Aperture Characteristics……Page 203
11.2 System S/N……Page 204
11.3 Implementation Requirements……Page 206
12. Special Concepts and Applications……Page 207
12.1 Hitchhiking……Page 209
12.1.1 Range Extension……Page 212
12.1.2 Passive Situation Awareness……Page 216
12.1.3 Monitoring……Page 219
12.1.4 Launch Alert……Page 222
12.2 Forward-scatter Fences……Page 229
12.2.1 Single Forward-scatter Fence……Page 230
12.2.2 Netted Forward-scatter Fences……Page 233
12.3 Hybrid Radars……Page 235
12.4.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar……Page 245
13.1 Beam Scan-on-scan……Page 256
13.2 Pulse Chasing……Page 265
13.3 Sidelobe Clutter……Page 268
13.4 Time Synchronization……Page 269
13.5 Phase Synchronization and Stability……Page 271
A.2 1934 NRL Patent……Page 276
A.3 1933 BTL Paper……Page 282
A.4 1932 GPO Paper……Page 284
B.1 Introduction……Page 287
B.2 Development of the Approximate Expression for the Width of a Bistatic Range Cell, DeltaRB’……Page 289
B.3.1 Geometry and Definitions……Page 290
B.3.2 Development……Page 291
B.3.3 Discussion……Page 293
B.4 Error Analysis and Examples……Page 294
C.2 Development……Page 300
C.3 Error Analysis, Discussion, and Examples……Page 302
Appendix D: Area within a Maximum Range Oval of Cassini……Page 304
E.2 Target Location……Page 307
E.3 Parameter Ratios……Page 309
E.4 Angular Rates……Page 310
E.5 Pseudobeamwidth and Beam Pointing Angle……Page 311
E.6 Approximations to Pseudobeamwidth and Beam Pointing Angle……Page 312
F.2 Orthogonal Bisector – Tangent Theorem……Page 318
F.3 Orthogonal Ellipse – Hyperbola Theorem……Page 321
References and Bibliography……Page 324
B……Page 334
C……Page 335
E……Page 337
I……Page 338
M……Page 339
P……Page 340
R……Page 341
S……Page 342
T……Page 343
W……Page 344