The New Cognitive Neurosciences

Michael S. Gazzaniga9780262071956, 0-262-07195-9

“Gazzaniga has arrayed some of the world’s leaders in one of the most exciting areas of neuroscience — cognitive neuroscience — and has woven their contributions into a comprehensive and well-documented, yet accessible and provocative, overview. This book belongs on the shelf of any reader interested in the brain and behavior.” — Stephen G. Waxman, Chairman, Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School
The first edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences helped to define the field. The second edition reflects the many advances that have taken place-particularly in imaging and recording techniques. From the molecular level up to that of human consciousness, the contributions cover one of the most fascinating areas of science–the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the brain/nervous system and the psychological reality of mind. The majority of the chapters in this edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences are new, and those from the first edition have been completely rewritten and updated.
Sections and section editors:
Plasticity Ira B. Black Development Pasko Rakic Sensory Systems J. Anthony Movshon and Colin Blakemore Motor Emilio Bizzi Attention Michael I. Posner Memory Endel Tulving Language Willem J. M. Levelt Thought and Memory Edward E. Smith and Stephen M. Kosslyn Emotion Joseph E. LeDoux Evolution Leda Cosmides and John Tooby Consciousness Daniel L. Schacter

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 14
I DEVELOPMENT……Page 18
Introduction……Page 20
1 Setting the Stage for Cognition: Genesis of the Primate Cerebral……Page 22
2 Molecular Determinants of Regionalization of the Forebrain and Cerebral Cortex……Page 38
3 A Comparative Perspective on the Formation of Retinal Connections in the Mammalian Brain……Page 48
4 Formation, Elimination, and Stabilization of Synapses in the Primate Cerebral Cortex……Page 60
5 Merging Sensory Signals in the Brain……Page 70
6 Visual Development……Page 88
7 Specificity and Plasticity in Neurocognitive Development in Humans……Page 98
8 Language, Mind, and Brain……Page 114
II PLASTICITY……Page 132
Introduction……Page 134
9 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Learning-Related Long-Lasting Synaptic Plasticity……Page 136
10 Memory Consolidation and Long-Term Potentiation……Page 154
11 Trophic Interactions and Neuronal Plasticity……Page 174
12 Stress, Sex, and the Structural and Functional Plasticity of the Hippocampus……Page 186
13 Activity and the Development of the Visual Cortex……Page 214
14 Development of Neural Maps……Page 228
15 The Reorganization of Sensory and Motor Maps after Injury in Adult Mammals……Page 238
16 Cerebral Cortical Plasticity……Page 252
III SENSORY SYSTEMS……Page 264
Introduction……Page 266
17 Dynamics of Responses in Visual Cortex……Page 268
18 Binocular Neurons and the Perception of Depth……Page 278
19 Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex and Scene Perception……Page 294
20 Computational Neuroimaging……Page 306
21 A New Role for Cortical Area MT……Page 320
22 Effects of Attention on Neuronal Response Properties in Visual Cerebral Cortex……Page 330
23 Response Synchronization……Page 340
24 Lightness Perception and Lightness Illusions……Page 354
25 High-Level Vision as Statistical Inference……Page 368
26 Perception and Action in the Human Visual System……Page 380
27 Visual Associative Long-Term Memory……Page 394
28 Physiological Studies of Face Processing in Humans……Page 408
29 Physiological Basis of Timbre Perception……Page 426
30 Cortical Representations of Auditory Space……Page 440
31 Sensory Convergence in Neural Function and Development……Page 452
32 The Song System……Page 466
33 A Computational Model of Avian Song Learning……Page 484
IV MOTOR SYSTEMS……Page 498
Introduction……Page 500
34 Toward a Neurobiology of Coordinate Transformations……Page 504
35 Spatial Representations and Internal Models of Limb Dynamics in Motor Learning……Page 516
36 Programming to Look and Reach in the Posterior Parietal Cortex……Page 530
37 Neural Mechanisms of Motor Cognitive Processes……Page 540
38 Cortical Mechanisms Subserving Object Grasping and Action Recognition……Page 554
39 Neural Mechanisms for Learning of Sequential Procedures……Page 568
40 The Superior Colliculus and the Cognitive Control of Movement……Page 588
41 The Neural Correlates of Place and Direction……Page 604
42 Computational Motor Control……Page 616
V ATTENTION……Page 634
Introduction……Page 636
43 Attention in Cognitive Neuroscience: An Overview……Page 638
44 Disorders of Visual Attention……Page 648
45 Spatial Reference Frames and Hemispatial Neglect……Page 666
46 Cortical Mechanisms of Visuospatial Attention in the Primate Brain……Page 682
47 The Operation of Selective Attention at Multiple Stages of Processing……Page 702
48 The Temporal Dynamics and Functional Architecture of Attentional Processes in Human Extrastriate Cortex……Page 716
49 Networks of Attention……Page 726
VI MEMORY……Page 740
Introduction……Page 742
50 Domain Specificity in Cognitive Systems……Page 748
51 Learning and Memory in the Inferior Temporal Cortex of the Macaque……Page 758
52 Memory for Objects in Nonhuman Primates……Page 768
53 The Medial Temporal Lobe, the Hippocampus, and the Memory Systems of the Brain……Page 780
54 The Anatomical Bases of Memory……Page 796
55 Psychopharmacological Approaches to Human Memory……Page 812
56 Memory Retrieval: An Electrophysiological Perspective……Page 820
57 Neuroimaging of Memory……Page 832
58 Memory without Remembering and Remembering without Memory……Page 844
VII LANGUAGE……Page 856
Introduction……Page 858
59 The Neural Correlates of Language Production……Page 860
60 The Study of Prelexical and Lexical Processes in Comprehension……Page 882
61 Postlexical Integration Processes in Language Comprehension……Page 896
62 Acquisition of Languages: Infant and Adult Data……Page 912
63 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Acquisition……Page 924
64 Computational Modeling of Language Disorders……Page 948
65 The Neural Architecture of Language Disorders……Page 964
VIII HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS……Page 974
Introduction……Page 976
66 The Neural Bases of Mental Imagery……Page 980
67 Shared Mechanisms in Visual Imagery and Visual Perception……Page 990
68 Cerebral Bases of Number Processing and Calculation……Page 1002
69 Cerebellar Contributions to Cognition and Imagery……Page 1014
70 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Categorization……Page 1028
71 Category Specificity and the Brain……Page 1038
72 The Organization of Conceptual Knowledge in the Brain……Page 1052
73 Decision Making and the Somatic Marker Hypothesis……Page 1062
IX EMOTION……Page 1078
Introduction……Page 1080
74 How Danger Is Encoded……Page 1082
75 Modulation of Memory Storage by Stress Hormones and the Amygdaloid Complex……Page 1096
76 Neurophysiological Basis of Emotion in Primates……Page 1114
77 Emotional Processing in the Human Brain Revealed through Functional Neuroimaging……Page 1130
78 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder……Page 1148
79 The Neuroscience of Affective Style……Page 1164
X EVOLUTION……Page 1176
Introduction……Page 1178
80 Toward Mapping the Evolved Functional Organization of Mind and Brain……Page 1182
81 The Replacement of General-Purpose Learning Models with Adaptively Specialized Learning Modules……Page 1194
82 Social Control of Brains: From Behavior to Genes……Page 1208
83 What Sex Differences in Spatial Ability Tell Us about the Evolution of Cognition……Page 1224
84 What’s Human about the Human Brain?……Page 1234
85 “Theory of Mind” as a Mechanism of Selective Attention……Page 1250
86 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Autism……Page 1264
87 The Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Reasoning……Page 1274
XI CONSCIOUSNESS……Page 1286
Introduction……Page 1288
88 The Nature and Function of Consciousness……Page 1292
89 Some Thoughts on Consciousness and Neuroscience……Page 1300
90 Conscious vs. Unconscious Perception……Page 1310
91 The Neural Correlates of Consciousness……Page 1320
92 Prefrontal Cortex, Time, and Consciousness……Page 1334
93 Consciousness: Its Vicissitudes in Waking and Sleep……Page 1356
94 Consciousness, Introspection, and the Split-Brain……Page 1370
Contributors……Page 1380
Index……Page 1384