Propagation handbook for wireless communication system design

Robert K. Crane0849308208, 9780849308208

Data and models for better systems designAtmospheric gases, building materials, the weather … The propagation of wireless communications signals depends upon a whole range of factors, any or all of which can have a significant impact on the quality of a signal. Data generated by careful measurement of signals propagating under various environmental conditions are therefore fundamental to designing and building efficient, robust, and economical communication systems. This handbook presents models that describe that data and make predictions for conditions that will affect operational systems. The author-chair of the science panel for the ACTS propagation experiment-focuses on EM waves of 0.3 to 300 GHz propagating through the lower atmosphere. The handbook describes the physical phenomena that can affect propagation, presents sample measurements and statistics, and provides models that system designers can use to calculate their link budgets and estimate the limitations the atmosphere could place on their designs. Communications engineers around the world need this information readily at hand, not scattered throughout the literature. For engineers and systems designers involved in communications, navigation, radar, or remote sensing, the Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design will quickly become a standard and heavily relied-upon reference.

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Table of contents :
aaa.pdf……Page 1
Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design……Page 2
Preface……Page 4
Table of Contents……Page 6
1.1 Types of systems……Page 9
Table of Contents……Page 0
1.2 Design criteria……Page 11
1.3.1 Transmission loss……Page 15
1.3.2 Antenna beamwidth……Page 19
1.4 Propagation effects……Page 21
1.4.1.2 Clouds and fog……Page 22
1.4.1.3 Rain……Page 23
1.4.1.4 Water layer……Page 24
1.4.1.5 Building material……Page 25
1.4.1.6 Vegetation……Page 28
1.4.1.7 Obstacles……Page 29
1.4.2 Refraction……Page 31
1.4.2.1 Ray tracing……Page 32
1.4.2.2 Ducting……Page 43
1.4.2.3 Effective Earth’s radius……Page 50
1.4.2.4 Tropospheric scatter……Page 53
1.4.2.5.1 Ionospheric scintillation…….Page 60
1.4.2.5.2 Tropospheric scintillation…….Page 64
1.4.3 Receiver noise……Page 67
1.5 Propagation models……Page 74
1.6 Model verification……Page 77
1.7.1 Stationarity……Page 88
1.7.2.1 Lognormal model……Page 90
1.7.2.2 Normal distribution model……Page 94
1.7.2.3 Gamma distribution model……Page 96
1.7.2.4 Weibull distribution model……Page 97
1.7.2.5 Model selection……Page 99
1.7.3 Risk……Page 101
1.8 List of symbols……Page 103
References……Page 106
2.1 Maxwell’s equations……Page 109
2.2 Plane waves……Page 111
2.3 Spherical waves……Page 115
2.4 Reflection and refraction……Page 117
2.5 Geometrical optics……Page 122
2.6 Ray tracing……Page 128
2.7 Scalar diffraction theory……Page 131
2.8 Geometrical theory of diffraction……Page 137
2.9 List of symbols……Page 141
References……Page 142
3.1.1 Complex index of refraction……Page 143
3.1.1.1 Water vapor……Page 144
3.1.1.2 Molecular oxygen……Page 146
3.1.2.1 ITU-R model……Page 149
3.1.2.2 Regression model……Page 152
3.2.1 Attenuation……Page 153
3.2.3.1 ITU-R model……Page 155
3.2.3.3 ACTS model……Page 156
3.2.4.1 June 4, 1996……Page 158
3.2.4.3 June 6, 1996……Page 161
3.3.1.1 Norman, OK……Page 165
3.3.1.2 Fairbanks, AK……Page 166
3.3.1.5 Tampa, FL……Page 167
3.3.1.6 White Sands, NM……Page 168
3.3.1.7 Reston, VA……Page 169
3.3.2.1 Norman, OK……Page 170
3.3.2.2 Fairbanks, AK……Page 171
3.3.2.3 Vancouver, British Columbia……Page 172
3.3.2.7 Reston, VA……Page 173
3.4 List of symbols……Page 175
References……Page 176
4.1 Ray bending……Page 177
4.1.1 Bending and focusing……Page 179
4.1.2 Elevation angle error……Page 183
4.1.3 Trapping or ducting……Page 190
4.2.1 Range error……Page 199
4.2.2 Multipath……Page 203
4.3.1 ACTS observations……Page 205
4.3.2 Low elevation angle observations……Page 221
4.3.3 Standard deviation prediction models……Page 224
4.4 List of symbols……Page 230
References……Page 231
5.1 Rain……Page 233
5.2 Rain attenuation……Page 234
5.3.1 Monthly statistics……Page 241
5.3.2 Worst-month statistics……Page 242
5.4 Fade duration……Page 247
5.5 Fade rate……Page 252
5.6 Rain attenuation models……Page 256
5.6.1.1 Crane local model……Page 257
5.6.1.2 New ITU-R model……Page 263
5.6.1.3 Comparison to ACTS observations……Page 264
5.6.2 Two-component path attenuation model……Page 270
5.6.3 Application of the models……Page 277
5.7 List of symbols……Page 287
References……Page 288
Appendix 5.1……Page 289
References……Page 310