Gas turbine engineering handbook

Meherwan P Boyce Fellow American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME USA) and Fellow The Institute of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers (IDGTE U.K.)0884157326, 9780884157328

The gas turbine is a power plant that produces a great amount of energy for its size and weight and thus has found increasing service in the past 20 years in the petrochemical industry and utilities throughout the world. The gas turbine’s compactness, weight, and multiple fuel applications make it a natural power plant for offshore platforms. This second edition is not only an updating of technology, which has seen a great leap forward in the 1990s, but also a rewriting of various sections to better answer concerns about emissions, efficiency, mechanical standards and codes, and new materials and coatings. At a time when energy costs are high, this important handbook expertly guides those seeking optimum use of each unit of energy supplied to a gas turbine. In this book, the author has assimilated the subject matter (including diverse views) into a comprehensive, unified treatment of gas turbines. The author discusses the design, fabrication, installation, operation, and maintenance of gas turbines. The intent of this book is to serve as a reference text after it has accomplished its primary objective of introducing the reader to the broad subject of gas turbines. Thus it is of use to both students of the subject and similarly to professionals as a desk reference in their daily lives. Covers every aspect of gas turbine design and operation. Presents necessary data and helpful suggestions to assist engineers to obtain optimum performance for any gas turbine, under all conditions. Serves as a desk reference both for students and professionals.

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half Title Page……Page 2
Title Page……Page 4
Copyright……Page 5
Dedication Page……Page 6
Contents……Page 8
Preface……Page 11
Preface to the Second Edition……Page 14
Preface to the First Edition……Page 16
Foreword to the First Edition……Page 18
Part I: Design: Theory and Practice……Page 20
Gas Turbine Cycle in the Combined Cycle or Cogeneration Mode……Page 22
Gas Turbine Performance……Page 28
Gas Turbine Design Considerations……Page 30
Categories of Gas Turbines……Page 34
Major Gas Turbine Components……Page 44
Fuel Type……Page 59
Environmental Effects……Page 61
Turbine Expander Section……Page 62
Materials……Page 66
Gas Turbine Heat Recovery……Page 68
Supplementary Firing of Heat Recovery Systems……Page 72
Bibliography……Page 74
The Brayton Cycle……Page 76
Actual Cycle Analysis……Page 86
The Brayton-Rankine Cycle……Page 101
Summation of Cycle Analysis……Page 103
A General Overview of Combined Cycle Plants……Page 105
Compressed Air Energy Storage Cycle……Page 110
Power Augmentaion……Page 112
Summation of the Power Augmentation Systems……Page 122
Bibliography……Page 127
Turbomachine Aerothermodynamics……Page 129
The Aerothermal Equations……Page 133
Efficiencies……Page 138
Dimensional Analysis……Page 141
Compressor Performance Characteristics……Page 144
Turbine Performance Characteristics……Page 148
Gas Turbine Performance Computation……Page 149
Bibliography……Page 157
Major Variables for a Gas Turbine Application……Page 158
Performance Standards……Page 165
Mechanical Parameters……Page 167
Application of the Mechanical Standards to the Gas Turbine……Page 173
Specifications……Page 186
Bibliography……Page 192
Mathematical Analysis……Page 195
Application to Rotating Machines……Page 209
Critical Speed Calculations for Rotor Bearing Systems……Page 213
Electromechanical Systems and Analogies……Page 215
Campbell Diagram……Page 229
Bibliography……Page 234
Part II: Major Components……Page 236
6. Centrifugal Compressors……Page 238
Centrifugal Compressor Components……Page 240
Centrifugal Compressor Performance……Page 265
Compressor Surge……Page 272
Process Centrifugal Compressors……Page 282
Bibliography……Page 289
Introduction……Page 293
Blade and Cascade Nomenclature……Page 298
Elementary Airfoil Theory……Page 300
Laminar-Flow Airfoils……Page 302
Energy Increase……Page 303
Velocity Triangles……Page 305
Degree of Reaction……Page 309
Radial Equilibrium……Page 312
The Incidence Rule……Page 314
The Deviation Rule……Page 317
Compressor Operation Characteristics……Page 322
Compressor Choke……Page 325
Compressor Performance Parameters……Page 333
Performance Losses in an Axial-Flow Compressor……Page 336
New Developments in Axial-Flow Compressors……Page 338
Axial-Flow Compressor Research……Page 340
Compressor Blade Material……Page 350
Bibliography……Page 353
8. Radial-Inflow Turbines……Page 355
Description……Page 356
Theory……Page 359
Turbine Design Considerations……Page 363
Losses in a Radial-InflowTurbine……Page 367
Performance of a Radial-Inflow Turbine……Page 368
Bibliography……Page 372
Turbine Geometry……Page 373
Impulse Turbine……Page 380
The Reaction Turbine……Page 384
Turbine Blade Cooling Concepts……Page 387
Turbine Blade Cooling Design……Page 390
Cooled-Turbine Aerodynamics……Page 398
Turbine Losses……Page 399
Bibliography……Page 403
10. Combustors……Page 406
Combustion Terms……Page 408
Combustion……Page 409
Combustion Chamber Design……Page 411
Fuel Atomization and Ignition……Page 417
Typical Combustor Arrangements……Page 422
Air Pollution Problems……Page 426
Catalytic Combustion……Page 439
Bibliography……Page 443
Part III: Materials, Fuel Technology, and Fuel Systems……Page 446
11. Materials……Page 448
General Metallurgical Behaviors in Gas Turbines……Page 450
Gas Turbine Materials……Page 459
Forgings and Nondestructive Testing……Page 464
Coatings……Page 466
Bibliography……Page 472
12. Fuels……Page 473
Fuel Specifications……Page 477
Fuel Properties……Page 480
Liquid Fuel Handling and Treatment……Page 482
Heavy Fuels……Page 491
Fuel Gas Handling and Treatment……Page 496
Equipment for Removal of Particulates and Liquids from Fuel Gas Systems……Page 501
Fuel Heating……Page 504
Cleaning of Turbine Components……Page 505
Fuel Economics……Page 508
Operating Experience……Page 510
Heat Tracing of Piping Systems……Page 511
Types of Heat-Tracing Systems……Page 512
Storage of Liquids……Page 514
Bibliography……Page 516
Part IV: Auxiliary Components and Accessories……Page 518
Bearings……Page 520
Bearing Design Principles……Page 530
Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings……Page 534
Bearing Materials……Page 537
Bearing and Shaft Instabilities……Page 538
Thrust Bearings……Page 539
Thrust-Bearing Power Loss……Page 543
Noncontacting Seals……Page 544
Mechanical (Face) Seals……Page 552
Mechanical Seal Selection and Application……Page 557
Seal Systems……Page 562
Associated Oil System……Page 563
Dry Gas Seals……Page 564
Bibliography……Page 570
14. Gears……Page 572
Gear Types……Page 573
Factors Affecting Gear Design……Page 575
Manufacturing Processes……Page 583
Installation and Initial Operation……Page 586
Bibliography……Page 588
Part V: Installation, Operation, and Maintenance……Page 590
Basic Oil System……Page 592
Oil Sampling and Testing……Page 600
Oil Contamination……Page 601
Filter Selection……Page 602
Cleaning and Flushing……Page 604
Coupling Lubrication……Page 605
Lubrication Management Program……Page 606
Bibliography……Page 607
16. Spectrum Analysis……Page 608
Vibration Measurement……Page 614
Taping Data……Page 618
Interpretation of Vibration Spectra……Page 619
Subsynchronous Vibration Analysis Using RTA……Page 623
Synchronous and Harmonic Spectra……Page 627
Bibliography……Page 633
Rotor Imbalance……Page 634
Balancing Procedures……Page 640
Application of Balancing Techniques……Page 646
User’s Guide for Multiplane Balancing……Page 650
Data Sheet C……Page 651
Bibliography……Page 652
18. Couplings and Alignment……Page 654
Gear Couplings……Page 656
Metal Diaphragm Couplings……Page 664
Metal Disc Couplings……Page 667
Turbomachinery Uprates……Page 669
Shaft Alignment……Page 673
Bibliography……Page 681
19. Control Systems and Instrumentation……Page 683
Control Systems……Page 684
Condition Monitoring Systems……Page 694
Monitoring Software……Page 698
Implementation of a Condition Monitoring System……Page 700
Life Cycle Costs……Page 705
Temperature Measurement……Page 713
Pressure Measurement……Page 715
Vibration Measurement……Page 716
Auxiliary System Monitoring……Page 719
The Gas Turbine……Page 725
Failure Diagnostics……Page 729
Mechanical Problem Diagnostics……Page 734
Summary……Page 737
Bibliography……Page 738
Introduction……Page 740
Performance Codes……Page 741
Flow Straighteners……Page 742
Gas Turbine Test……Page 749
Gas Turbine……Page 750
Performance Computations……Page 755
Gas Turbine Performance Calculations……Page 766
Correction Factors for Gas Turbines……Page 768
Vibration Measurement……Page 770
Emission Measurements……Page 772
Plant Losses……Page 776
Bibliography……Page 778
Philosophy of Maintenance……Page 780
Training of Personnel……Page 788
Tools and Shop Equipment……Page 792
Gas Turbine Start-up……Page 799
Redesign for Higher Machinery Reliability……Page 801
Long-Term Service Agreements……Page 816
Borescope Inspection……Page 818
Rejuvenation of Used Turbine Blades……Page 852
Rotor Dynamic System Characteristics……Page 854
Bearing Maintenance……Page 856
Coupling Maintenance……Page 867
Repair and Rehabilitation of Turbomachinery Foundations……Page 868
Bibliography……Page 871
22. Case Histories……Page 872
Axial-Flow Compressors……Page 873
Combustion Systems……Page 885
Axial-Flow Turbines……Page 893
Appendix: Equivalent Units……Page 917
Index……Page 921
Short Bio-Data……Page 954