Materials science: An intermediate text

William F. Hosford0521867053, 9780521867054

This exciting new textbook on the structure, property and applications of materials, is written for advanced undergraduate courses on the principles of Materials Science. It covers the main topics commonly encountered by students in materials science and engineering but explores them in greater depth than standard introductory textbooks, making it ideal for use on a second-level course and upwards. Major topics covered include crystallography, symmetry and bonding-related properties, phase diagrams and transformations, ordering, diffusion, solidification, and dedicated chapters on amorphous, liquid crystal, magnetic and novel materials, including shape memory. Each chapter contains numerous illustrative examples, problem sets, references and notes of interest to aid student understanding, with a chapter of hints on engineering calculations to ensure mathematical competency.

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Table of contents :
Contents……Page 7
Preface……Page 15
Grain size……Page 17
Relation of grain boundary area per volume to grain size……Page 19
Alloy composition from volume fraction of two or more phases……Page 20
Microstructural relationships……Page 21
Kelvin tetrakaidecahedron……Page 22
NOTES OF INTEREST……Page 24
PROBLEMS……Page 25
Space lattices……Page 27
Quasicrystals……Page 30
Fractals……Page 33
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 34
PROBLEMS……Page 35
Planar indices……Page 37
Direction indices……Page 38
Three-digit system……Page 39
PROBLEMS……Page 40
Projection……Page 42
Standard cubic projection……Page 43
Locating the hk pole in the standard stereographic projection of a cubic crystal……Page 44
Standard hexagonal projection……Page 46
PROBLEMS……Page 47
Vacancies in pure metals……Page 49
Point defects in ionic crystals……Page 50
Dislocations……Page 52
Burgers vectors……Page 53
Stress fields around dislocations……Page 54
Partial dislocations……Page 55
NOTES OF INTEREST……Page 56
PROBLEMS……Page 57
The Gibbs phase rule……Page 59
Ternary phase diagrams……Page 60
REFERENCES……Page 65
PROBLEMS……Page 66
Enthalpy of mixing……Page 68
Entropy of mixing……Page 69
Relation of phase diagrams to free energy curves……Page 71
Metastability……Page 73
Extrapolations of solubility limits……Page 76
NOTES OF INTEREST……Page 77
PROBLEMS……Page 78
Long-range order……Page 80
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 83
PROBLEMS……Page 84
Fick’s first law……Page 85
Solutions of Fick’s second law and the error function……Page 86
Mechanisms of diffusion……Page 89
Kirkendall effect……Page 90
Temperature dependence……Page 91
Special diffusion paths……Page 92
Darken’s equation……Page 93
Diffusion in systems with more than one phase……Page 94
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 97
PROBLEMS……Page 98
Homogeneous nucleation……Page 101
Heterogeneous nucleation……Page 104
Growth……Page 105
Grain structure of castings……Page 106
Segregation during freezing……Page 107
Zone refining……Page 109
Dendritic growth……Page 111
Eutectic solidification……Page 114
Peritectic freezing……Page 116
REFERENCES……Page 117
PROBLEMS……Page 118
Nucleation in the solid state……Page 120
Eutectoid transformations……Page 122
Avrami kinetics……Page 124
Growth of precipitates……Page 127
Ostwald ripening……Page 129
Martensitic transformations……Page 130
Spinodal decomposition……Page 132
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 134
PROBLEMS……Page 135
Relation of surface energy to bonding……Page 137
Orientation-dependence of surface energy……Page 138
Grain boundaries……Page 141
Segregation to surfaces……Page 143
Direct measurements of surface energy……Page 144
Measurements of relative surface energies……Page 145
Wetting of grain boundaries……Page 146
PROBLEMS……Page 147
Ionic binding energy……Page 149
Elastic moduli……Page 150
Geometric considerations……Page 152
Ionic radii……Page 155
Structures of compounds……Page 156
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 158
PROBLEMS……Page 159
Mechanisms……Page 160
Early stage of sintering……Page 162
Loss of surface area……Page 163
Particle-size effect……Page 164
Liquid-phase sintering……Page 166
PROBLEMS……Page 167
Glass transition……Page 169
Molecular length……Page 170
Hard sphere model……Page 171
Silicate glasses……Page 173
Bridging versus nonbridging oxygen ions……Page 174
Glass viscosity……Page 175
Thermal shock……Page 176
Vycor……Page 177
Devitrification……Page 178
Other inorganic glasses……Page 179
Metal glasses……Page 180
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 182
PROBLEMS……Page 183
Types of liquid crystals……Page 184
Orientational order parameter……Page 185
Disclinations……Page 186
Temperature and concentration effects……Page 187
Phase changes……Page 188
Optical response……Page 189
NOTE OF INTEREST……Page 190
PROBLEMS……Page 191
Silicates……Page 192
Molybdenum disulfide……Page 194
Diamond……Page 195
Fullerenes……Page 196
Nanotubes……Page 197
Zeolites……Page 198
PROBLEMS……Page 199
Ferromagnetism……Page 200
Exchange energy……Page 201
Magnetostatic energy……Page 203
Magnetocrystalline energy……Page 204
Physical units……Page 205
The B–H curve……Page 206
Bloch walls……Page 207
Magnetic oxides……Page 208
Soft magnetic materials……Page 210
Hard magnetic materials……Page 213
Square-loop materials……Page 215
NOTES OF INTEREST……Page 216
PROBLEMS……Page 217
Fabrication of porous foams……Page 218
Relative density of foams……Page 219
Honeycombs……Page 220
NOTES OF INTEREST……Page 221
PROBLEMS……Page 222
Shape memory alloys……Page 224
Superelasticity……Page 225
Shape memory in polymers……Page 228
PROBLEMS……Page 229
Estimates……Page 230
Sketches……Page 231
Units……Page 233
Available data……Page 235
Ratios……Page 236
Finding slopes of graphs……Page 237
Log-log and semilog plots……Page 238
Graphical differentiation and integration……Page 240
Iterative and graphical solutions……Page 242
Analyzing extreme cases (bounding)……Page 244
Significant figures……Page 245
Logarithms and exponents……Page 246
PROBLEMS……Page 247
Index……Page 251