Pradyot Patnaik0873719891, 9780873719896
Table of contents :
Handbook of Environmental Analysis Chemical Pollutants in Air, Water, Soil, and Solid Wastes……Page 1
Table of Contents……Page 3
Dedication……Page 7
Preface……Page 8
The Author……Page 9
Acknowledgments……Page 10
Conversions……Page 11
Abbreviations……Page 13
LIST OF TABLES……Page 14
1.1 Introduction……Page 20
Contents……Page 0
PART I: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES……Page 19
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Environmental Analysis……Page 22
Precision and Accuracy……Page 23
Example 1……Page 24
Example 2……Page 25
Example 3……Page 26
Example 4……Page 27
Definition 2……Page 29
Example 6……Page 30
Control Charts……Page 31
1.3 AN ALYSIS OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS BY GAS CHR OMATOGRAPHY……Page 33
Selection of Column……Page 34
Calibration……Page 37
External Standard Calibration……Page 38
Alternative Calculation……Page 39
Routine Analysis……Page 40
Volatile Organics by Purge and Trap Method……Page 41
Example……Page 42
Tuning……Page 43
Calibration……Page 45
Sample Extraction……Page 49
Solid Phase Extraction……Page 50
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 51
Alumina Column Cleanup……Page 52
Florisil Column Cleanup……Page 53
Permanganate-Sulfuric Acid Cleanup……Page 54
Acid-Base Titration……Page 55
Calculation……Page 59
Example 1……Page 60
Example 3……Page 61
Oxidation-Reduction Titrations……Page 62
Example……Page 65
Reducing Agent……Page 66
Oxidation-Reduction Indicators……Page 67
Iodometric Titration……Page 68
Reducing Agent……Page 70
Standardization of Na2S2O3……Page 71
Starch Indicator……Page 72
Argentometric Titration……Page 73
Example……Page 74
Complexometric Titrations……Page 75
Example……Page 76
Potentiometric Titration……Page 77
End Point Detection……Page 78
1.7 COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS……Page 81
Sample Digestion for Metals……Page 84
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry……Page 85
Hydride Generation Method……Page 87
Cold Vapor Method for Mercury Determination……Page 88
Standard Addition……Page 89
Atomic Emission Plasma Spectroscopy……Page 90
1.10 APPLICA TION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS……Page 92
1.11 ION CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 96
SAMPLING PLAN……Page 100
Direct Collection of Air……Page 101
Use of Adsorbent Tubes……Page 102
Flow Rate……Page 103
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS……Page 104
CALCULATION……Page 105
Example 1……Page 107
Example 2……Page 108
1.3 APPLICA TION OF IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUES IN ENVIR ONMENTAL ANALYSIS……Page 109
Example……Page 111
2.1 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES……Page 113
PART II: SPECIFIC CLASSES OF SUBSTANCES AND AGGREGATE PROPERTIES……Page 112
Derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine……Page 115
Example 1……Page 116
Sample Collection and Holding Time……Page 117
Air Analysis……Page 118
Calculation……Page 120
Procedure……Page 122
Determination of Bromide Plus Iodide……Page 123
Calculation……Page 124
Mercuric Nitrate Titrimetric Method……Page 126
Argentometric Titrimetric Method……Page 127
Automated Ferricyanide Colorimetric Method……Page 128
Gravimetric Determination of Chloride……Page 129
Calculation……Page 130
Procedure……Page 131
Silver Nitrate Titrimetric Method……Page 133
Colorimetric Method……Page 134
Procedure……Page 135
Reagents……Page 137
Cyanides in Aerosol and Gas……Page 138
Procedure……Page 140
Alternative Procedure……Page 141
Reagents……Page 142
Procedure……Page 143
Automated Colorimetric Method……Page 144
2.9 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS……Page 145
Sample Collection and Preservation……Page 147
Air Analysis……Page 150
2.10 HARDNESS……Page 153
Titration……Page 154
2.11 HERBICIDES: CHLOROPHENOXY ACID……Page 155
Hydrolysis……Page 156
Esterification……Page 157
Gas Chromatographic Analysis……Page 158
Air Analysis……Page 160
2.12 HYDROCARBONS……Page 161
Gasoline Range Organics……Page 162
Diesel Range Organics……Page 163
Example……Page 164
2.13 HYDROCARBONS, POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC……Page 166
HPLC COLUMNS AND CONDITIONS……Page 167
SAMPLE EXTRACTION AND CLEANUP……Page 168
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 169
Sample Distillation……Page 171
Titrimetric Method……Page 172
Procedure……Page 173
Reagents and Standards……Page 174
Procedure……Page 175
Reagents and Standards……Page 176
Procedure……Page 177
Reagents and Standards……Page 178
CADMIUM REDUCTION METHOD……Page 179
Procedure……Page 180
NITRATE ELECTRODE METHOD……Page 181
Reagents……Page 182
2.16 NITROSAMINES……Page 183
Extraction……Page 184
Air Analysis……Page 185
2.17 OXYGEN DEMAND, BIOCHEMICAL……Page 187
Method……Page 188
Iodometric or Winkler Method……Page 190
Kinetics of BOD Reaction……Page 191
Example……Page 192
2.18 OXYGEN DEMAND, CHEMICAL……Page 193
Problem……Page 194
Sample Treatment……Page 196
Colorimetric Analysis……Page 197
2.19 PESTICIDES: CARBAMATE, UREA, AND TRIAZINE……Page 198
Chromatographic Conditions……Page 199
Extraction……Page 200
Urea Pesticides……Page 201
Liquid Chromatograph……Page 202
Triazine Pesticides……Page 203
Sample Extraction……Page 204
Sample Extraction……Page 205
Analysis……Page 208
Air Analysis……Page 210
2.21 PESTICIDES: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS……Page 212
Sample Extraction……Page 213
Air Analysis……Page 217
Example 1……Page 218
Example 2……Page 219
Eh……Page 220
2.23 PHENOLS……Page 223
Extraction……Page 224
Derivatization……Page 225
Air Analysis……Page 226
Sample Preparation……Page 228
Colorimetric Analysis……Page 230
Calibration Standards……Page 231
Ion Chromatography……Page 232
2.25 PHTHALATE ESTERS……Page 233
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 234
POLYCHLORINATED BiPHENYLS (PCBs)……Page 236
Sample Extraction and Cleanup……Page 238
Air Analysis……Page 239
ANALYSIS……Page 241
Silica Gel Cleanup……Page 242
SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND HOLDING TIME……Page 243
GRAVIMETRIC METHOD……Page 244
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE COLORIMETRIC METHOD……Page 245
Reagent……Page 246
Interference……Page 247
TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD……Page 248
Reagents……Page 249
Screening test for sulfide……Page 250
Sample Pretreatment……Page 251
Iodometric Method……Page 252
Calculation……Page 253
Reagents……Page 254
Procedure……Page 255
Standardization……Page 256
Reagents……Page 257
Iodometric Method……Page 258
Reagents……Page 259
Procedure……Page 260
Calculation……Page 261
Reagents……Page 262
Reagents……Page 263
ANALYSIS……Page 264
INTERFERENCE……Page 265
Interference……Page 266
Reagents and Calibration Standards……Page 267
Reagents……Page 268
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 270
PART III: SELECTED INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS……Page 269
Analysis of Aqueous Samples……Page 272
Air Analysis……Page 273
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 274
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 275
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 276
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 278
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 279
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 280
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 281
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 282
ANALYSIS……Page 283
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 284
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 285
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 286
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 287
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 289
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 290
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 291
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 292
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 293
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 294
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 296
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 297
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 298
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 299
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 301
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 303
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 304
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 305
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 306
AIR ANALYSIS (SUGGESTED METHOD)……Page 307
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 308
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 309
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 310
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 311
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 313
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 314
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 315
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 316
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 317
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 318
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 319
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 321
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 323
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 325
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 327
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 328
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 329
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 330
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 331
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 333
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 335
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 337
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 339
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 341
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 343
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 345
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 346
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS SAMPLES AND SLUDGE DIGESTER GAS……Page 347
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 348
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 349
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 350
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 352
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 354
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 356
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 357
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 358
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 359
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 361
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 363
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 364
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 365
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 366
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 368
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 369
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 370
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 371
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 372
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 373
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 374
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 375
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 376
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 377
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 378
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 379
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 380
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 381
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 383
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 385
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 386
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 388
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 389
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 390
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 392
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 393
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 394
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 395
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 396
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 398
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 399
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 400
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 401
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 402
ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS AND NONAQUEOUS SAMPLES……Page 404
AIR ANALYSIS……Page 405
Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)……Page 407
Appendices……Page 406
Correlation Coefficient (g)……Page 408
Example……Page 409
Method Detection Limit (MDL)……Page 410
APPENDIX B SAMPLE CONTAINERS, PRESERVATIONS, AND HOLDING TIMES……Page 412
EXAMPLE 1……Page 415
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)……Page 417
Conductivity……Page 418
Example 1……Page 419
Example 2……Page 420
Example 3……Page 422
APPENDIX E……Page 425
APPENDIX F Volatility of some additional organic substances (not listed in text) for purge and trap analysis……Page 428
Appendix G Analysis of Elements by Atomic Spectroscopy: An Overview……Page 432
APPENDIX H ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA- MASS SPECTROMETRY……Page 434
Gravimetric Method……Page 438
Technique……Page 439
APPENDIX J NIOSH Methods for Air Analysis……Page 441
APPENDIX K U.S. EPA Methods for Air Analysis……Page 448
APPENDIX L Inorganic Test Procedures For Analysis of Aqueous Samples: EPA, SM, and ASTM Reference Methods……Page 452
Bibliography……Page 459
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