Diffraction Physics

J.M. Cowley9780444822185, 0-4-4-4-8-2-2-1-8-6

The first edition of this highly successful book appeared in 1975 and evolved from lecture notes for classes in physical optics, diffraction physics and electron microscopy given to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. The book deals with electron diffraction and diffraction from disordered or imperfect crystals and employed an approach using the Fourier transform from the beginning instead of as an extension of a Fourier series treatment.This third revised edition is a considerably rewritten and updated version which now includes all important developments which have taken place in recent years.

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Table of contents :
Diffraction Physics……Page 4
Copyright Page……Page 5
Contents……Page 8
Preface to the first edition……Page 6
Preface to the third edition……Page 7
SECTION I: PHYSICAL OPTICS……Page 18
1.1. Introduction……Page 20
1.2. Wave equations and waves……Page 22
1.3. Superposition and coherence……Page 25
1.4. Huygen’ s principle……Page 28
1.5. Scattering theory approach……Page 30
1.7. Fresnel diffraction……Page 33
1.8. Fraunhofer diffraction……Page 38
Problems……Page 41
2.1. Preliminaries……Page 42
2.2. Fourier transforms: general……Page 47
2.3. Fourier transforms and diffraction: examples……Page 52
Problems……Page 65
3.1. Wave theory of imaging……Page 68
3.2. Abbe theory……Page 72
3.3. Small angle approximation……Page 73
3.4. Phase contrast……Page 76
3.5. Holography……Page 80
3.6. Multi-component systems……Page 84
3.7. Partial coherence……Page 86
Problems……Page 89
SECTION II: KINEMATICAL DIFFRACTION……Page 92
4.1. X-rays……Page 94
4.2. Electrons……Page 98
4.3. Neutrons……Page 105
Problems……Page 109
5.1. The kinematical approximation……Page 110
5.2. Real and reciprocal space……Page 112
5.3. The generalized Patterson function……Page 115
5.4. Examples of correlation functions……Page 118
5.5. Correlation in space and time……Page 121
5.6. Diffraction geometry and intensities……Page 130
5.7. Practical considerations……Page 132
5.8. Sections and projections……Page 136
Problems……Page 138
6.1. Ideal crystals……Page 140
6.2. Diffraction geometry……Page 143
6.3. Crystal structure analysis……Page 148
6.4. Structure analysis methods……Page 151
6.5. Neutron diffraction structure analysis……Page 155
6.6. Electron diffraction structure analysis……Page 158
Problems……Page 159
7.1. Formulation of the diffraction problem……Page 162
7.2. Patterson function approach……Page 164
7.3. Deviations from an average lattice……Page 167
7.4. Imperfect crystals with no average lattice……Page 174
Problems……Page 180
SECTION III: DYNAMICAL SCATTERING……Page 182
8.1. Multiple coherent scattering……Page 184
8.2. Theoretical approaches……Page 185
8.3. Bethe theory……Page 187
8.4. Two-beam approximation……Page 192
8.5. The Laue (transmission) case……Page 195
8.6. Bethe potentials……Page 199
8.7. The Bragg case……Page 201
9.1. Thickness fringes, rocking curves-electron diffraction……Page 206
9.2. Dynamical effects of X-ray and neutron diffraction……Page 216
9.3. Borrmann effect……Page 222
Problems……Page 224
10.1. Dynamical n-beam diffraction……Page 226
10.2. Extension of Bethe theory – transmission……Page 228
10.3. The Darwin-type approach……Page 237
10.4. Special cases – beam reduction……Page 239
10.5. Computing methods……Page 241
10.6. Column approximation……Page 244
Problems……Page 246
11.1. Propagation of electrons in crystals……Page 248
11.2. Multiple-scattering series……Page 254
11.3. General double-summation solution……Page 257
11.4. Computing methods……Page 260
11.5. Intensities from non-periodic objects……Page 265
11.6. Real-space formulations……Page 267
Problem……Page 271
SECTION IV: APPLICATIONS TO SELECTED TOPICS……Page 272
12.1. Thermal diffuse scattering……Page 274
12.2. Static atom displacements……Page 279
12.3. Electron excitations……Page 286
12.4. Dynamical effects in diffuse scattering……Page 291
12.5. Absorption effects……Page 296
13.1. Electron microscopes……Page 304
13.2. Image formation……Page 309
13.3. Contrast for thin specimens……Page 311
13.4. The imaging of crystals……Page 318
13.5. Image contrast in STEM……Page 330
13.6. Electron holography……Page 335
13.7. Combining high-resolution imaging with diffraction……Page 343
Problems……Page 345
14.1. Kossel lines……Page 346
14.2. Kikuchi lines……Page 352
14.3. External sources of divergent radiation……Page 356
14.4. Information from K-line patterns……Page 358
14.5. Channelling……Page 360
14.6. Secondary radiations……Page 363
15.2. X-ray interferometry……Page 366
15.3. n–beam and 2-beam dynamical diffraction……Page 368
15.4. Accurate determinations of structure amplitudes……Page 371
15.5. The determination of crystal symmetries……Page 380
15.6. Coherent convergent-beam electron diffraction……Page 384
16.1. General……Page 386
16.2. Mosaic crystals……Page 387
16.3. Polycrystalline material……Page 391
17.1. The nature and description of disordered states……Page 402
17.2. Order parameters……Page 404
17.3. Patterson function……Page 406
17.4. Size effects……Page 407
17.5. Kinematical diffraction……Page 409
17.6. Relationship with ordering energies……Page 417
17.7. Dynamical scattering from disordered crystals……Page 418
17.8. Out-of-phase domains……Page 422
Problems……Page 427
18.1. Introduction……Page 428
18.2. Stacking faults-statistical, kinematical theory……Page 429
18.3. Dynamical diffraction by stacking faults……Page 439
18.4. Dislocations……Page 441
19.1. Introduction……Page 450
19.2. Surface imaging and diffraction with electrons……Page 452
19.3. Reflection from surfaces: grazing incidence……Page 457
19.4. Reflection at normal incidence: LEED……Page 468
19.5. Diffraction of emitted electrons……Page 470
References……Page 474
Index……Page 494