Gas well deliquification

James F. Lea, Henry V. Nickens, Mike R. Wells0750682809, 9780750682800, 0080569404, 9780080569406

Liquid loading can reduce production and shorten the life-cycle of a well costing a company millions in revenue. A handy guide on the latest techniques, equipment, and chemicals used in de-watering gas wells, Gas Well Deliquification, 2nd ed. continues to be the engineer’s choice for recognizing and minimizing the effects of liquid loading. The second edition serves as a guide discussing the most frequently used methods and tools used to diagnose liquid loading problems and reduce the detrimental effects of liquid loading on gas production. With new extensive chapters on Coal Bed Methane and Production Automation Gas Well Deliquification, 2nd edition proves to be the essential reference for operating engineers, reservoir engineers, consulting engineers and service companies who supply gas well equipment New to this second edition, Gas Well Deliquification provides managers with a comprehensive look into the methods of successful Production Automation as well as tools for the profitable use, production and supervision of Coalbed gases. .

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Table of contents :
Front cover……Page 1
Gas Well Deliquification……Page 4
Copyright page……Page 5
Table of contents……Page 6
1.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 18
1.2 MULTIPHASE FLOW IN A GAS WELL……Page 19
1.3 WHAT IS LIQUID LOADING?……Page 21
1.4 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY LIQUID LOADING……Page 22
1.5 DELIQUIFYING TECHNIQUES PRESENTED……Page 23
1.6 SOURCE OF LIQUIDS IN A PRODUCING GAS WELL……Page 25
1.7 REFERENCES……Page 28
2.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 30
2.2 PRESENCE OF ORIFICE PRESSURE SPIKES……Page 31
2.3 DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS……Page 32
2.4 DROP IN TUBING PRESSURE WITH RISE IN CASING PRESSURE……Page 33
2.5 PRESSURE SURVEY SHOWING LIQUID LEVEL……Page 34
2.7 ANNULUS HEADING……Page 36
2.8 LIQUID PRODUCTION CEASES……Page 40
2.9 SHOOTING FLUID LEVELS ON FLOWING GAS WELLS……Page 41
2.10 SUMMARY……Page 46
2.11 REFERENCES……Page 47
3.2 CRITICAL FLOW CONCEPTS……Page 48
3.3 CRITICAL VELOCITY AT DEPTH……Page 58
3.4 CRITICAL VELOCITY IN HORIZONTAL WELL FLOW……Page 60
3.5 REFERENCES……Page 62
4.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 64
4.2 TUBING PERFORMANCE CURVE……Page 66
4.3 RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR)……Page 67
4.4 INTERSECTIONS OF THE TUBING CURVE AND THE DELIVERABILITY CURVE……Page 71
4.5 TUBING STABILITY AND FLOWPOINT……Page 73
4.6 TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS……Page 75
4.7 NODAL EXAMPLE—TUBING SIZE……Page 76
4.8 NODAL EXAMPLE—SURFACE PRESSURE EFFECTS: USE COMPRESSION TO LOWER SURFACE PRESSURE……Page 77
4.9 SUMMARY NODAL EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING IPR FROM TEST DATA WITH TUBING PERFORMANCE……Page 78
4.10 CHOKES……Page 81
4.11 MULTIPHASE FLOW FUNDAMENTALS……Page 83
4.13 References……Page 94
5.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SMALLER TUBING……Page 98
5.3 CONCEPTS REQUIRED TO SIZE SMALLER TUBING……Page 99
5.4 SIZING TUBING WITHOUT IPR INFORMATION……Page 104
5.6 FIELD EXAMPLE 2—RESULTS OF TUBING CHANGE-OUT……Page 105
5.7 PRE- AND POST-EVALUATION……Page 106
5.9 HANGING OFF SMALLER TUBING FROM THE CURRENT TUBING……Page 111
5.11 REFERENCES……Page 113
6.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 116
6.2 COMPRESSION HORSEPOWER AND CRITICAL VELOCITY……Page 117
6.3 SYSTEMS NODAL ANALYSIS AND COMPRESSION……Page 119
6.4 THE EFFECT OF PERMEABILITY ON COMPRESSION……Page 122
6.5 PRESSURE DROP IN COMPRESSION SUCTION……Page 123
6.6 WELLHEAD VERSUS CENTRALIZED COMPRESSION……Page 124
6.7 DOWNSTREAM GATHERING AND COMPRESSION’S EFFECT ON UPLIFT FROM DELIQUIFYING INDIVIDUAL GAS WELLS……Page 125
6.10 COMPRESSION AND GAS LIFT……Page 126
6.11 COMPRESSION WITH PLUNGER LIFT SYSTEMS……Page 127
6.12 COMPRESSION WITH BEAM PUMPING SYSTEMS……Page 128
6.14 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS……Page 130
6.15 GAS JET COMPRESSORS OR EJECTORS……Page 135
6.17 SUMMARY……Page 137
6.18 REFERENCES……Page 138
7.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 140
7.2 PLUNGERS……Page 143
7.3 PLUNGER CYCLE……Page 144
7.4 PLUNGER LIFT FEASIBILITY……Page 146
7.5 PLUNGER SYSTEM LINE-OUT PROCEDURE……Page 154
7.6 PROBLEM ANALYSIS……Page 166
7.7 TWO-PIECE PLUNGER: TYPE OF CONTINUOUS FLOW PLUNGER……Page 189
7.8 SELECTION OF PLUNGER……Page 191
7.9 CASING PLUNGER FOR WEAK WELLS……Page 204
7.10 PLUNGER WITH SIDE STRING: LOW PRESSURE WELL PRODUCTION……Page 206
7.11 PLUNGER SUMMARY……Page 207
7.12 REFERENCES……Page 208
8.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 210
8.2 FOAM ASSISTED LIFT (FAL)……Page 213
8.3 METHODS OF APPLICATION OF SURFACTANTS……Page 225
8.4 CAPILLARY LIFT TECHNOLOGY……Page 227
8.5 REFERENCES……Page 256
9.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 258
9.2 JET PUMPS……Page 279
9.3 PISTON PUMPS……Page 284
9.4 REFERENCES……Page 298
10.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 300
10.2 BASICS OF BEAM PUMP OPERATION……Page 301
10.3 PUMP-OFF CONTROL……Page 305
10.4 GAS SEPARATION TO KEEP GAS OUT OF THE PUMP……Page 309
10.5 HANDLING GAS THROUGH THE PUMP……Page 331
10.6 INJECT LIQUIDS BELOW A PACKER……Page 339
10.7 OTHER PROBLEMS INDICATED BY THE SHAPE OF THE PUMP CARD……Page 341
10.8 SUMMARY……Page 344
10.9 REFERENCES……Page 345
11.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 348
11.3 INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT……Page 350
11.4 GAS LIFT SYSTEM COMPONENTS……Page 352
11.5 CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT DESIGN OBJECTIVES……Page 353
11.6 GAS LIFT VALVES……Page 354
11.7 GAS LIFT COMPLETIONS……Page 357
11.8 GAS LIFT WITHOUT GAS LIFT VALVES……Page 367
11.9 SPECIFICS OF GAS LIFTING GAS WELLS……Page 369
11.10 SUMMARY……Page 374
11.11 REFERENCES……Page 375
12.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 378
12.2 THE ESP SYSTEM……Page 379
12.3 WHAT IS A “GASSY” WELL?……Page 382
12.4 COMPLETIONS AND SEPARATORS……Page 385
12.5 SPECIAL PUMP (STAGES)……Page 389
12.6 INJECTION OF PRODUCED WATER……Page 391
12.7 ESP HYBRID SYSTEMS AND LOW LIQUID VOLUME ESP……Page 393
12.9 REFERENCES……Page 398
13.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 400
13.2 PROGRESSING CAVITY PUMPING SYSTEM……Page 401
13.3 WATER PRODUCTION HANDLING……Page 403
13.4 GAS PRODUCTION HANDLING……Page 404
13.5 SAND/COAL FINES PRODUCTION HANDLING……Page 405
13.7 DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS……Page 410
13.9 RESTRICTED OR NO-FLOW SCENARIOS……Page 413
13.10 PRESENCE OF CO2……Page 414
13.11 CORROSION INHIBITORS……Page 415
13.12 CYCLIC HARMONICS……Page 416
13.13 PC PUMP SELECTION……Page 417
13.15 SUMMARY……Page 419
13.16 REFERENCE……Page 420
14.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 422
14.2 CBM ECONOMIC IMPACT……Page 423
14.3 CBM RESERVOIRS……Page 424
14.4 CBM PRODUCTION……Page 430
14.5 REFERENCES……Page 439
15.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 440
15.2 BRIEF HISTORY……Page 442
15.3 AUTOMATION EQUIPMENT……Page 445
15.4 GENERAL APPLICATIONS……Page 472
15.5 UNIQUE APPLICATIONS FOR GAS WELL DELIQUIFICATION……Page 482
15.6 AUTOMATION ISSUES……Page 530
15.7 CASE HISTORIES……Page 550
15.8 SUMMARY……Page 555
15.9 REFERENCES……Page 556
A.1 INTRODUCTION……Page 562
A.3 TURNER EQUATIONS……Page 565
A.5 REFERENCES……Page 566
B.2 MINIMUM CASING PRESSURE……Page 568
B.3 MAXIMUM CASING PRESSURE……Page 570
B.5 REFERENCE……Page 571
C.2 PHASE DIAGRAM……Page 572
C.3 GAS APPARENT MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY……Page 573
C.4 GAS LAW……Page 574
C.5 Z FACTOR……Page 575
C.6 GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR……Page 577
C.7 PRESSURE INCREASE IN STATIC COLUMN OF GAS……Page 578
C.8 CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DROP IN FLOWING DRY GAS WELL: CULLENDER AND SMITH METHOD [5]……Page 579
C.9 PRESSURE DROP IN A GAS WELL PRODUCING LIQUIDS……Page 581
C.10 GAS WELL DELIVERABILITY EXPRESSIONS……Page 582
C.11 REFERENCES……Page 586
Index……Page 588