The Image Processing Handbook

Russ J.C.

Image Processing Handbook covers methods for two different purposes: *Improving the visual appearance of images to a human viewer *Preparing images for measurement of the features and structures present.The handbook presents an extensive collection of image processing tools, enabling the user of computer-based system to understand those methods provided in packaged software and to program additions needed for particular applications. Comparisons are presented of different algorithms that may be used for similar purposes, including a selection of representative pictures from light and electron microscopes as well as macroscopic, satellite, and astronomical images.Image Processing Handbook examines the rapid, powerful developments in graphic information, covering the array of concepts and techniques in high-end imaging software. With balanced, complete descriptions, the text outlines frequency space methods with extensive mathematical presentation and spatial domain processing. This handbook teaches by example – by seeing what various operations do to representative images, the reader will discover how and why to use them. The text encourages the reader to use its information with a real source of images and a computer-based system as well as to freely experiment with different methods to determine the most appropriate for his or her particular needs.To facilitate the learning process, Reindeer Games in Charlotte, North Carolina, offers The Image Processing Tool Kit, a CD-ROM containing more than 150 images and more than 150 Photoshop-compatible plug-ins that implement the algorithms discussed. This revision of the established standard acts as a singular resource for professionals in the medical, biological, and materials sciences as well as a range of engineering venues, including electrical and computer engineering, optical engineering, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence.

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Table of contents :
Human reliance on images for information……Page 1
Table of Contents……Page 0
Using video cameras to acquire images……Page 7
Electronics and bandwidth limitations……Page 15
High resolution imaging……Page 25
Color imaging……Page 32
Digital cameras……Page 41
Color spaces……Page 47
Color displays……Page 56
Image types……Page 59
Range imaging……Page 61
Multiple images……Page 68
Stereoscopy……Page 72
Imaging requirements……Page 80
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 87
Color spaces……Page 90
Color displays……Page 99
Image types……Page 102
Range imaging……Page 104
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 108
Multiple images……Page 111
Stereoscopy……Page 115
Imaging requirements……Page 123
Printing……Page 130
Dots on paper……Page 135
Color printing……Page 141
Printing hardware……Page 147
Film recorders……Page 153
File storage……Page 156
Optical storage media……Page 157
Magnetic recording……Page 161
Databases for images……Page 163
Browsing and thumbnails……Page 167
Lossless coding……Page 171
Color palettes……Page 178
Lossy compression……Page 179
Other compression methods……Page 198
Digital movies……Page 201
Correcting Imaging Defects……Page 204
Noisy images……Page 205
Neighborhood averaging……Page 209
Neighborhood ranking……Page 217
Other neighborhood noise reduction methods……Page 225
Maximum entropy……Page 232
Contrast expansion……Page 234
Nonuniform illumination……Page 237
Fitting a background function……Page 239
Rank leveling……Page 242
Color shading……Page 248
Nonplanar views……Page 252
Computer graphics……Page 253
Geometrical distortion……Page 256
Alignment……Page 259
Morphing……Page 265
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 269
Rank leveling……Page 271
Color shading……Page 277
Nonplanar views……Page 281
Computer graphics……Page 282
Geometrical distortion……Page 285
Alignment……Page 288
Morphing……Page 294
Image Enhancement Processing in the Spatial Domain……Page 298
Contrast manipulation……Page 299
Histogram equalization……Page 304
Laplacian……Page 313
Derivatives……Page 321
The Sobel and Kirsch operators……Page 326
Rank operations……Page 339
Texture……Page 349
Fractal analysis……Page 353
Implementation notes……Page 359
Image math……Page 361
Subtracting images……Page 363
Multiplication and division……Page 366
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 375
Rank operations……Page 385
Texture……Page 395
Fractal analysis……Page 399
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 400
Implementation notes……Page 405
Image math……Page 407
Subtracting images……Page 409
Multiplication and division……Page 412
What frequency space is all about……Page 421
The Fourier transform……Page 423
Fourier transforms of real functions……Page 427
Frequencies and orientations……Page 434
Orientation and spacing……Page 436
Preferred orientation……Page 440
Texture and fractals……Page 446
Isolating periodic noise……Page 450
Masks and filters……Page 457
Selection of periodic information……Page 464
Fundamentals of convolution……Page 470
Imaging system characteristics……Page 474
Removing motion blur and other defects……Page 478
Template matching and correlation……Page 481
Autocorrelation……Page 483
Conclusion……Page 486
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 487
Masks and filters……Page 490
Selection of periodic information……Page 497
Fundamentals of convolution……Page 503
Imaging system characteristics……Page 507
Removing motion blur and other defects……Page 511
Template matching and correlation……Page 514
Autocorrelation……Page 516
Conclusion……Page 519
Thresholding……Page 520
Multiband images……Page 523
Two-dimensional thresholds……Page 526
Multiband thresholding……Page 530
Thresholding from texture……Page 535
Multiple thresholding criteria……Page 540
Textural orientation……Page 544
Accuracy and reproducibility……Page 549
Including position information……Page 552
Selective histograms……Page 559
Boundary lines……Page 562
Contours……Page 565
Image representation……Page 569
Other segmentation methods……Page 572
The general classification problem……Page 576
Boolean operations……Page 579
Combining Boolean operations……Page 582
Masks……Page 586
From pixels to features……Page 588
Boolean logic with features……Page 595
Selecting features by location……Page 599
Double thresholding……Page 604
Erosion and dilation……Page 608
Opening and closing……Page 609
Isotropy……Page 613
Measurements using erosion and dilation……Page 615
Extension to grey scale images……Page 617
Coefficient and depth parameters……Page 619
Examples of use……Page 624
The custer……Page 629
Skeletonization……Page 631
Boundary lines and thickening……Page 633
Euclidean distance map……Page 637
Watershed segmentation……Page 642
Ultimate eroded points……Page 646
Medial axis transform……Page 649
Cluster analysis……Page 652
Image Measurements……Page 657
Brightness measurements……Page 658
Determining location……Page 664
Orientation……Page 666
Neighbor relationships……Page 667
Alignment……Page 671
Counting features……Page 677
Special counting procedures……Page 680
Feature size……Page 684
Caliper dimensions……Page 691
Perimeter……Page 697
Ellipse fitting……Page 699
Describing shape……Page 701
Fractal dimension……Page 703
Harmonic analysis……Page 707
Topology……Page 710
Feature identification……Page 714
Three-dimensional measurements……Page 717
Volume imaging vs. sections……Page 723
Basics of reconstruction……Page 726
Algebraic reconstruction methods……Page 733
Maximum entropy……Page 738
Defects in reconstructed images……Page 740
Imaging geometries……Page 751
Three-dimensional tomography……Page 753
High-resolution tomography……Page 761
Sources of 3D data……Page 765
Serial sections……Page 767
Optical sectioning……Page 772
Sequential removal……Page 775
Stereo……Page 777
3D data sets……Page 781
Slicing the data set……Page 784
Arbitrary section planes……Page 789
The use of color……Page 793
Volumetric display……Page 794
Stereo viewing……Page 798
Special display hardware……Page 802
Ray tracing……Page 805
Reflection……Page 810
Surfaces……Page 815
Multiply connected surfaces……Page 821
Image processing in 3D……Page 827
Measurements on 3D images……Page 831
Conclusion……Page 834
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 836
Special display hardware……Page 838
Ray tracing……Page 841
Reflection……Page 846
Surfaces……Page 851
Multiply connected surfaces……Page 857
Image processing in 3D……Page 863
Measurements on 3D images……Page 867
Conclusion……Page 870
Producing surfaces……Page 872
Devices that image surfaces by physical contact……Page 875
Noncontacting measurements……Page 879
Microscopy of surfaces……Page 883
Surface composition imaging……Page 886
Processing of range images……Page 889
Processing of composition maps……Page 893
Data presentation and visualization……Page 895
Rendering and visualization……Page 900
Analysis of surface data……Page 905
Profile measurements……Page 908
The Birmingham measurement suite……Page 912
New approaches Û topographic analysis and fractal dimensions……Page 920
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 929
Rendering and visualization……Page 930
Analysis of surface data……Page 935
Profile measurements……Page 938
The Birmingham measurement suite……Page 942
New approaches — topographic analysis and fractal dimensions……Page 950
References……Page 959
The IMAGE PROCESSING Handbook……Page 975
Introduction……Page 977
Acknowledgments……Page 978
Contents……Page 980