Advanced in Geosciences, V2: Solar Terrestrial(St) (2006)(en)(368s)

Wing-huen Ip9789812564566, 981-256-456-X

“Advances in Geosciences” is the result of a concerted effort in bringing the latest results and planning activities related to earth and space science in Asia and the international arena. The volume editors are all leading scientists in their research fields covering five sections: Solid Earth (SE), Solar Terrestrial (ST), Planetary Science (PS), Hydrological Science (HS), and Oceans and Atmospheres (OA). The main purpose is to highlight the scientific issues essential to the study of earthquakes, tsunamis, climate change, drought, flood, typhoons, space weathers, and planetary exploration.

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Table of contents :
CONTENTS……Page 10
Editors……Page 6
Reviewers……Page 8
1. Introduction……Page 14
2.1. Solar observations……Page 15
2.2. Cosmogenic isotopes……Page 17
2.3. Magnetospheric phenomena……Page 19
2.4. A grand minima scenario……Page 22
3. Theoretical Speculations……Page 23
3.1. Solar dynamo……Page 24
3.2. The heliosphere and cosmic rays……Page 26
3.3. Other minima……Page 28
4. Conclusions……Page 29
References……Page 31
1. Introduction……Page 34
3. Theoretical Solar Plume Models……Page 36
3.1. 2D time-dependent solar plume models……Page 37
3.2. 1D time-dependent solar plume models……Page 38
3.3. Analytical solar plume models……Page 40
4. Conclusions and Outlook……Page 42
References……Page 43
1. Introduction……Page 46
2. Observations and Results……Page 47
2.1. Before the flare (sub-phase 1)……Page 49
2.2. Preflare phase (sub-phase 2)……Page 50
2.3. Ejection (sub-phase 3)……Page 51
3. Discussion and Summary……Page 52
References……Page 53
1. Introduction……Page 56
2. Theory……Page 60
3. Application: Scale Dependent Interplanetary PDFs……Page 64
3.1. Slow speed solar wind……Page 66
3.2. High-speed solar wind……Page 67
4. Discussion and Conclusions……Page 69
References……Page 75
1. Introduction……Page 78
2. Simulation and Models……Page 79
3. Results……Page 81
4. Summary……Page 83
References……Page 84
1. Introduction……Page 86
2.3. Ionosphere observation……Page 87
3.1. Solar activity……Page 88
3.2. Geomagnetic field observation……Page 89
3.3.2. Spread F……Page 91
3.3.3. Radio communication……Page 92
4. Summary and Discussion……Page 93
References……Page 95
1. Observations……Page 96
2. Accuracy of Measured Photospheric Magnetic Field……Page 97
4. The Relationship Between the Magnetic Shear, Gradient, and Current……Page 99
5. Nonpotentiality of Magnetic Field in Active Regions……Page 101
6. Measurements of Magnetic (Current) Helicity……Page 105
7. Measurements of Chromospheric Magnetic Field……Page 107
7.1. Nonuniformity of the chromospheric magnetic field……Page 108
7.2. The possibility of reversal features in Hβ chromospheric magnetograms……Page 110
8. Formation of Nonpotentiality Inferred from Chromospheric and Photospheric Magnetograms……Page 111
9. Summary……Page 113
Acknowledgments……Page 114
References……Page 115
1. Introduction……Page 118
2. Data……Page 119
3.1. Calculation of proton energy density and total energy……Page 120
3.2. Time development of proton total energy……Page 124
4. Discussion and Conclusions……Page 125
References……Page 126
1. Introduction……Page 128
2.1. Transport equation……Page 130
2.2. Numerical solutions……Page 131
3. Best-Fitting to the Halloween ICME Event……Page 133
References……Page 136
1. Introduction……Page 138
2. Data and Analysis Method……Page 140
3. Results……Page 142
4. Conclusions and Discussions……Page 144
References……Page 146
1. Introduction……Page 148
2. Analysis……Page 149
3. Results and Discussion……Page 150
References……Page 153
1. Introduction……Page 156
2.1. Geotail plasmoid observations……Page 158
2.2. CRRES observation……Page 162
2.3. Plasmoid observed by cluster……Page 164
3.1. Ion composition in the tail and in the plasmoid structure……Page 168
3.2. Multiple plasmoids and their implications……Page 170
References……Page 172
1. Introduction……Page 176
2. Boundary and Clock Angle of the IMF……Page 178
3. Quiet Time Versus Extreme Storm Time……Page 180
5. Discussion and Conclusions……Page 182
Acknowledgments……Page 184
References……Page 185
The Magnetospheric Cusp: Structure and Dynamics Q.-G. Zong, T. A. Fritz, H. Zhang, S. Y. Fu, X. Z. Zhou, M. L. Goldstein, P. W. Daly, H. Reme, A. Balogh and A. N. Fazakerley……Page 186
2. Introduction to the Cusp……Page 187
2.1. The definition of the magnetospheric cusp……Page 189
3.2. Particle motion in the cusp region……Page 191
4. The Cusp Dynamics……Page 195
5. Conclusions……Page 199
References……Page 200
1. The Halloween Storms and Their Simulation……Page 204
2. Simulation Field at Geosynchronous Orbit……Page 208
3. Saturation of the Polar Cap Potential……Page 209
References……Page 212
1. Introduction……Page 214
2. The Instruments……Page 216
3.1. Observations……Page 221
4. Multiple Wavelength Daytime Emission Measurements……Page 227
4.1. All-sky maps of daytime volume emission rates……Page 228
Acknowledgments……Page 229
References……Page 230
1. Introduction……Page 232
2. Instrumentation and Data Analysis……Page 233
3. Observation……Page 234
4. Discussion and Conclusion……Page 237
References……Page 240
1. Introduction……Page 242
2. Type-2 Ion Outflows……Page 243
3. Artificial Aurora……Page 245
Acknowledgments……Page 249
References……Page 250
1. Introduction……Page 252
2. Key Scientific Topics in Comparative Aeronomy……Page 253
3. Past and Present Actions from the Community……Page 257
4. Future Directions in Comparative Aeronomy……Page 258
References……Page 259
Solar Terrestrial and Planetary Science Missions in Asia–Oceania: Opportunities for Collaborative Research Andrew W. Yau, Anil Bhardwaj, Iver H. Cairns, C. Z. Cheng, Wing H. Ip, Yasumasa Kasaba, Kyoung W. Min, Masato Nakamura and Yoshifumi Saito……Page 262
2. Solar Terrestrial and Planetary Science Programs in Asia-Oceania……Page 263
2.2. China……Page 264
2.3. India……Page 266
2.4. Japan……Page 267
2.5. Korea……Page 269
2.6. Taiwan……Page 270
2.7. International collaboration……Page 272
4. Summary and Conclusion……Page 273
References……Page 277
1. Introduction……Page 278
2. What is Incoherent Scatter?……Page 279
3. How are Physical Parameters Determined?……Page 280
4. Observatories Built to Exploit the Technique……Page 283
5. A Few Examples of Scientific Results……Page 284
6. What Lies Ahead in ISR?……Page 286
Acknowledgments……Page 288
References……Page 289
1. Geomagnetic Cutoff Rigidities……Page 290
2. Deviations from the Expected Latitude Curve……Page 293
3. Summary……Page 296
References……Page 298
1. Introduction……Page 300
2.1. Ionizing radiation……Page 302
2.2. Ionizing radiation from the Sun……Page 305
2.3. Exposure limits ionizing radiation……Page 306
2.4. Biological effects of ionizing radiation……Page 307
2.5. Cosmic ray effects on cells……Page 308
3. Epidemiological Studies……Page 309
4. Predictive Codes Versus Direct Monitoring……Page 311
5. Ultra Long Range Flight……Page 312
6. Polar Route Flights……Page 313
References……Page 314
1. Introduction……Page 316
2. Measurement Flights……Page 318
3. Comparison with Smaller Monitors……Page 319
4. Conclusions……Page 322
References……Page 323
1. Introduction……Page 324
2. Research Task, Equipment, and Codes……Page 325
3. Inflight Measurements……Page 328
References……Page 331
1. Introduction……Page 334
2. Possible Mechanisms……Page 335
3.1. Daily scales……Page 336
3.2. Inter-annual/decadal variations……Page 338
3.4. Geological time scales……Page 340
References……Page 342
1. Introduction……Page 346
2. Data and Methods……Page 347
3. Results and Discussion……Page 348
4. Discussion and Conclusions……Page 351
References……Page 352
1. Introduction……Page 354
2.1. Temperature……Page 356
2.2. Precipitation……Page 357
3. Extreme Events During 1620–1720……Page 359
4. Conclusion and Discussion……Page 361
References……Page 362
1. Introduction……Page 364
2. Observations and Results……Page 365
3. Discussion……Page 368
Acknowledgments……Page 372
References……Page 373
1. Introduction……Page 374
2. Shadow Bands Formation and Observations……Page 375
3. Correlation and Power Spectrum……Page 376
4. Conclusions……Page 379
Acknowledgments……Page 380
References……Page 381