Encyclopedia of psychology & law

Brian L. Cutler1412951895, 9781412951890

This set is edited by Cutler (psychology, Univ. of North Carolina), who already has to his credit other scholarly works on the growing field of psychology and the law, including Mistaken Identification: The Eyewitness, Psychology and the Law. The legal topics addressed here span the major subdivisions of psychology-i.e., cognitive, developmental, clinical, biological, and industrial/organizational. The 400 entries are authored by a score of international contributors, range in length from one to five pages, and are arranged alphabetically by topic. In the introduction, readers are encouraged to use the Reader’s Guide, which arranges entries thematically-indeed, many entries appear in multiple categories of the guide, and aspects of any given topic can range across the two volumes. For example, the ”Death Penalty” entry does not include the same information found in the ”Racial Bias and the Death Penalty” entry. The text offers the occasional unnecessary observation, such as the first sentence in the ”Sex Offender Community Notification (Megan’s Laws)” entry: ”Sexual assault is a serious problem of great concern.” Well, yes, absolutely, but we don’t need this encyclopedia to tell us that. BOTTOM LINE There is no other reference work on psychology and the law, so libraries supporting curricula in this area may consider purchasing. But because this field of study is still in its infancy, and it remains to be seen whether it will grow into something major, this set is otherwise an optional purchase for most libraries.

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Title Page……Page 3
ISBN 1412951895……Page 4
Contents……Page 5
Senior Advisory Board Members……Page 6
List of Entries……Page 7
Death Penalty……Page 12
Eyewitness Memory……Page 13
Forensic Assessment in Civil and Criminal Cases……Page 14
Mental Health Law……Page 15
Psychological and Forensic Assessment Instruments……Page 16
Sentencing and Incarceration……Page 17
Trial Processes……Page 18
Violence Risk Assessment……Page 19
Managing Editor……Page 20
Contributors……Page 21
Why an Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law?……Page 32
Brewing the Encyclopedia……Page 33
Acknowledgments……Page 34
Description of the Instrument……Page 35
Legal Standards for Juvenile Competence……Page 36
Assessment of Youths’ Adjudicative Competence……Page 37
Interventions for Remediating Incompetent Youth……Page 38
ADULT ATTACHMENT INTERVIEW (AAI)……Page 39
AGGRAVATING AND MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES, EVALUATION OF IN CAPITAL CASES……Page 40
Aggravating Factors……Page 43
Mitigating Factors……Page 44
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE; SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, IMPACT ON EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 45
Alcohol Research Methodologies……Page 46
Intoxicated Eyewitnesses: Experimental Findings……Page 47
ALIBI WITNESSES……Page 48
Third-Party ADR Processes……Page 49
The Efficacy of ADR……Page 50
The Effect of Process, Third-Party, and Dispute Characteristics……Page 51
AMBER Alert and Social Science……Page 53
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION RESOLUTION ON MENTAL DISABILITY AND THE DEATH PENALTY……Page 54
The Resolution (Quoted From the Task Force)……Page 56
Background of the ADA……Page 57
Mental Disabilities in the ADA……Page 58
Litigation-Related Evaluations and Consultations……Page 59
Overview……Page 60
Perceptions of the Amicus Curiae Brief……Page 61
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER……Page 62
Phenomenology, Associated Features, and Correlates……Page 63
Assessment……Page 64
Etiology……Page 65
Controversies……Page 66
APPEARANCE-CHANGE INSTRUCTION IN LINEUPS……Page 67
AUTOMATISM……Page 68
The Automatism Defense: Case Law……Page 69
BAIL-SETTING DECISIONS……Page 71
Improving Bail Decisions……Page 72
History of Domestic Violence and the Law……Page 73
Women Who Kill in Self-Defense……Page 74
Psychological Theories About Domestic Violence and Battered Women……Page 75
Application of Battered Woman Syndrome in Legal Contexts……Page 76
BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME, TESTIMONY ON……Page 77
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS INTERVIEW……Page 79
Bias Crime in the United States……Page 81
Criminalizing Bias Crime……Page 82
Costs Incurred……Page 83
Preventing Bias Crimes……Page 84
Legal Aspects of TCC……Page 85
Clinical Assessment of TCC……Page 86
Research on TCC in Clinical Populations……Page 87
Structure and Administration of the CCTI……Page 88
Clinical and Research Utility……Page 89
Miranda Warnings……Page 90
Developmental Considerations……Page 91
Consequences……Page 92
Identification of Relevant Capacities……Page 93
CAPITAL MITIGATION……Page 94
Nature and Scope of Capital Mitigation……Page 95
Psychological Underpinning of Capital Mitigation……Page 96
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT See DEATH PENALTY CHECKLIST FOR COMPETENCY FOR EXECUTION EVALUATIONS……Page 97
Project Studies and Results……Page 99
Project Legacy and Impact……Page 101
Reliability……Page 102
CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS……Page 103
A Historical Review of Custody of Children……Page 104
Comprehensive Evaluation of Parental Responsibility……Page 105
Variations on the Nature and Forms of Families……Page 106
Defining Child Maltreatment……Page 107
Potential Effects of Child Maltreatment……Page 108
Prevention and Intervention……Page 110
Memory and Suggestibility in the Child Witness……Page 111
Interview Techniques and Protocols……Page 113
Children in the Courtroom……Page 115
Perceptions of Bystander Witnesses……Page 116
Perceptions of Alleged Victims of Child Maltreatment……Page 117
Future Research……Page 118
Definitional Issues……Page 119
Identification of Victims……Page 120
Consequences of Sexual Abuse……Page 121
Treatment for Victims and Families……Page 122
CIVIL COMMITMENT……Page 123
Civil Commitment Statutory Criteria……Page 124
CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLENCE RISK (COVR)……Page 126
CLOTHING BIAS IN IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES……Page 128
Social Dynamics……Page 129
Memory and Cognition……Page 130
Empirical Testing to Validate the Cognitive Interview……Page 131
Other Investigative Tasks……Page 132
Training in the CI……Page 133
Developing Community Corrections and Questioning Its Performance……Page 134
Reintroducing Rehabilitation Efforts to Improve Outcomes……Page 135
Tailoring Responses to Supervisees With Mental Disorder……Page 136
COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT FOR STANDING TRIAL FOR DEFENDANTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION (CAST*MR)……Page 137
CAST*MR Validity and Reliability……Page 138
Criteria for Adjudicative Competence……Page 139
Foundational and Decisional Competence……Page 140
Legal and Ethical Context……Page 142
Focus of Restoration Treatment……Page 143
Restoration Success Versus Failure……Page 144
COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT (CAI)……Page 145
COMPETENCY FOR EXECUTION……Page 146
Legal Standards……Page 147
Research on Competency for Execution……Page 148
Description and Development……Page 149
COMPETENCY TO BE SENTENCED……Page 150
COMPETENCY TO CONFESS……Page 152
COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL……Page 153
Legal Standard and Procedures……Page 154
Complexities in Waiver of Appeals Among Death-Sentenced Inmates……Page 157
Supreme Court Guidance on Competence to Waive Death Sentence Appeals……Page 158
Evaluations of Death-Sentenced Inmates for Competence to Waive Appeals……Page 159
COMPETENCY TO WAIVE COUNSEL (PROCEED PRO SE)……Page 160
Theoretical Issues……Page 161
Conclusions……Page 163
Lineup Presentation……Page 164
Showups……Page 165
CONDITIONAL RELEASE PROGRAMS……Page 166
CONDUCT DISORDER……Page 167
Conduct Disorder and Psychopathy……Page 168
Prevention and Intervention……Page 169
CONFESSION EVIDENCE……Page 170
Factors for and Against a Confidence-Accuracy Relationship……Page 172
Confidence-Accuracy Calibration……Page 173
Applied Implications……Page 174
Confidence Malleability……Page 175
CONFIDENCE IN IDENTIFICATIONS, MALLEABILITY……Page 176
Retrospective Confidence in Identification Accuracy……Page 177
Remedies for Confidence Malleability……Page 178
Surveys of Incidence: Conflict Tactics Surveys……Page 179
Criticisms……Page 180
CONFORMITY IN EYEWITNESS REPORTS……Page 181
Historical Perspective……Page 182
Requirements of Informed Consent……Page 183
Competency of Special Populations……Page 184
Social Support……Page 185
Attributions About the Cause of the Rape……Page 186
Social Factors……Page 187
Psychological Factors……Page 188
Biological Factors……Page 189
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY, ASSESSMENT OF……Page 191
The Calculus of Legal Tests for Insanity……Page 192
Clinical Assessment of Criminal Responsibility……Page 193
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY, DEFENSES AND STANDARDS……Page 195
M’Naghten Case……Page 196
Irresistible Impulse……Page 197
American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code Test……Page 198
“Guilty but Mentally Ill”……Page 199
Abolition and Limitation Proposals……Page 200
Hostage and Crisis Negotiation……Page 201
Team Composition and Tactics……Page 202
The Influence of Power Tactics and Face-Saving……Page 203
Active Listening and the Resolution Process……Page 204
Developing Mental Models……Page 205
CROSS-RACE EFFECT IN EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 206
The CRE in Eyewitness Identification and Person Descriptions……Page 207
Theoretical Underpinnings of the CRE……Page 208
CSI EFFECT……Page 209
Major Types of Cybercrime……Page 211
Cybercriminals……Page 212
Responses to Cybercrime……Page 213
Various Kinds of Damage Awards……Page 215
Controversy Surrounding Decisions About Damages……Page 216
Determining Jury Damage Awards……Page 217
Reforming Jury Damage Awards……Page 218
Psychometric Evaluation……Page 219
DEATH PENALTY……Page 220
The Supreme Court and the Death Penalty……Page 221
Public Opinion……Page 222
Wrongful Conviction and Execution……Page 223
The Nature and Effect of Death Qualification……Page 224
Changes in the Legal Standard of Exclusion……Page 225
Definition of Delusions……Page 226
Types of Delusions……Page 227
Assessment of Delusions……Page 228
DETECTION OF DECEPTION: COGNITIVE LOAD……Page 229
DETECTION OF DECEPTION: EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS……Page 231
Use of MRI in Detecting Deception……Page 233
Theoretical Approaches……Page 234
Nonverbal Behavior and Deception in General……Page 235
Limitations and Conclusions……Page 236
DETECTION OF DECEPTION: REALITY MONITORING……Page 237
DETECTION OF DECEPTION: USE OF EVIDENCE IN……Page 238
DETECTION OF DECEPTION BY DETECTION “WIZARDS”……Page 240
DETECTION OF DECEPTION IN ADULTS……Page 241
Overall Results……Page 242
Motivation……Page 243
Beliefs About Deception……Page 244
Limitations and Future Challenges……Page 245
Children’s Deception……Page 246
Children’s Nonverbal Deception Cues……Page 247
Children’s Verbal Deception Cues……Page 248
Other Factors……Page 249
DETECTION OF DECEPTION IN HIGH-STAKES LIARS……Page 250
The Mens Rea Variant……Page 251
Partial Responsibility Variant……Page 253
DIPLOMATES IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY……Page 254
Disability Claims……Page 256
Evaluation of Disability and Workers’ Compensation Claims……Page 257
Disparate Treatment……Page 259
Psychological Consultation……Page 260
The Diagnosis of DID……Page 261
Perspectives on Causal Mechanisms……Page 262
Forensic Implications……Page 263
Divorce and Its Aftermath……Page 264
The Process of Conducting Child Custody Evaluations……Page 265
Research on Divorce and Child Custody Outcomes……Page 266
Doctoral Program Specialty Areas……Page 267
Training Models in Psychology and Law Doctoral Programs……Page 268
Training Areas and Objectives in Doctoral Programs……Page 269
Employment Opportunities for Graduates of Doctoral Programs……Page 270
Domestic Violence Courts in the United States……Page 271
Domestic Violence Courts in the United Kingdom……Page 272
Case Progression in Domestic Violence Courts……Page 273
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SCREENING INSTRUMENT (DVSI)……Page 274
Implementing and Modifying the DVSI in Connecticut……Page 275
Origins of the Recommendation for Double-Blind Lineups……Page 276
Empirical Support for the Use of Double-Blind Lineups……Page 277
DRUG COURTS……Page 278
“DYNAMITE CHARGE”……Page 279
Definitions and Prevalence……Page 283
Prevention and Treatment Approaches……Page 284
Elders in Prisons……Page 285
ELDERLY EYEWITNESSES……Page 286
Recognition and Identification……Page 287
Defining Clinical/Legal Issues at the End of Life……Page 288
Legal History of the “Right to Die”……Page 289
Treatment Decision Making……Page 290
ESTIMATOR AND SYSTEM VARIABLES IN EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 291
Intended Beneficiary of the Forensic Product or Service……Page 292
Beneficence and Nonmalfeasance……Page 293
Professional Competence……Page 294
Judgment……Page 295
The Big Picture……Page 296
External Correlates of Psychopathy Across Ethnic Groups……Page 297
Differences in Levels of Psychopathic Traits……Page 298
Explaining Cross-Group Differences in Psychopathy……Page 299
Forensic Applications……Page 300
Past Mental States……Page 301
Past Behavior……Page 302
Current Mental State……Page 303
Commentary on the Probative Value of Other Evidence……Page 304
Frye v. United States……Page 305
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals……Page 306
Kumho Tire Company v. Carmichael……Page 307
Effects of Changing Standards on the Admissibility of Expert Evidence……Page 308
The Davis Model……Page 309
The Monahan-Walker Model……Page 310
The Courts’ Model of Causation: General and Specific……Page 311
EXPERT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTIMONY ON EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 312
EXPERT TESTIMONY, QUALIFICATIONS OF EXPERTS……Page 314
EXPOSURE TIME AND EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 316
EXTREME EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE……Page 317
Quantity Versus Quality of Person Descriptions……Page 319
Methods for Obtaining Person Descriptions……Page 320
EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION: EFFECT OF DISGUISES AND APPEARANCE CHANGES……Page 321
Disguise……Page 322
Identification Procedures……Page 323
EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION: FIELD STUDIES……Page 324
The Opinions of Experts……Page 326
Other Evidence……Page 327
History of Research on Eyewitness Memory……Page 328
Types of Eyewitness Memory and Factors Affecting Eyewitness Memory……Page 329
Methods of Improving Eyewitness Memory……Page 330
Evaluating Eyewitness Memory……Page 331
Eyewitnesses in the Courtroom……Page 332
EYEWITNESS MEMORY, LAY BELIEFS ABOUT……Page 333
Direct Methods……Page 334
Indirect Methods……Page 335
Potential Difficulties With Evaluations of Lay Knowledge……Page 336
FACIAL COMPOSITES……Page 339
FALSE CONFESSIONS……Page 340
Types of False Confessions……Page 341
Why Innocents Confess……Page 342
Empirical Research on False Confessions……Page 343
The Repression Phenomenon……Page 344
How Do False Memories Develop?……Page 345
Importance of Financial Capacity……Page 347
Methods for Clinically Assessing Financial Capacity……Page 348
Research on Financial Capacity……Page 349
Conceptualization and Development of the FCI……Page 350
Future Research……Page 351
Sources of Evidence……Page 352
Basis of Testimony……Page 353
Psychological Research Using Latent Print Examiners……Page 354
FITNESS-FOR-DUTY EVALUATIONS……Page 355
FITNESS INTERVIEW TEST–REVISED (FIT–R)……Page 356
FORCED CONFABULATION……Page 358
FORCIBLE MEDICATION……Page 359
Constitutional Requirements for Forcible Medication……Page 360
The Right to a Hearing……Page 361
FORENSIC ASSESSMENT……Page 362
Training and Practice Guidelines……Page 363
Forensic Assessment Settings……Page 364
Tests and Assessment Instruments……Page 365
GEORGIA COURT COMPETENCE TEST (GCCT)……Page 369
Development and Purpose……Page 370
Application, Interpretation, and Acceptability……Page 371
GUARDIANSHIP……Page 372
Psychological Issues……Page 373
Administration……Page 374
Research……Page 375
GUILTY BUT MENTALLY ILL VERDICT……Page 376
Disorders Associated With Hallucinations……Page 379
Hallucinations and Schizophrenia……Page 380
Assessment of Hallucinations……Page 381
Description and Psychometric Properties……Page 382
Current Issues……Page 383
Description and Development……Page 384
HARE PSYCHOPATHY CHECKLIST: YOUTH VERSION (PCL:YV)……Page 385
Psychometric Properties……Page 386
Description and Use……Page 387
HEARSAY TESTIMONY……Page 388
Environmental Theories……Page 390
Evolutionary Perspectives……Page 391
Future Directions and Integration……Page 392
HOPKINS COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT TEST (HCAT)……Page 393
HYPNOSIS AND EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 394
Research Findings……Page 395
IDENTIFICATION TESTS, BEST PRACTICES IN……Page 399
Instructions to the Witness……Page 400
Conducting the Identification Procedure……Page 401
Recording the Procedure……Page 402
INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE, IMPACT ON JURIES……Page 403
Juror Decision Making in Insanity Cases……Page 404
INSANITY DEFENSE REFORM ACT (IDRA)……Page 406
Historical Progression of Hospitalization of Persons With Mental Illness……Page 408
Implications for the Future……Page 409
Biased Versus Unbiased Instructions……Page 410
INTERDISCIPLINARY FITNESS INTERVIEW (IFI)……Page 411
What Really Happens in Police Interviews?……Page 413
Reform of Techniques……Page 414
Suspects’ Views……Page 415
Defining Intimate Partner Violence……Page 416
Risk Markers……Page 417
Types of Interventions……Page 418
INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT See CIVIL COMMITMENT; OUTPATIENT COMMITMENT, INVOLUNTARY……Page 420
JAIL SCREENING ASSESSMENT TOOL (JSAT)……Page 421
JUDGES’ NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR……Page 422
Laypeople’s Intuitions About Eyewitness Memory……Page 424
Jurors’ Intuitions and Their Verdicts……Page 425
JURIES AND JOINED TRIALS……Page 426
Empirical Evidence……Page 427
Jury Instruction Comprehension Rates……Page 429
Improving the Jury Instruction Process……Page 431
The “Plain English” Movement and the Future of Jury Instructions……Page 432
Legal and Theoretical Basis for Administrative Reforms……Page 433
Specific Reforms……Page 434
Jurors’ Use of Evidence……Page 435
Jury Instructions……Page 437
Aids to Jury Decision Making……Page 438
JURY DECISIONS VERSUS JUDGES’ DECISIONS……Page 439
Case-Based Judicial Surveys……Page 440
Simulations and Experiments……Page 441
A General Model of Deliberation……Page 442
Initial Distribution of Verdict Preferences……Page 443
The Dynamics of Consensus……Page 444
Deliberation Quality……Page 445
A Short History of Jury Nullification……Page 446
Jury Research and Nullification Instructions……Page 448
JURY QUESTIONNAIRES……Page 449
Voir Dire……Page 451
Jury Comprehension and Performance……Page 452
Definition of Jury Selection……Page 454
Traditional Jury Selection……Page 455
Individual Characteristics as Predictors of Verdicts……Page 456
JURY SIZE AND DECISION RULE……Page 457
Jury Size……Page 458
Social Decision Rule……Page 459
Penalty Phase Instructions……Page 460
Jury Decision Making……Page 461
JUVENILE BOOT CAMPS……Page 462
Differences in Boot Camps……Page 463
Do Juvenile Boot Camps Work?……Page 464
JUVENILE OFFENDERS……Page 465
Juvenile Population and Crime Statistics……Page 466
Developmental Pathways of Delinquent Behavior and Juvenile Offending……Page 467
Predictors of Desistance and Persistence……Page 468
JUVENILE OFFENDERS, RISK FACTORS……Page 469
Individual Characteristics……Page 470
Community Conditions……Page 471
JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHY……Page 472
Construct Validity of Juvenile Psychopathy: Potential Mechanisms and Etiology……Page 473
Malleability of Juvenile Psychopathy……Page 474
JUVENILES AND THE DEATH PENALTY……Page 475
Research on Juvenile Development……Page 476
Measures of Legal Authoritarianism……Page 479
LEGAL NEGOTIATION……Page 481
Heuristics and Biases……Page 482
Influence……Page 483
LEGAL SOCIALIZATION……Page 484
Research……Page 485
Evidence for the Leniency Bias……Page 487
Implications of the Leniency Bias……Page 488
Filler Selection Strategies……Page 489
Assessing Lineup Fairness……Page 490
Lineup Bias……Page 491
Good and Bad Lineups……Page 492
All-Suspect and Multiple-Suspect Lineups……Page 493
LITIGATION STRESS……Page 494
MACARTHUR COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH (MACCAT–CR)……Page 497
MACARTHUR COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR CRIMINAL ADJUDICATION (MACCAT–CA)……Page 498
MACARTHUR COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR TREATMENT (MACCAT–T)……Page 500
The MacArthur Study’s General Research Strategy……Page 501
Results of the MacArthur Study……Page 503
MALINGERING……Page 504
Domains of Malingering……Page 505
Detection Strategies……Page 506
Detection Strategies for Feigned Cognitive Disorders……Page 507
Conclusion……Page 508
MALINGERING PROBABILITY SCALE……Page 509
MANDATED COMMUNITY TREATMENT……Page 510
Psychiatric Advance Directives……Page 511
Development and Factor Structure……Page 512
MASTER’S PROGRAMS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW……Page 513
Relevant Components for Training……Page 514
Considerations for Students Pursuing a Master’s Degree……Page 515
MEDIA VIOLENCE AND BEHAVIOR……Page 516
Effects of Television and Movie Violence on Aggressive Behavior……Page 517
Theoretical Mechanisms……Page 518
Policy Implications……Page 519
MEGAN’S LAWS See SEX OFFENDER COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION (MEGAN’S LAWS)……Page 520
Mens Rea……Page 521
Origins of Mental Health Courts……Page 522
Hearings……Page 523
Transition From a Medical Model to a Legal Model……Page 524
Constitutional Limits in the Criminal Process……Page 525
The Emerging Therapeutic Jurisprudence Paradigm……Page 526
Rates and Types of Mental Disorders Among Juvenile Offenders……Page 527
Implications for Service Delivery……Page 528
Treating and Managing the Mental Health Needs of Juvenile Offenders……Page 529
MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE DEATH PENALTY……Page 530
The Role of Mental Health Professionals……Page 531
Public Opinion Research……Page 532
MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, ASSESSMENT OF……Page 533
Nature, Symptoms, and Outcomes From mTBI……Page 534
Psychological Evaluation of mTBI……Page 535
Description and Structure……Page 536
Validity……Page 537
Diagnostic Accuracy of the MCMI–III……Page 538
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY–2 (MMPI–2)……Page 539
Assets and Limitations……Page 540
MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY–2 (MMPI–2) VALIDITY SCALES……Page 541
Description and Development……Page 543
Validity……Page 544
M’NAGHTEN STANDARD……Page 545
MOOD DISORDERS……Page 546
Suicide……Page 547
Causes of Mood Disorders……Page 548
MORAL DISENGAGEMENT AND EXECUTION……Page 549
Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement……Page 550
Executioners and Moral Disengagement……Page 551
MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 552
Defense Lawyers’ Sensitivity to Suggestive Lineup Procedures……Page 553
Why the Manson Test Compromises Motions to Suppress……Page 554
Interference……Page 555
MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER See DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER……Page 556
NEIL V. BIGGERS CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 557
Certainty, View, and Attention: Subjective Criteria……Page 558
The Biggers Criteria Attempt to Postdict Accuracy……Page 559
Scale Components……Page 560
Future Directions……Page 561
Community Standards and Expert Testimony……Page 563
OPTIMALITY HYPOTHESIS IN EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 564
Criteria for Outpatient Commitment……Page 566
The Legality of Outpatient Commitment Statutes……Page 567
The Impact of Outpatient Commitment Statutes……Page 568
Juvenile Law……Page 569
PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP INVENTORY (PCRI)……Page 570
Future Research……Page 571
Scale Development……Page 572
Validity……Page 573
Administration and Scoring……Page 574
PAROLE DECISIONS……Page 575
Context……Page 576
Process……Page 577
PATIENT’S RIGHTS……Page 578
Right to Refuse Treatment……Page 579
Right to Be Free of Unreasonable Seclusion and Restraint……Page 580
Definition……Page 581
Assessment and Diagnosis……Page 582
Etiology……Page 583
Treatment……Page 584
Psychologists’ Role……Page 585
Observers……Page 586
Report of Findings……Page 587
Specific Personality Disorders……Page 588
Categorical Versus Dimensional Approaches……Page 592
Self-Interests of the Bargainers……Page 593
POLICE AS EYEWITNESSES……Page 595
Officers’ Decision Frames and Response Styles……Page 597
Police Decisions and Racial Disparity……Page 598
Police Decisions on the Use of Force……Page 599
How Officers Think About Domestic Violence……Page 601
Criteria Used in Arrest Decisions……Page 602
Officers’ Personal Characteristics and Decision Making……Page 603
Prevalence and Situational Profile……Page 604
Police Training……Page 605
POLICE OCCUPATIONAL SOCIALIZATION……Page 606
Entry Phase……Page 607
In-Service Phase……Page 608
POLICE PSYCHOLOGISTS……Page 609
History of Police Psychology……Page 611
Clinical Intervention……Page 612
Training for a Career as a Police Psychologist……Page 613
Evaluating Police Applicants……Page 614
Educating and Training Police Officers……Page 615
Carrying Out Fitness-for-Duty Assessments……Page 617
Selection Strategy……Page 618
Personal Interview……Page 619
Current Trends……Page 620
POLICE STRESS……Page 621
Sources of Stress in Police Work……Page 622
Resolving Stress……Page 623
Recruit, Field, and In-Service Training……Page 624
Information and Skills Training……Page 625
Evaluation Methods……Page 626
Decision Making……Page 627
Stress Effects……Page 628
Job-Related Experiences……Page 629
Standard Physiological Measures in Modern Polygraphs……Page 630
The Knowledge Approach……Page 631
The Deception Approach……Page 632
POPOUT EFFECT IN EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 634
PORNOGRAPHY, EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO……Page 635
The Obscenity Theoretical Perspective……Page 636
Theoretical Perspectives on Pornography……Page 637
POSTDOCTORAL RESIDENCIES IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY……Page 639
Accreditation Issues……Page 640
POSTEVENT INFORMATION AND EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 641
Cognitive Interpretations of the Effect of Postevent Information……Page 642
Can Postevent Information Plant False Events in Memory?……Page 643
Current PTSD Diagnostic Criteria……Page 644
Issues Related to Diagnosing PTSD in Children and Other Special Populations……Page 645
PTSD: Current Controversies……Page 646
PRESENCE OF COUNSEL SAFEGUARD AND EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 647
PRESENTENCE EVALUATIONS……Page 648
PRETRIAL PUBLICITY, IMPACT ON JURIES……Page 649
Potential Remedies for Prejudicial Effects of PTP……Page 650
Psychological Consultation in PTP Cases……Page 651
PRISON OVERCROWDING……Page 652
Consequences……Page 653
Future Research……Page 654
Pretrial Decisions……Page 655
Postconviction Decisions……Page 656
Procedural Justice and the Law……Page 659
Challenges to Procedural Justice Theory……Page 660
Cross-Cultural Views……Page 661
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)……Page 662
PROFILING……Page 663
Components……Page 664
PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT……Page 665
Remedies for Prosecutorial Misconduct……Page 666
PROXY DECISION MAKING……Page 667
PSYCHIATRIC ADVANCE DIRECTIVES……Page 668
Ethical and Legal Questions……Page 669
Current Research and Trends……Page 670
Concluding Remarks……Page 671
PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSIES……Page 672
Reliability……Page 673
PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (PPI)……Page 674
Reliability……Page 675
PSYCHOPATHY……Page 676
Practical Interest in Psychopathy……Page 677
Basic Nature and Manifestations of Psychopathy……Page 678
Defining Features……Page 681
Treatment-Outcome Studies……Page 682
Directions for Future Studies……Page 683
Symptomatology……Page 684
Contemporary Classification……Page 685
Treatment……Page 687
Forensic Relevance……Page 688
Public’s Ranking of the Seriousness of Offenses……Page 689
Public’s Stereotypes of Crimes and Criminals……Page 690
Public Knowledge About Sentencing, Parole, and Prisons……Page 692
General Versus Specific Questions About Sentencing……Page 693
Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms and Retributive Justice……Page 694
The Public’s Image of the Courts……Page 695
Explaining Opinions About the Court……Page 696
PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT THE POLYGRAPH……Page 698
Race of Defendant……Page 701
Race of Juror……Page 702
Jury Racial Composition……Page 703
Legal Background……Page 704
Causes of Racial Bias……Page 705
Definition of Rape Trauma Syndrome……Page 706
Expert Testimony on RTS……Page 707
Reliability and Validity Findings……Page 708
RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY……Page 709
The Process of Memory Reconstruction……Page 710
Postevent Information……Page 711
REID TECHNIQUE FOR INTERROGATIONS……Page 712
The Nine-Step Process……Page 713
Use of the Reid Technique With Innocent Suspects……Page 714
Use of Religion in Voir Dire……Page 715
Use of Religion by Lawyers During Trial……Page 716
Use of Religion by Judges……Page 717
REPEATED RECALL……Page 718
Absolute Reporting Rates……Page 719
Process of Reporting……Page 720
Bystander Reporting……Page 721
Surge in Recovered Memories and Their Effects……Page 722
Research in the Field of Repressed and Recovered Memories……Page 724
Alternative Explanations for Repression……Page 725
RESPONSE LATENCY IN EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 726
RETENTION INTERVAL AND EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 727
Fitness for Duty in High-Risk Occupations……Page 729
Conclusion……Page 731
Approaches to Risk Assessment……Page 732
Development……Page 735
Application……Page 736
Validity……Page 737
Forensic Applications……Page 738
Origin of Scientific Jury Selection……Page 739
An SJS Survey……Page 740
Utility of SJS……Page 741
Sentencing Theory and Policy……Page 742
Research Describing and Explaining Sentencing Practice……Page 743
The Purpose of Diversion Programs……Page 744
Features of Diversion Programs……Page 745
Effectiveness of Diversion Programs……Page 746
Definition……Page 747
Motivation of Serial Killers……Page 748
Future Research……Page 749
Forensic Psychological Practice With Sex Offenders……Page 750
Assessment of Sexual Preferences……Page 751
Risk Assessment Among Sex Offenders……Page 752
Conclusions……Page 753
Sex Offender Civil Commitment Criteria……Page 754
SEX OFFENDER COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION (MEGAN’S LAWS)……Page 755
Effectiveness of Community Notification……Page 756
Recidivism, Risk Assessment, and Community Notification Practices……Page 757
SEX OFFENDER NEEDS ASSESSMENT RATING (SONAR)……Page 759
Sex Offender Recidivism……Page 760
Static and Dynamic Predictors of Sex Offender Recidivism……Page 761
Sex Offender Typologies and Recidivism……Page 762
SEX OFFENDER RISK APPRAISAL GUIDE (SORAG)……Page 763
Treatment Models……Page 764
Risk, Need, and Responsivity……Page 765
Does Treatment Work?……Page 766
Incest Offenders……Page 767
Exhibitionism……Page 768
SEXUAL HARASSMENT……Page 769
Federal Sexual Harassment Law……Page 770
Gender Differences……Page 771
Social Cognitive Model of Sexual Harassment Judgments……Page 772
Gender Effects on Juror Decisions in Sexual Harassment Cases……Page 774
The Effect of Expert Testimony on Juror Decisions……Page 775
Damage Award Decisions……Page 776
Critique……Page 777
SHORT-TERM ASSESSMENT OF RISK AND TREATABILITY (START)……Page 778
Future Research……Page 779
SHOWUPS……Page 780
SIMULTANEOUS AND SEQUENTIAL LINEUP PRESENTATION……Page 781
SOURCE MONITORING AND EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 782
SPOUSAL ASSAULT RISK ASSESSMENT (SARA)……Page 784
STABLE–2007 AND ACUTE–2007 INSTRUMENTS……Page 785
The Mental Health System and Stalking……Page 787
Community Perceptions of Stalking……Page 788
Treatment of Stalkers……Page 789
STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT……Page 790
STATEMENT VALIDITY ASSESSMENT (SVA)……Page 791
The Validity Checklist……Page 792
Research and Evaluation……Page 793
The STATIC–99……Page 794
The STATIC–2002……Page 795
Juror Understanding of Statistical Evidence……Page 796
How Jurors Combine Statistical Evidence With Nonstatistical Evidence……Page 797
“STEALING THUNDER”……Page 798
Why Does Stealing Thunder Work?……Page 799
Story Construction……Page 800
Learning Verdict Options……Page 801
Research Investigating the Story Model……Page 802
STRESS AND EYEWITNESS MEMORY……Page 803
STRUCTURED ASSESSMENT OF VIOLENCE RISK IN YOUTH (SAVRY)……Page 804
Psychometric Properties……Page 805
Validity……Page 806
Substance Abuse as a Risk Marker for IPV……Page 807
Implications for Research and Practice……Page 808
Typical Care at Treatment Facilities……Page 809
Evidence-Based Treatment……Page 810
Biopsychosocial Model……Page 812
Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders……Page 814
Risk Factors……Page 815
Suicide Prevention……Page 818
SUICIDE ASSESSMENT MANUAL FOR INMATES (SAMI)……Page 819
SUICIDE BY COP……Page 820
SUPERMAX PRISONS……Page 821
Population of Supermax Prisons……Page 822
Legal Regulation……Page 823
Current Research on the Tender Years Doctrine……Page 825
TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS……Page 826
Forensic Assessment in Context……Page 827
Parenting and Child Development……Page 828
TERRORISM……Page 829
TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY……Page 832
Attorney Observations of TC……Page 833
Research on TC……Page 834
Development and Validation……Page 835
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES FOR TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE……Page 836
Research on Therapeutic Communities……Page 837
Therapeutic Jurisprudence: An Overview……Page 838
Practical Implications……Page 839
The Future of Therapeutic Jurisprudence……Page 840
TRAINING OF EYEWITNESSES……Page 841
CRIMINAL COURT TRANSLATED TESTIMONY……Page 842
Impact on Jurors’ and Juries’ Decisions……Page 843
Implications for the Law……Page 844
The Role of the Physician……Page 845
Public Policy on the Rights of the Insane……Page 846
Contemporary Issues and Developments……Page 847
TRIAL CONSULTANT TRAINING……Page 848
On-the-Job Training……Page 849
Certification of Trial Consultants……Page 850
Trial-Consulting Services……Page 851
UNCONSCIOUS TRANSFERENCE……Page 855
UNIFORM CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATION SYSTEM (UCCES)……Page 856
Psychometric Properties……Page 857
U.S. SUPREME COURT……Page 858
Role of the Solicitor General……Page 859
Types of Rulings……Page 860
Interface of Psychological Science and the Supreme Court……Page 861
VALIDITY INDICATOR PROFILE (VIP)……Page 863
VERBAL OVERSHADOWING AND EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION……Page 864
VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS……Page 866
VICTIMIZATION……Page 868
Effects of Victimization……Page 869
What Happens During VOM?……Page 871
Victims’ and Offenders’ Perceptions of VOM……Page 872
The Future of VOM……Page 873
Changes in the Role of Crime Victims……Page 874
Victim Impact Statements at Sentencing……Page 875
Research Findings on the Effects of Victim Participation……Page 876
Restorative Justice, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, and the VIS……Page 877
Law Enforcement’s Mixed Reactions to Videotaping……Page 878
Possible Drawbacks of the Videotaping Practice……Page 879
VIOLENCE RISK APPRAISAL GUIDE (VRAG)……Page 881
VIOLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT……Page 882
History of the Scientific Study of Violence Risk Assessment……Page 883
Contemporary Approaches to Violence Risk Assessment……Page 884
VOICE RECOGNITION……Page 885
Earwitness Research……Page 886
Factors Influencing Voice Recognition Accuracy……Page 887
Voice Identification Procedures……Page 888
Procedural Elements of Voir Dire……Page 889
Voir Dire as a Safeguard……Page 890
Research on the Format and Effectiveness of Voir Dire……Page 891
Historical Purposes of Waiver of Jurisdiction……Page 893
Mechanisms for Transfer: Routes to and From Juvenile Courts……Page 894
Psychology’s Link to Juvenile Waiver Considerations……Page 895
WEAPON FOCUS……Page 896
The WITNESS Model……Page 898
Applications of the WITNESS Model……Page 899
Witness Education……Page 900
Testimony Delivery Skills……Page 901
Does Witness Preparation Work?……Page 902
Scope of the Problem……Page 903
Causes of Wrongful Convictions……Page 904
Cognitive Distortions and Biases……Page 905
Reforms……Page 906
A……Page 908
B……Page 910
C……Page 912
D……Page 917
E……Page 919
F……Page 922
G……Page 923
H……Page 924
I……Page 925
J……Page 926
L……Page 928
M……Page 930
N……Page 933
P……Page 934
R……Page 938
S……Page 940
T……Page 943
U……Page 944
V……Page 945
W……Page 946
Y,Z……Page 947