Philip Walsh, Paul Fletcher063206434X, 9780632064342, 0791802116, 9780791802113
Topics covered include: Gas Turbine Applications Properties and Charts for Dry Air, Combustion
Products and Other Working Fluids Gas Turbine Engine Components Off-Design Performance Starting Engine Performance Testing Fuel and Oil Properties and Their Impact Index The Operational Envelope Dimensionless, Quasi-Dimensionless, Referred and
Scaling Parameter Groups Design Point Performance and Engine Concept
Design Transient Performance Windmilling The Effects of Water: Liquid, Steam and Ice Appendices: Station Numbering and Nomenclature,
Unit Conversions
Table of contents :
Front Matter……Page 1
Foreword to the First Edition……Page 3
Gas Turbine Engine Configurations……Page 6
Preface……Page 4
Table of Contents……Page 0
Table of Contents……Page 14
1.1 Comparison of Gas Turbine and Diesel Engines……Page 20
1.2 Power Generation Applications……Page 21
1.3 Industrial Mechanical Drive Applications……Page 27
1.4 Automotive Applications……Page 29
1.5 Marine Applications……Page 36
1.6 Aircraft Applications – Propulsion Requirements……Page 42
1.7 Shaft Powered Aircraft – Turboprops and Turboshafts……Page 47
1.8 Thrust Propelled Aircraft – Turbofans, Turbojets and Ramjets……Page 49
1.9 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)……Page 52
Formulae……Page 54
Sample Calculations……Page 57
Charts……Page 61
References……Page 71
2.1 The Environmental Envelope……Page 72
2.2 Installation Pressure Losses……Page 75
2.3 The Flight Envelope……Page 76
Formulae……Page 80
Sample Calculations……Page 83
Charts……Page 88
References……Page 112
3.1 Description of Fundamental Gas Properties……Page 113
3.2 Description of Key Thermodynamic Parameters……Page 114
3.4 The Use of CP and Gamma, or Specific Enthalpy and Entropy, in Calculations……Page 116
3.5 Data Base for Fundamental and Thermodynamic Gas Properties……Page 117
3.6 Charts Showing Interrelationships of Key Thermodynamic Parameters……Page 119
Formulae……Page 124
Sample Calculations……Page 130
Charts……Page 137
References……Page 153
4.1 The Importance of Parameter Groups……Page 154
4.2 Tables of Parameter Groups and Description……Page 155
4.3 Examples of Applications……Page 156
4.4 Second-Order Effects – Steady State Performance……Page 159
4.6 Second-Order Effects – Transient Performance……Page 161
4.7 Why Components and Engines Adhere to the Parameter Group Relationships……Page 162
Sample Calculations……Page 163
Charts……Page 165
References……Page 169
5.1 Axial Compressors – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 170
5.2 Axial Flow Compressors – Off Design Performance……Page 177
5.3 Centrifugal Compressors – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 189
5.4 Centrifugal Compressors – Off Design Performance……Page 196
5.5 Fans – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 197
5.6 Fans – Off Design Performance……Page 201
5.7 Combustors – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 202
5.8 Combustors – Off Design Performance……Page 209
5.9 Axial Flow Turbines – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing Guidelines……Page 213
5.10 Axial Flow Turbines – Off Design Performance……Page 217
5.11 Radial Turbines – Design……Page 221
5.13 Ducts – Design……Page 226
5.14 Ducts – Off Design Performance……Page 235
5.15 Air Systems, Turbine NGV and Blade Cooling – Design Point Performance……Page 236
5.17 Mechanical Losses – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 240
5.18 Mechanical Losses – Off Design Performance……Page 242
5.19 Mixers – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 243
5.21 Afterburners – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 246
5.22 Afterburners – Off Design Performance……Page 250
5.23 Heat Exchangers – Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing……Page 252
5.24 Heat Exchangers – Off Design Performance……Page 256
5.25 Alternators – Design Point Performance……Page 257
5.26 Alternators – Off Design Performance……Page 258
Formulae……Page 259
Sample Calculations……Page 271
Charts……Page 284
References……Page 301
6.1 Design Point and Off Design Performance Calculations……Page 303
6.2 Design Point Performance Parameters……Page 304
6.3 Design Point Calculation and Diagram……Page 307
6.6 Ground Rules for Generic Design Point Diagrams……Page 308
6.7 Open Shaft Power Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates……Page 309
6.9 Closed Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates……Page 313
6.11 Aircraft Engine Thrust Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates……Page 314
6.12 The Engine Concept Design Process……Page 317
6.13 Margins Required When Specifying Target Performance Levels……Page 320
Formulae……Page 321
Sample Calculations……Page 323
Charts……Page 344
References……Page 393
7.1 Generic Off Design Characteristics……Page 394
7.2 Off Design Performance Modelling – Methodology……Page 402
7.3 Off Design Performance Modelling – Flow Diagrams and Sample Calculations……Page 404
7.4 Geometric Variation: Modelling and Effects……Page 416
7.6 Off Design Matching: Physical Mechanisms……Page 418
7.7 Exchange Rates……Page 420
7.8 Ratings and Control……Page 421
Sample Calculations……Page 424
Charts……Page 431
References……Page 454
8.1 The Fundamental Transient Mechanism……Page 455
8.2 Transient Performance Manoeuvres……Page 456
8.3 Engine Accel and Decel Requirements……Page 462
8.4 Transient Performance Phenomena……Page 464
8.5 Operability Concerns……Page 466
8.6 Surge, Rotating Stall and Locked Stall – the Events and their Detection……Page 468
8.7 Surge Margin Requirements and the Surge Margin Stack Up……Page 470
8.9 Scaling Parameter Groups and Transient Performance……Page 471
8.10 Control Strategies During Transient Manoeuvres……Page 472
8.11 Transient Performance and Control Models……Page 476
Formulae……Page 483
Sample Calculations……Page 485
References……Page 486
9.1 The Fundamental Starting Process……Page 488
9.2 Start Processes for Major Engine Types and Applications……Page 493
9.3 Engine Start Requirements……Page 496
9.4 The Impact of Ambient Temperature and Pressure……Page 498
9.5 Operability Issues……Page 500
9.7 Control Strategies During Start Manoeuvres……Page 501
9.8 Starter System Variants and Selection……Page 502
9.9 Start and Control Models……Page 506
Formulae……Page 507
Sample Calculations……Page 508
References……Page 511
10.1 Turbojet Windmilling……Page 512
10.2 Turbofan Windmilling……Page 515
10.3 Turboprop Windmilling……Page 516
10.5 Marine Engine Windmilling……Page 517
10.9 Windmill Computer Modelling……Page 518
Sample Calculations……Page 519
Charts……Page 522
References……Page 529
11.1 Types of Engine Test Bed……Page 530
11.2 Measurements and Instrumentation……Page 536
11.3 Test Bed Calibration……Page 552
11.4 Steady State Development Testing……Page 553
11.5 Transient Development Testing……Page 556
11.7 Production Pass Off……Page 558
11.8 Test Data Analysis……Page 560
Formulae……Page 565
Sample Calculations……Page 569
References……Page 573
12.1 Gas Properties……Page 575
12.2 Humidity……Page 576
12.3 Water Injection……Page 577
12.4 Steam Injection……Page 582
12.5 Condensation……Page 584
12.6 Rain and Ice Ingestion……Page 585
12.7 The Thermodynamics of Water……Page 586
12.8 Gas Turbine Performance Modelling and Test Data Analysis……Page 588
Formulae……Page 592
Sample Calculations……Page 594
Charts……Page 596
References……Page 597
13.1 The Combustion Process and Gas Turbine Fuel Types……Page 598
13.2 Data Base of Key Fuel Properties for Performance Calculations……Page 600
13.3 Synthesis Exchange Rates for Primary Fuel Types……Page 603
Formulae……Page 604
Sample Calculations……Page 606
Charts……Page 608
References……Page 609
14.1 Instrumentation and Test Data Analysis……Page 610
14.2 Traditional In-Service Performance Issues……Page 611
14.3 Unit Health Monitoring……Page 612
14.4 Other Services……Page 616
References……Page 617
15.1 The Business Case for a Gas Turbine Project……Page 618
15.2 Coupling the Business Case to the Performance Model……Page 622
15.4 Business Case Exchange Rates……Page 624
Sample Calculations……Page 625
References……Page 627
A.1 International Station Numbering and Nomenclature Standards……Page 628
A.2 ARP 755A Station Numbering……Page 629
A.3 Nomenclature……Page 630
References……Page 634
B.4 Emissions (Approx.)……Page 636
B.8 Length……Page 637
B.15 Specific Energy……Page 638
B.22 Torque……Page 639
References……Page 640
A……Page 642
C……Page 643
D……Page 646
F……Page 647
H……Page 648
I……Page 649
M……Page 650
P……Page 651
R……Page 652
S……Page 653
T……Page 654
V……Page 656
Y……Page 657
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