Leslie S. Ettre9781860949432, 1860949436
This book deals with the history of the invention and evolution of chromatography and of the various chromatographic techniques. After discussing the precursors, it elaborates on the activities of M.S. Tswett, the inventor of the technique, and of a few selected key pioneers. It then summarizes the evolution of the various branches of chromatography (planar, ion-exchange, gas and liquid), and also reviews the key role of international symposia in setting the trends in this evolution. Except for individual publications of the author, the history of the evolution of chromatography has not been the subject of any book. Thus, this book fills a major gap in the scientific literature.
Contents: The Precursors of Chromatography; M S Tswett and the Discovery of Chromatography; The First Pioneers in the Use of Chromatography; The Rebirth of Chromatography; The Evolution of the Chromatographic Techniques; Ion-Exchange Chromatography; Gas Chromatography; Modern Liquid Chromatography; The Most Important Chromatography Meetings.
Table of contents :
Contents……Page 6
Preface……Page 16
Acknowledgments……Page 18
Introduction: One Hundred Years of Chromatography……Page 20
Steps in the Evolution of Chromatography……Page 22
References……Page 25
Part One: THE PRECURSORS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 26
1. Chromatography in the Ancient World……Page 28
1.1. Was Moses The First Chromatographer?……Page 29
1.2. Did Pliny The Elder Use Planar Chromatography?……Page 30
References……Page 33
2. Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge: “Self-Grown Pictures” as Precursors of Paper Chromatography……Page 34
2.1. Runge’s Life and Activities……Page 35
2.2. Runge’s Chemistry Textbooks……Page 38
2.4. The Formation of Characteristic Patterns……Page 39
2.5. Runge’s Philosophy Concerning The “Self-Grown Pictures”……Page 44
2.6. The “Od”……Page 45
2.7. Runge’s “Self-Grown Pictures” and Chromatography……Page 46
References……Page 48
3. Early Petroleum Chromatographers……Page 50
3.1. David T. Day……Page 51
3.2. Joseph E. Gilpin……Page 52
3.3. Carl Engler……Page 55
3.4. Other Scientists……Page 57
3.4.2. Russian Petroleum Chemists……Page 58
3.5. Controversy……Page 59
3.6. Chromatography and the Cold War……Page 60
References……Page 63
Part Two: M. S. TSWETT AND THE DISCOVERY OF CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 66
4. M. S. Tswett, and the Invention of Chromatography Part I: Life and Early Work (1872–1903)……Page 68
4.1. The Life of M. S. Tswett……Page 69
4.2. Early Investigations……Page 71
4.3. In Warsaw (1901–1903)……Page 73
References……Page 77
5. M. S. Tswett and the Invention of Chromatography Part II: Completion of the Development (1903–1910)……Page 79
5.1. Controversy……Page 80
5.2. Tswett’s Two Publications On Chromatography……Page 83
5.3. Polemics……Page 85
5.4. Tswett’s 1910 Book……Page 89
5.5. Postwords……Page 91
References……Page 93
6. M. S. Tswett and the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry……Page 95
6.1. The Nobel Prizes……Page 97
6.2. The Nominations for the 1918 Chemistry Prize……Page 98
6.3. Tswett’s Nomination……Page 99
6.4. Evaluation……Page 102
References……Page 104
Part Three: THE FIRST PIONEERS IN THE USE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 106
7.1. G. Kränzlin and his Work……Page 108
7.2. Kränzlin’s Thesis……Page 109
7.3. Chromatography in Kränzlin’s Thesis……Page 111
7.4. Kränzlin’s Place in the Evolution of Chromatography……Page 115
7.5. Postscript……Page 116
References……Page 117
8.1. Dhéré’s Life; His Field of Interest……Page 118
8.2.1. Rogowski’s Life……Page 121
8.2.2. Rogowski’s Thesis Work……Page 125
8.2.3. Dhéré and Tswett……Page 128
8.3. Vegezzi and His Thesis Work……Page 129
8.4. Later Work of Dhéré……Page 130
8.5. Dhéré’s Paper on Tswett……Page 131
References……Page 133
9.1. Palmer’s Life……Page 135
9.2. Palmer’s Research Activities……Page 138
9.3. Chromatography in Palmer’s Work……Page 141
9.4. Chromatography in Palmer’s Book……Page 146
References……Page 147
10. Katharine Hope Coward: A Pioneering User of Chromatography……Page 149
10.1. K. H. Coward — Her Life……Page 150
10.2.1. Nutrition and Vitamins……Page 151
10.2.2. Carotenoids……Page 154
10.3. The Scope of Coward’s Work in the 1920s……Page 155
10.3.1. Coward and Chromatography……Page 157
10.4. Postscript……Page 158
References……Page 160
11. Theodor Lippmaa, A Forgotten Chromatographer……Page 162
11.1. The Separation of Carotenoids……Page 164
11.2. Postscript……Page 169
References……Page 170
Part Four: THE REBIRTH OF CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 172
12. The Rebirth of Chromatography……Page 174
12.1. Richard Kuhn……Page 175
12.2. The Field of Carotenoids……Page 176
12.3. Edgar Lederer and the Rebirth of Chromatography……Page 178
12.4. Further Activities……Page 182
References……Page 184
13. The Rapid Spreading of the Technique……Page 186
13.1. The Zurich Schools……Page 188
13.2. Activities of Zechmeister……Page 191
13.3. Beginnings of Inorganic Chromatography……Page 196
13.4. Flow-Through Chromatograms……Page 198
References……Page 201
Part Five: THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES……Page 204
14. The Development of Partition Chromatography……Page 206
14.1. The Start at Cambridge University……Page 207
14.2. The Birth of Partition Chromatography……Page 208
14.3. Gas–Liquid Partition Chromatography……Page 213
References……Page 216
15. Paper Chromatography……Page 217
15.1.2. Capillary Analysis……Page 218
15.2. The Invention of Paper Chromatography……Page 222
References……Page 225
16.1. The Beginnings……Page 227
16.2. TLC Matures……Page 230
16.3. The Activities of Egon Stahl……Page 231
16.4. High Performance TLC……Page 232
16.5. Forced-Flow TLC……Page 233
16.6. Newer Developments……Page 236
References……Page 238
Part Six: ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 240
17. Preparative Ion-Exchange Chromatography and the Manhattan Project……Page 242
17.1. Background……Page 244
17.2. The Rare Earth Project at Ames……Page 248
17.2.1. Methodology……Page 249
17.2.2. Separation of the Individual Rare Earths……Page 251
17.2.3. Displacement Ion-Exchange Chromatography……Page 256
17.3. Postscript……Page 258
References……Page 259
18. The Development of the Amino Acid Analyzer……Page 261
18.1. Amino Acid Research at the Rockefeller Institute……Page 262
18.2. Production of the Amino Acid Analyzer……Page 269
18.3. Other Methods……Page 271
References……Page 273
Part Seven: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 276
19. Early Development of Gas Adsorption Chromatography……Page 278
19.1. Analysis of Natural Gas……Page 279
19.2. Claesson’s System……Page 281
19.3. Gerhard Hesse……Page 283
19.4. The First Real Gas Chromatograph of Cremer……Page 286
19.5. C. S. G. Phillips……Page 291
References……Page 294
20. The Janák-Type Gas Chromatographs of the 1950s……Page 296
References……Page 308
21. The Beginning of GC Instrumentation……Page 310
21.1. Burrell’s Kromo-Tog……Page 311
21.2. Perkin-Elmer’s Vapor Fractometer……Page 313
21.3. Additional Instruments……Page 317
References……Page 321
22.1. Background……Page 322
22.2.1. Work in Australia……Page 324
22.2.2. Work in South Africa……Page 328
22.3. Further Developments……Page 329
22.4. Instrumentation……Page 332
22.5. Patents……Page 334
22.6. Triumph……Page 336
References……Page 337
23. The Development of the Electron-Capture Detector……Page 340
23.1.1. First Stage: An Anemometer……Page 343
23.1.2. Second Stage: Search for a High-Sensitivity Detector……Page 344
23.1.3. Third State: The AID……Page 346
23.1.4. Fourth State: The Invention of the ECD……Page 348
23.2. Commercial Realization of the ECD……Page 350
23.3. The Electron Capture Detector and the Environmental Movement……Page 351
23.3.1. The Chlorofluorocarbon Problem……Page 353
References……Page 354
24. Evolution of Open-Tubular (Capillary) Columns for Gas Chromatography……Page 356
24.1. Invention……Page 357
24.2. Realization……Page 358
24.3. Columns Made of Metal……Page 361
24.4. Coating Technique……Page 363
24.6. The Era of Glass Capillary Columns……Page 364
24.7. Fused-Silica Columns……Page 367
24.8. Immobilized and Bonded Stationary Phases……Page 368
References……Page 370
25. The Beginnings of Headspace Analysis……Page 373
25.1. First Uses of Headspace Sampling……Page 375
25.2. Investigation of Food Volatiles……Page 376
25.3. Determination of Alcohol in Blood……Page 379
25.4. Automated and Integrated HSGC Systems……Page 382
References……Page 386
Part Eight: MODERN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY……Page 388
26. The Evolution of Modern Liquid Chromatography……Page 390
26.1. From LC to HPLC……Page 391
26.2.2. Differences……Page 393
26.3. Pioneers in HPLC……Page 394
26.4. Bonded Phases……Page 396
References……Page 397
27.1. Personalities……Page 399
27.2. The Development of the First High-Pressure Liquid Chromatograph……Page 402
27.3. The Rapid Spreading of HPLC……Page 406
27.4. Nomenclature……Page 407
References……Page 408
28. The Development of GPC and the First Commercial HPLC Instruments……Page 410
28.1. Early Activities……Page 411
28.2. The Breakthrough: GPC……Page 412
28.3. Liquid Chromatography……Page 417
References……Page 422
Part Nine: THE MOST IMPORTANT CHROMATOGRAPHY MEETINGS……Page 424
29. Two Early Chromatography Symposia……Page 426
29.2. The 1949 Faraday Society Symposium……Page 427
29.2.1. Theory……Page 431
29.2.3. Adsorbents……Page 432
29.2.4. Ion-Exchange Chromatography……Page 433
29.2.6. Gas Chromatography……Page 434
References……Page 435
30. Early European Symposia Showing the Direction for the Evolution of Gas Chromatography……Page 437
30.1. The Start of GC in England……Page 438
30.2. The Ardeer Symposium……Page 440
30.3. The 1956 London Symposium……Page 441
30.4. The 1958 Amsterdam Symposium……Page 446
References……Page 453
31. Early GC Symposia in the United States……Page 455
31.1. The Early American Symposia……Page 459
31.2. The 1956 Dallas ACS Symposium……Page 460
31.3. The 1957 ISA Symposium……Page 462
31.4. The 1959 ISA Symposium……Page 466
31.5. The 1958 Conference of the New York Academy of Sciences……Page 469
References……Page 471
32. Two Symposia, When HPLC was Young……Page 473
32.1. The 1969 Las Vegas Symposium……Page 474
32.2. The 1973 Interlaken Symposium……Page 480
References……Page 484
Index……Page 486
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