Jerry D. Gibson9780849309670, 0-8493-0967-0
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Preface……Page 2
Editor-in-Chief……Page 4
Contributors……Page 5
Contents……Page 9
Section I – Basic Principles……Page 17
1.1 – Introduction……Page 19
1.2 – Complex Envelope Representation……Page 20
1.3 – Representation of Modulated Signals……Page 21
1.4 – Generalized Transmitters and Receivers……Page 23
1.5 – Spectrum and Power of Bandpass Signals……Page 24
1.6 – Amplitude Modulation……Page 25
1.7 – Phase and Frequency Modulation……Page 27
1.8 – QPSK, pi/4 QPSK, QAM, and OOK Signalling……Page 28
Further Information……Page 31
2.2 – Instantaneous Sampling……Page 33
2.3 – Sampling Theorem……Page 35
2.5 – Sampling of Bandpass Signals……Page 36
2.6 – Practical Sampling……Page 38
Defining Terms……Page 41
Further Information……Page 42
3.1 – Introduction……Page 43
3.2 – Generation of PCM……Page 44
3.4 – Practical PCM Circuits……Page 46
3.5 – Bandwidth of PCM……Page 47
3.6 – Effects of Noise……Page 48
3.7 – Nonuniform Quantizing: mu-Law and A-Law Companding……Page 50
3.8 – Example: Design of a PCM System……Page 53
References……Page 54
Further Information……Page 55
4.1 – Introduction……Page 56
4.2 – Discrete Probability Theory……Page 57
4.3 – The Theory of One Random Variable……Page 62
4.4 – The Theory of Two Random Variables……Page 71
Defining Terms……Page 80
Further Information……Page 81
5.2 – Basic Definitions……Page 82
5.3 – Properties and Interpretation……Page 85
5.4 – Baseband Digital Data Signals……Page 87
5.5 – Coding for Power Spectrum Control……Page 90
5.6 – Bandpass Digital Data Signals……Page 93
5.7 – Appendix: The Poisson Sum Formula……Page 95
References……Page 96
Further Information……Page 97
6.2 – Little’s Formula……Page 98
6.3 – The M/M/1 Queuing System: State Probabilities……Page 100
6.4 – The M/M/1 Queuing System: Averages and Variances……Page 103
6.5 – Averages for the Queue and the Server……Page 105
Further Information……Page 106
7.2 – Frequence Multiplexing……Page 107
7.3 – Time Multiplexing……Page 109
7.5 – Techniques for Multiplexing in Spread Spectrum……Page 112
Defining Terms……Page 113
Further Information……Page 114
8.1 – Introduction……Page 115
8.2 – m Sequences……Page 116
8.3 – The q-ary Sequences with Low Autocorrelation……Page 118
8.4 – Families of Sequences with Low Crosscorrelation……Page 119
8.5 – Aperiodic Correlation……Page 122
8.6 – Other Correlation Measures……Page 124
Defining Terms……Page 125
Further Information……Page 126
9.1 – D/A and A/D Circuits……Page 127
Defining Terms……Page 134
Further Information……Page 135
10.2 – Fundamentals……Page 136
10.3 – Application of Signal Space Representation to Signal Detection……Page 143
10.4 – Application of Signal Space Representation to Parameter Estimation……Page 144
Defining Terms……Page 147
Further Information……Page 148
11.1 – Introduction……Page 149
11.2 – Fading Dispersive Channel Model……Page 150
11.3 – Line-of-Sight Channel Models……Page 154
11.4 – Digital Channel Models……Page 156
Further Information……Page 157
12.1 – Introduction……Page 158
12.3 – Karhunen-Loève Expansion……Page 159
12.4 – Detection Theory……Page 161
12.5 – Performance……Page 162
12.7 – Standard Binary Signalling Schemes……Page 163
12.8 – M-ary Optimal Receivers……Page 164
12.9 – More Realistic Channels……Page 166
12.10 – Dispersive Channels……Page 168
Defining Terms……Page 169
Further Information……Page 170
13.1 – Introduction……Page 171
13.2 – Fundamentals of Block Coding……Page 172
13.3 – Structure and Decoding of Block Codes……Page 173
13.4 – Important Classes of Block Codes……Page 175
13.5 – Principles of Convolutional Coding……Page 176
13.6 – Decoding of Convolutional Codes……Page 179
13.7 – Trellis-Coded Modulation……Page 181
13.8 – Additional Measures……Page 182
13.9 – Turbo Codes……Page 183
13.10 – Applications……Page 184
Defining Terms……Page 185
Further Information……Page 187
14.1 – Introduction……Page 188
14.2 – Fundamentals and Basic Automatic Repeat Request Schemes……Page 189
14.3 – Performance Analysis and Limitations……Page 194
14.5 – Hybrid Forward Error Control/Automatic Repeat Request Schemes……Page 200
14.6 – Application Problem……Page 202
14.7 – Conclusion……Page 203
Further Information……Page 204
15.2 – Why Spread Spectrum?……Page 205
15.4 – Spread Spectrum Techniques……Page 206
15.5 – Applications of Spread Spectrum……Page 212
Defining Terms……Page 216
References……Page 217
16.1 – Introduction……Page 218
16.2 – Diversity Schemes……Page 220
16.3 – Diversity Combining Techniques……Page 222
16.4 – Effect of Diversity Combining on Bit Error Rate……Page 226
References……Page 227
17.2 – The Communication Problem……Page 228
17.3 – Source Coding for Discrete-Alphabet Sources……Page 230
17.4 – Universal Source Coding……Page 232
17.5 – Rate Distortion Theory……Page 233
17.6 – Channel Coding……Page 234
17.7 – Simple Binary Codes……Page 237
Further Information……Page 240
18.1 – Introduction……Page 241
18.2 – Bandwidth and Power Considerations……Page 243
18.3 – Example 1: Bandwidth-Limited Uncoded System……Page 246
18.4 – Example 2: Power-Limited Uncoded System……Page 249
18.5 – Example 3: Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited Coded System……Page 250
18.6 – Example 4: Direct-Sequence (DS) Spread-Spectrum Coded System……Page 255
Appendix: Received Eb/N0 Is Independent of the Code Parameters……Page 258
Further Information……Page 259
19.1 – Introduction……Page 260
19.2 – Carrier Synchronization……Page 261
19.3 – Symbol Synchronization……Page 269
19.4 – Frame Synchronization……Page 273
References……Page 276
Further Information……Page 277
20.1 – Introduction……Page 278
20.2 – The Challenge of Digital Modulation……Page 279
20.3 – One-Dimensional Modulation: Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)……Page 282
20.4 – Two-Dimensional Modulations……Page 283
20.5 – Multidimensional Modulations: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)……Page 285
20.6 – Multidimensional Modulations: Lattices……Page 287
20.7 – Modulations with Memory……Page 290
Defining Terms……Page 292
Further Information……Page 293
Section II – Telephony……Page 294
21.1 – Introduction……Page 296
21.2 – The Network……Page 297
21.3 – Station Apparatus……Page 298
21.4 – Transmission……Page 300
21.5 – Switching……Page 301
21.6 – Signalling……Page 302
21.7 – Functionality……Page 303
21.8 – The Future……Page 304
Further Information……Page 305
22.1 – Introduction……Page 306
22.3 – Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)……Page 307
22.4 – The Hierarchy……Page 308
22.6 – Direct to Line (DTL)……Page 311
Further Information……Page 312
23.1 – Telephone Band……Page 313
23.3 – Crosstalk……Page 314
23.4 – Circuit Noise……Page 315
23.6 – Attenuation Distortion……Page 316
23.8 – Line Conditioning……Page 317
Defining Terms……Page 319
Further Information……Page 320
24.1 – Commuications System Model……Page 321
24.2 – Intersymbol Interference and the Nyquist Criterion……Page 324
24.3 – Nyquist Criterion with Matched Filtering……Page 328
24.4 – Eye Diagrams……Page 330
24.5 – Partial-Response Signalling……Page 332
24.6 – Additional Consdierations……Page 337
24.7 – Examples……Page 339
Defining Terms……Page 340
Further Information……Page 341
25.1 – Characterization of Channel Distortion……Page 342
25.2 – Characterization of Intersymbol Interference……Page 345
25.3 – Linear Equalizers……Page 350
25.4 – Decision-Feedback Equalizer……Page 359
25.5 – Maximum-Liklihood Sequence Detection……Page 363
25.6 – Maximum A Posteriori Probability Detector and Turbo Equalization……Page 365
Defining Terms……Page 366
References……Page 367
Further Information……Page 368
26.1 – Introduction and General Description of a Pulse-Code Modulations (PCM) Codec-Filter……Page 369
26.2 – Where PCM Codec-Filters are Used in the Telephone Network……Page 370
26.3 – Design of Voice PCM Codec-Filters: Analog Transmission Performance and Voice Quality for Intelligibility……Page 372
26.4 – Linear PCM Codec-Filter for High-Speed Modem Applications……Page 378
References……Page 380
27.1 – Introduction……Page 381
27.2 – North American Asynchronous Digital Hierarchy……Page 382
Defining Terms……Page 388
Further Information……Page 389
28.1 – Introduction……Page 390
28.2 – Common Line Coding Formats……Page 391
28.3 – Alternate Line Codes……Page 398
28.4 – Multilevel Signalling, Partial Response Signalling and Duobinary Coding……Page 404
28.6 – Concluding Remarks……Page 405
References……Page 406
29.1 – Introduction……Page 407
29.2 – Synchronization Distribution Networks……Page 408
29.3 – Effect of Synchronization Impairments……Page 409
29.4 – Characterization of Synchronization Impairments……Page 411
29.5 – Synchronization Standards……Page 413
Defining Terms……Page 415
Further Information……Page 416
30.1 – Introduction……Page 417
30.2 – Echo Cancellation for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Systems……Page 418
30.3 – Echo Cancellation for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Systems……Page 424
30.4 – Echo Cancellation for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Systems……Page 426
References……Page 429
Section III – Networks……Page 431
31.1 – Computer Communications Requirements……Page 433
31.2 – Standards Evolution……Page 434
31.3 International Standards Organization Reference Model……Page 435
31.4 – Open System Standards……Page 439
Defining Terms……Page 441
Further Information……Page 442
32.1 – Overview……Page 443
32.3 – Standards……Page 444
32.4 – Operation……Page 446
References……Page 447
Further Information……Page 448
33.1 – Introduction……Page 449
33.2 – Architecture and Fault Management……Page 450
33.3 – The Protocol and Its Timing Properties……Page 452
33.4 – Parameter Selection for Real-Time Applications……Page 455
33.5 – Final Remarks……Page 460
References……Page 461
34.1 – Introduction……Page 463
34.2 – User Requirements……Page 464
34.3 – BLAN Technologies……Page 465
34.4 – ATM BLANs……Page 467
34.5 – Other BLANs……Page 469
34.6 – New Applications……Page 470
Defining Terms……Page 471
Further Information……Page 472
35.1 – Introduction……Page 473
35.2 – Features of Medium Access Control Systems……Page 474
35.3 – Categorization of Medium Access Control Procedures……Page 480
35.4 – Polling-Based Multiple Access Networks……Page 484
35.5 – Random-Access Protocols……Page 490
35.6 – Multiple-Access Schemes for Wireless Networks……Page 493
35.7 – Multiple-Access Methods for Spatial-Reuse Ultra-High-Speed Optical Communications Networks……Page 494
Defining Terms……Page 497
References……Page 498
Further Information……Page 499
36.1 – Introduction……Page 500
36.2 – Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols, Services, and Networks……Page 501
36.3 – Routing in Datagram Networks……Page 502
36.4 – Routing in Virtual Circuit Switched Networks……Page 504
36.5 – Hierarchial Routing……Page 505
36.6 – Flow Control in Datagram Networks……Page 506
36.7 – Flow Control in Virtual Circuit Switched Networks……Page 507
References……Page 509
Further References……Page 510
37.1 – Introduction……Page 511
37.2 – Transport Service……Page 512
37.3 – Data-Transfer Protocol……Page 513
37.4 – Connection-Management Protocol……Page 514
37.5 – Transport Protocols……Page 516
37.6 – Conclusions……Page 519
Defining Terms……Page 520
Further Information……Page 521
38.1 – Introduction……Page 522
38.2 – Host Interfacing……Page 523
38.3 – Multimedia Services……Page 526
38.5 – Conclusions……Page 527
References……Page 528
39.2 – Local Area Networks (LANs)……Page 530
References……Page 533
Further Information……Page 534
40.1 – Introduction……Page 535
40.2 – The ATM Standard……Page 536
40.3 – Switch Model……Page 537
40.4 – ATM Switch with Blocking Multistage IN and Minimum Depth……Page 539
40.5 – ATM Switch with Blocking Multistage IN and Arbitray Depth……Page 541
40.6 – ATM Switch with Nonblocking IN……Page 544
References……Page 548
Further Information……Page 549
41.2 – Internetworking Protocols……Page 550
41.3 – The Total Network Engineering Process……Page 555
41.4 – Internework Simulation……Page 560
41.5 – Internetwork Optimization……Page 561
41.6 – Summary……Page 562
References……Page 563
Further Information……Page 564
42.1 – Introduction……Page 565
42.2 – Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) Framework……Page 566
42.3 – Architectural Drivers……Page 568
42.5 – How Does It All Fit Together?……Page 570
42.6 – Broadband Network Services……Page 571
42.7 – Conclusions……Page 574
References……Page 575
43.1 – Introduction……Page 576
43.2 – Signalling and Control in PSTN……Page 578
42.3 – General Attributes and Requirements of NGN……Page 580
43.4 – A Broad Outline of the NGN Architecture……Page 581
43.5 – Evolution Towards NGN: Trials and Tribulations……Page 584
References……Page 587
Secion IV – Optical……Page 588
44.1 – Introduction……Page 590
44.2 – Optical Communications Systems Topologies……Page 592
44.4 – System Design……Page 597
Further Information……Page 598
45.2 – Total Internal Reflection……Page 599
45.3 – Modes of Propagation……Page 601
45.4 – Parameters of Fibers……Page 602
45.6 – Dispersion……Page 603
45.7 – Graded-Index Fibers……Page 604
45.8 – Mode Coupling……Page 605
Defining Terms……Page 606
Further Information……Page 608
46.1 – Introduction……Page 609
46.2 – Laser Designs……Page 610
46.3 – Quantum Well Lasers……Page 613
46.4 – Distributed Feedback Lasers……Page 620
46.5 – Surface Emitting Lasers……Page 624
46.6 – Laser Reliability……Page 628
46.7 – Integrated Laser Devices……Page 630
46.8 – Summary and Future Challenges……Page 634
References……Page 635
47.1 – Introduction……Page 639
47.2 – Directly Modulated Laser Transmitters……Page 640
47.3 – Externally Modulated Optical Transmitters……Page 647
Defining Terms……Page 652
References……Page 653
Further Information……Page 654
48.2 – The Receiver……Page 655
48.3 – Receiver Sensitivity: General……Page 659
Further Information……Page 667
49.1 – Introduction……Page 668
49.2 – Optical Fiber Optica Coupling Theory……Page 669
49.3 – Multibeam Interference (MBI) Theory……Page 676
49.4 – Connector Design Aspects……Page 681
49.5 – Splicing Design Aspects……Page 685
Defining Terms……Page 688
Further Information……Page 689
50.2 – Losses in a Passive Optical Component……Page 690
50.4 – Isolator……Page 691
50.6 – Star Coupler……Page 692
50.7 – Optical Filter……Page 694
50.9 – Circulator……Page 695
50.10 – Mechanical Switch……Page 696
Further Information……Page 697
51.1 – Introduction……Page 698
51.3 – Types of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers……Page 699
51.5 – Gain Characteristics……Page 701
51.6 – Pulse Amplification……Page 707
51.7 – Multichannel Amplification……Page 709
51.8 – Applications……Page 710
References……Page 711
Further Information……Page 712
52.1 – Introduction……Page 713
52.2 – General Amplifier Concepts……Page 714
52.3 – Alternative Optical Amplifiers for Lightwave System Applications……Page 717
52.4 – Summary……Page 723
Defining Terms……Page 724
Further Information……Page 725
53.1 – Introduction……Page 726
53.2 – Fundamentals of Coherent Systems……Page 727
53.3 – Modulation Techniques……Page 728
53.5 – Receiver Sensitivity……Page 729
53.6 – Practical Constraints and Countermeasures……Page 731
Defining Terms……Page 734
References……Page 735
Further Information……Page 736
54.1 – Introduction……Page 737
54.2 – Optical Interconnects……Page 738
54.3 – Local Area Networks and Input/Output (I/O) Interconnections……Page 741
54.4 – Access Networks……Page 743
54.5 – Wavelength-Division Multiplexing-Based All Optical Networks……Page 744
54.6 – Fiber Sensors……Page 745
References……Page 746
55.2 – Optical Components for Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Systems……Page 748
55.3 – Wavelength-Division Multiplexed System Design……Page 750
55.4 – Trunk Capacity Enhancement Applications……Page 752
55.5 – Wavelength-Division Multiplexed Networking and Reconfigurable Optical Transport Layer……Page 753
References……Page 754
Further Information……Page 755
Section V – Satellite……Page 756
56.1 – Introduction……Page 758
56.2 – Satellite Network Fundamentals……Page 760
56.3 – Satellite Application Types……Page 768
References……Page 775
57.1 – Introduction……Page 776
57.3 – Transponder Systems……Page 777
57.4 – Launching Satellites……Page 781
57.6 – Electrical Power Subsystem……Page 782
Defining Terms……Page 783
Further Information……Page 784
58.2 – Components of the Earth Station……Page 785
58.3 – Earth Station Site Selection……Page 791
58.4 – Power Distribution……Page 792
58.5 – Batteries……Page 793
58.6 – Antenna Foundation Requirements……Page 794
58.8 – Saftey Considerations……Page 795
58.9 – Operation and Maintenance……Page 796
Defining Terms……Page 797
Further Information……Page 798
59.1 – Introduction……Page 799
59.2 – Attenuation on Slant Paths……Page 800
59.3 – Depolarization……Page 808
59.4 – Radio Noise……Page 810
59.5 – Scintillation……Page 811
References……Page 813
Further Information……Page 814
60.1 – Introduction……Page 815
60.2 – Uplink and Downlink Equations……Page 816
60.3 – Interference Equations……Page 817
60.6 – Sums of Link Equations……Page 820
60.7 – Designed Bit Error Ratio and Required C/N0……Page 822
60.8 – Numbers of Carriers, e.i.r.p., and Power per Carrier……Page 823
60.9 – Other Issues……Page 826
Appendix A – Some Calculations……Page 828
Appendix B – Calculation of Antenna Discrimination……Page 829
References……Page 830
Further Information……Page 831
61.1 – Noise, Antenna, and System Temperature……Page 832
References……Page 840
62.1 – Introduction……Page 841
62.2 – Onboard Switching Types……Page 843
Defining Terms……Page 858
Further Information……Page 859
63.2 – Site Diversity Processing……Page 860
63.3 – Site Diversity for Rain-Fade Alleviation……Page 861
63.7 – Microscale Diversity for VSATs……Page 872
63.8 – Orbital Diversity……Page 873
References……Page 875
Further Information……Page 877
64.1 – Introduction……Page 878
64.2 – The Radio Frequency Environment and Its Implications……Page 879
64.3 – Satellite Orbits……Page 883
64.4 – Multiple Access……Page 886
64.5 – Modulation and Coding……Page 888
Defining Terms……Page 891
References……Page 892
Further Information……Page 893
65.1 – Introduction……Page 894
65.2 – Horn Antennas and Reflector Feeds……Page 896
65.3 – Reflector Antennas……Page 900
65.4 – Phased Array Antennas……Page 904
65.5 – Tracking, Telemetry, and Command Antennas……Page 907
65.6 – Current and Planned LEO/MEO Mobile Satellite Antennas……Page 908
65.8 – Space Qualification……Page 911
65.9 – Future Trends and Further Study……Page 912
Defining Terms……Page 913
References……Page 914
66.1 – Introduction……Page 915
66.2 – TDRS System Overview……Page 916
66.3 – TDRSS Communications Design……Page 917
66.4 – First Generation TDRS Relay Satellite Design……Page 919
66.5 – TDRS Link Budget Examples……Page 924
66.6 – Summary……Page 925
Further Information……Page 926
Acknowledgments……Page 927
Section VI – Wireless……Page 928
67.1 – Introduction……Page 931
67.2 – Background and Issues……Page 932
67.3 – Evolution of Technologies, Systems, and Services……Page 935
67.4 – Evolution Toward the Future and to Low-Tier Personal Communications Services……Page 949
67.5 – Comparisons with Other Technologies……Page 953
67.6 – Quality, Capacity, and Economic Issues……Page 956
67.7 – Other Issues……Page 961
67.8 – Infrastructure Networks……Page 969
67.9 – Conclusion……Page 970
References……Page 971
68.1 – Introduction……Page 975
68.2 – Basic Description of Modulated Signals……Page 976
68.3 – Analog Frequency Modulation……Page 977
68.4 – Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and pi/4-QPSK……Page 978
68.5 – Conintuous Phase Modulation (CPM) and MSK……Page 980
68.6 – Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying……Page 983
68.7 – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)……Page 984
Further Information……Page 987
69.1 – Introduction……Page 989
69.3 – Frequency Division Multiple Access……Page 991
69.4 – Time Division Multiple Access……Page 994
69.5 – Code Division Multiple Access……Page 996
69.6 – Comparison and Outlook……Page 998
Further Information……Page 999
70 – Rayleigh Fading Channels……Page 1000
70.2 – The Challenge of a Fading Channel……Page 1001
70.3 – Mobile-Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Fading and Small-Scale Fading……Page 1002
70.4 – Signal Time-Spreading Viewed in the Time-Delay Domain: Figure 70.1, Block 7–The Multipath Intensity Profile……Page 1009
70.5 – Signal Time-Spreading Viewed in the Frequency Domain: Figure 70.1, Block 10–The Spaced-Frequency Correlation Function……Page 1010
70.6 – Typical Examples of Flat Fading and Frequency-Selective Fading Manifestations……Page 1013
70.7 – Time Variance Viewed in the Time Domain: Figure 70.1, Block 13–The Spaced-Time Correlation Function……Page 1014
70.8 – Time Variance Viewed in the Doppler-Shift Domain: Figure 70.1, Block 16—The Doppler Power Spectrum……Page 1015
70.10 – Degradation Categories due to Time Variance, Viewed in the Doppler-Shift Domain……Page 1018
70.11 – Mitigation Methods……Page 1019
70.12 – Summary of the Key Parameters Characterizing Fading Channels……Page 1024
70.13 – The Viterbi Equalizer as Applied to GSM……Page 1025
70.14 – The Rake Receiver Applied to Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DS/SS) Systems……Page 1028
References……Page 1029
71.2 – The Space-Time Wireless Channel……Page 1032
71.3 – Signal Models……Page 1034
71.4 – ST Receive Processing (Base)……Page 1037
71.5 – ST Transmit Processing (Base)……Page 1039
References……Page 1040
72.1 – Introduction……Page 1041
72.2 – An Overview of PCS……Page 1042
72.3 – IS-41 Preliminaries……Page 1046
72.4 – Global System for Mobile Communications……Page 1049
72.5 – Analysis of Database Traffic Rate for IS-41 and GSM……Page 1051
72.6 – Reducing Signalling During Call Delivery……Page 1053
72.7 – Per-User Location Caching……Page 1054
72.8 – Caching Threshold Analysis……Page 1055
72.9 – Techniques for Estimating Users’ LCMR……Page 1059
72.10 – Discussion……Page 1065
72.11 – Conclusions……Page 1067
References……Page 1068
73.1 – Introduction……Page 1070
73.3 – Performance Measures and System Requirements……Page 1071
73.4 – System Expansion Techniques……Page 1072
73.6 – Traffic Engineering……Page 1073
73.7 – Cell Coverage……Page 1075
73.8 – Interference……Page 1078
Further Information……Page 1082
74.1 – Introducing Microcells……Page 1083
74.2 – Highway Microcells……Page 1084
74.3 – City Street Microcells……Page 1087
74.5 – Microcellular Infrastructure……Page 1091
74.6 – Microcells in CDMA Networks……Page 1093
References……Page 1100
75.1 – Introduction……Page 1109
75.2 – Microcellullar Reuse Patterns……Page 1110
75.3 – Performance Analysis Model……Page 1112
75.4 – Worst Case Condition……Page 1114
75.5 – A More Realistic Case Condition……Page 1116
75.6 – Conclusions……Page 1118
Appendix……Page 1119
References……Page 1120
76.2 – The Resource Assignment Problem……Page 1122
76.3 – Fixed Channel Assignment……Page 1123
76.5 – Dynamic Channel Assignment……Page 1125
76.6 – CDMA Systems……Page 1126
References……Page 1127
77.1 – Introduction……Page 1129
77.2 – Description of Radiolocation Methods……Page 1130
77.3 – Location Algorithms……Page 1131
77.4 – Measures of Location Accuracy……Page 1134
77.5 – Location in Cellular Systems……Page 1135
77.6 – Sources of Location Error……Page 1136
References……Page 1138
Further Information……Page 1139
78.2 – Cellular Systems and Power Control……Page 1140
78.3 – Power Control Examples……Page 1145
78.4 – Summary……Page 1148
References……Page 1149
Further Information……Page 1150
79.1 – Introduction……Page 1151
79.3 – Capacity Enhancement……Page 1152
79.4 – Quality Enhancement……Page 1157
79.5 – High Bit Rate Data Transmission……Page 1161
79.6 – Conclusion……Page 1163
References……Page 1164
Further Information……Page 1165
80.2 – Overview……Page 1166
80.3 – Logical and Physical Channels……Page 1168
80.4 – Speech and Data Transmission……Page 1169
80.5 – Transmission of Control Signals……Page 1171
80.7 – Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Modulation……Page 1175
80.8 – Wideband Channel Modes……Page 1176
80.9 – Adaptive Link Control……Page 1178
80.11 – Summary……Page 1180
Defining Terms……Page 1181
References……Page 1183
81.1 – Introduction……Page 1184
81.2 – Modulation of Digital Voice and Data Signals……Page 1185
81.3 – Speech Coding Fundamentals……Page 1186
81.5 – VSELP Encoder……Page 1187
81.6 – Linear Prediction Analysis and Quantization……Page 1188
81.9 – VSELP Codebook Search……Page 1190
81.12 – Quantizing the Excitation and Signal Gains……Page 1191
81.13 – Channel Coding and Interleaving……Page 1192
81.16 – Algebraic Codebook Structure and Search……Page 1193
81.19 – Conclusions……Page 1194
Further Information……Page 1195
82.1 – History and Background……Page 1196
82.2 – The CT-2 Standard……Page 1197
82.3 – The Radio Interface……Page 1198
82.4 – Burst Formats……Page 1199
82.5 – Signalling Layer Two (L2)……Page 1202
82.6 – CPP-Initiated Link Setup Procedures……Page 1204
82.7 – CFP-Initiated Link Setup Procedures……Page 1206
82.8 – Handshaking……Page 1207
Defining Terms……Page 1209
References……Page 1210
83.1 – Introduction……Page 1211
83.2 – Speech Coding for Cellular Mobile Radio Communications……Page 1212
83.3 – Codec Selection and Performance Requirements……Page 1213
83.4 – Speech Coding Techniques in the Half-Rate Standards……Page 1214
83.5 – Channel Coding Techniques in the Half-Rate Standards……Page 1215
83.6 – The Japanese Half-Rate Standard……Page 1217
83.7 – The European GSM Half-Rate Standard……Page 1219
References……Page 1223
Further Information……Page 1224
84.1 – Introduction……Page 1225
84.2 – Wireless Video Communications……Page 1226
84.3 – Error Resilient Video Coding……Page 1229
84.4 – MPEG-4 Error Resilience Tools……Page 1232
84.5 – H.263 Error Resilience Tools……Page 1236
84.6 – Discussion……Page 1238
Further Information……Page 1239
85.1 – Introduction……Page 1241
85.2 – Physical Layer Design……Page 1242
85.3 – MAC Layer Protocols……Page 1243
85.4 – Network Layer Issues……Page 1247
85.5 – Transport Layer Design……Page 1250
Defining Terms……Page 1251
Further Information……Page 1252
86.1 – Introduction……Page 1253
86.2 – Characteristics of Wireless Data Networks……Page 1254
86.3 – Market Issues……Page 1255
86.4 – Modem Services Over Cellular Networks……Page 1256
86.5 – Packet Data and Paging/Messaging Networks……Page 1257
86.6 – Cellular Data Networks and Services……Page 1261
86.7 – Other Developing Standards……Page 1264
References……Page 1265
Further Information……Page 1266
87.1 – Introduction……Page 1267
87.2 – Background and Issues……Page 1268
87.3 – Wireless Interworking With Transit ATM Networks……Page 1269
87.4 – The PCS-to-ATM Interworking Scenario……Page 1274
87.5 – QoS Support……Page 1279
Defining Terms……Page 1281
References……Page 1282
Further Information……Page 1283
88.2 – QoS in Wireless ATM……Page 1284
88.3 – Mobility Management in Wireless ATM……Page 1298
References……Page 1309
89 – An Overview of cdma2000, WCDMA, and EDGE……Page 1311
89.1 – Introduction……Page 1312
89.3 – CDMA System Design Issues……Page 1313
89.4 – WCDMA……Page 1316
89.5 – cdma2000……Page 1319
89.6 – TDMA-Based Schemes……Page 1322
89.7 – Time Division Duplex (TDD)……Page 1326
References……Page 1327
90.1 – Introduction……Page 1328
90.3 – Capacity of MIMO Channels……Page 1331
90.4 – Spatial Multiplexing……Page 1333
90.5 – Transmit Diversity……Page 1334
90.6 – Summary and Conclusion……Page 1339
References……Page 1340
91.1 – Introduction……Page 1342
91.2 – FH/MC DS-CDMA……Page 1343
91.3 – Characteristics of the FH/MC DS-CDMA Systems……Page 1345
91.4 – Adaptive Rate Transmission……Page 1348
91.5 – Software Defined Radio Assisted FH/MC DS-CDMA……Page 1351
91.6 – Final Remarks……Page 1353
References……Page 1354
92.1 – Introduction……Page 1356
92.2 – AODV (Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing) [Perkins, 1997; Assad, 1998]……Page 1357
92.3 – Fisheye Routing (FSR) [Iwata, 1999; Kleinrock, 1971]……Page 1360
92.4 – Hierarchial State Routing (HSR) [Iwata, 1999]……Page 1362
92.5 – Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) [Hedrick, 1988; Perkins, 1994; Iwata, 1999]……Page 1364
92.6 – Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) [Pearlman, 1999]……Page 1366
92.7 – Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [Broch, 1998; Maltz, 1999]……Page 1369
References……Page 1372
Further Information……Page 1373
Secion VII – Source Compression……Page 1374
93.1 – Introduction……Page 1375
93.2 – Entropy Coders……Page 1376
93.3 – Universal Codes……Page 1379
93.4 – Text Compression……Page 1381
93.5 – Image Compression……Page 1384
93.6 – Lossless Compression Standards……Page 1387
Defining Terms……Page 1390
Further Information……Page 1391
94.2 – Facsimile……Page 1392
94.3 – International Standards……Page 1398
Defining Terms……Page 1403
Further Information……Page 1404
95.1 – Introduction……Page 1406
95.3 – Types of Speech Coding Algorithms……Page 1407
95.4 – Quantization……Page 1408
95.5 – Predictive Coders……Page 1409
95.6 – Frequency-Domain Coders……Page 1411
95.7 – Analysis-by-Synthesis Coders……Page 1412
95.8 – Vocoders……Page 1414
95.10 – Performance Evaluation……Page 1415
95.11 – Speech Coding Standards……Page 1416
References……Page 1417
Further Information……Page 1418
96.1 – Introduction……Page 1419
96.2 – Source Characteristics and Viewer Requirements……Page 1420
96.3 – Coding Algorithms……Page 1423
96.4 – Standards……Page 1428
Defining Terms……Page 1429
Further Information……Page 1430
97.1 – Introduction……Page 1431
97.2 – Auditory Masking……Page 1432
97.3 – Noise Shaping and Perception-Based Coding……Page 1433
97.5 – Low Bit Rate Coding……Page 1434
97.6 – ITU-T G.722 Wideband Speech Coder……Page 1435
97.8 – Subband Coding and Hybrid Frequency Mappings……Page 1436
97.10 – MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio……Page 1437
97.11 – MPEG Advanced Audio Coding……Page 1438
97.12 – Proprietary Audio Coding……Page 1439
97.13 – Multichannel Standards……Page 1440
97.14 – MPEG-4 Audio Coding……Page 1442
97.15 – Lossless Coding……Page 1443
Defining Terms……Page 1444
References……Page 1445
Further Information……Page 1446
98.1 – Introduction……Page 1447
98.2 – Cable System Architecture……Page 1448
98.3 – Source Origination and Head End……Page 1450
98.4 – Transmission Channel……Page 1452
98.5 – Consumer Premises Equipment……Page 1454
98.6 – Access Control and Security……Page 1456
Defining Terms……Page 1459
99.1 – Introduction……Page 1461
99.2 – Data Server……Page 1462
99.3 – Video Networks……Page 1468
99.4 – Network Multimedia……Page 1469
References……Page 1472
Further Information……Page 1474
100.1 – Introduction……Page 1475
100.2 – Overview……Page 1476
100.3 – Videoconferencing over Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)……Page 1478
100.4 – Videoconferencing over General Switched Telephone Networks (GSTN)……Page 1480
100.5 – Videoconferencing over Internet Protocol (IP) Networks……Page 1482
100.6 – Recent Developments and Extensions to Videoconferencing Standards……Page 1487
Defining Terms……Page 1488
References……Page 1489
Further Information……Page 1490
Section VIII – Data Recording……Page 1491
101.1 – Introduction……Page 1492
101.2 – Communication Channel Model of the Read/Write Process……Page 1493
101.3 – SNR Definition and Code Rate Penalty……Page 1497
101.4 – Coding and Detection……Page 1499
101.5 – Glimpse of the Future……Page 1502
101.6 – Other Considerations……Page 1503
References……Page 1504
Further Information……Page 1505
102.1 – Introduction……Page 1506
102.2 – Preliminaries and Basic Definitions……Page 1507
102.3 – The Optical Path……Page 1513
102.4 – Automatic Focusing……Page 1516
102.5 – Automatic Tracking……Page 1517
102.6 – Thermomagnetic Recording Process……Page 1519
102.7 – Magneto-Optical Readout……Page 1522
102.8 – Materials of Magneto-Optical Data Storage……Page 1523
Defining Terms……Page 1524
References……Page 1525
Further Information……Page 1526
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