Robert Ratay0070526672, 9780070526679
Table of contents :
Front Matter……Page 1
About the Editor……Page 4
Contributors……Page 5
Table of Contents……Page 0
Preface……Page 7
1. The Design and Construction Process……Page 12
Introduction……Page 13
Architectural Drawings……Page 15
Structural Drawings……Page 16
Design Drawing Phases……Page 17
Technical Specifications……Page 18
Pertinent Questions……Page 19
Shop Drawings……Page 20
Architect’s and Engineer’s Logs……Page 21
Existing Conditions……Page 23
Value Engineering……Page 24
Inspection and Testing……Page 25
Subgrade……Page 26
Posttensioned Concrete……Page 27
Timber……Page 28
Design-Build (DB)……Page 29
Partnering……Page 30
Contracting and Subcontracting……Page 31
Submittals……Page 32
Logs……Page 33
Review of Project History……Page 35
Approval, Acceptance, and Certifications……Page 36
2. Design Codes, Standards, and Manuals……Page 83
Codes and Standards in the United States……Page 84
Structural Safety……Page 85
Probabilistic Calculation of Safety Factors……Page 86
ASD versus LRFD and USD……Page 88
ASCE 7 (Formerly ANSI A58.1)……Page 89
Wind Loads……Page 90
Earthquake Loads……Page 91
Uniform Building Code……Page 93
Standard Building Code……Page 94
ACI Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete……Page 96
AISC Manual of Steel Construction……Page 97
National Design Specification for Wood Construction……Page 99
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures……Page 100
ASCE Standard for Design Loads on Structures During Construction……Page 101
FHWA/ AASHTO Guide Design Specification for Bridge Temporary Works……Page 102
References……Page 103
Introduction……Page 106
Injuries and Fatalities in U.S. Construction Industry……Page 107
Background and History……Page 116
OSHA Standards……Page 117
Construction Inspections……Page 119
Opening Conference……Page 132
Citations……Page 133
Reporting and Investigating Construction Accidents……Page 134
OSHA Construction Safety Standards……Page 135
American National Standards……Page 150
Other Construction Industry Standards……Page 153
OSHA versus ANSI and Other Industry Standards……Page 154
References……Page 155
Introduction……Page 156
Safety……Page 157
Preserve Perishable Evidence……Page 158
Collapse Configuration……Page 159
Steel Fracture Surfaces……Page 164
Curing Concrete Test Cylinders……Page 166
Snow and Ice Accumulation……Page 169
Failed Components……Page 170
Documentation of Conditions……Page 171
Field Notes……Page 172
Photographs……Page 173
Video……Page 174
Information Sought……Page 175
Who Should Be Interviewed……Page 177
Cooperation with Other Forensic Engineers……Page 179
Initial Document Gathering……Page 180
Preliminary Evaluation……Page 182
Closure……Page 185
Introduction……Page 186
Overview of the Legal Interests……Page 188
Internal Team……Page 189
External Team……Page 190
A Plan to Obtain and Preserve the Evidence……Page 192
A Plan to Determine Causation……Page 193
Establishing a Plan to Protect Confidentiality……Page 194
Legal Protections to Confidentiality……Page 195
Procedural Method for Protecting Confidentiality……Page 196
Cooperating and Dealing with Public Agencies……Page 197
Property Owner……Page 198
Injured Third Parties……Page 201
Potentially Liable Parties……Page 202
Theories of Liability……Page 203
Liability Limitations……Page 206
Statutes of Limitation and of Repose……Page 207
References and Endnotes……Page 208
6. Engineering Investigation of Failures……Page 211
Purposes of Structural Failure Investigations……Page 212
Scope of This Chapter……Page 213
Project Objective and Scope……Page 214
Establishing the Investigative Plan……Page 215
Qualifications of the Investigator……Page 216
Available Guides……Page 218
Team Organization……Page 219
Development and Analysis of Failure Hypotheses……Page 221
Establishing the Capacity of the Structure……Page 222
Advancement of Failure Hypotheses……Page 224
Document Review……Page 225
Samples……Page 228
Field Observations and Documentation……Page 229
Field Tests……Page 232
Component Testing……Page 233
Methods……Page 234
Analysis of Competing Failure Theories……Page 236
Closing the Loop……Page 237
Reports……Page 238
Closure……Page 239
References……Page 240
Introduction……Page 244
Source of the Duty of Care……Page 245
Warranties……Page 247
Negligence per se……Page 248
Structural Engineering Design……Page 249
Uncertainty……Page 250
Error……Page 251
Identifying Error……Page 252
Contractor’s “Standard of Care”……Page 254
Steel-Frame Design……Page 255
Foundation Design……Page 256
Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse……Page 257
Lighting Tower Collapse……Page 258
Bridge Collapse and the Duty to Warn……Page 259
References……Page 260
8. Litigation and Dispute Resolution……Page 262
Basic Litigation Procedures……Page 263
Discovery Techniques……Page 264
Trial……Page 265
Relevancy……Page 266
Exceptions to Hearsay……Page 267
Opinion Testimony……Page 268
Contract Disputes Resolution Act……Page 270
Binding Alternative Dispute Resolution……Page 271
Court-Mandated or Compulsory Arbitration……Page 272
Procedures for Arbitration……Page 273
Negotiation without Third-Party Intervention……Page 275
Dispute Review Board……Page 277
Mediation……Page 278
Minitrial……Page 279
References……Page 280
9. The Expert Consultant and Witness……Page 282
The Ethical Challenge……Page 283
Confidential Consultant……Page 284
Teacher……Page 285
Judge……Page 286
The Initial Call……Page 287
The Chicken and the Egg……Page 288
Contracts……Page 289
Fees and Budgets……Page 290
Marketing……Page 291
Genesis of the Recommendations……Page 292
The Recommendations……Page 293
Discussion of the Recommendations……Page 296
Site Visit……Page 300
Models and Simulations……Page 301
Claim Evaluation……Page 302
Discovery……Page 303
Storage of Evidence……Page 304
Preparation……Page 305
Dress……Page 306
Cross-Examination……Page 307
Closure……Page 308
10. Loads and Hazards……Page 309
Introduction……Page 310
Gravity Loads……Page 311
Nature and Consequences of Wind Loads……Page 316
Determination of Wind Forces……Page 323
Nature and Consequences of Earthquake Loads……Page 330
Determination of Earthquake Loads……Page 334
Nature and Consequences of Flood Loads……Page 339
Determination of Flood Loads……Page 340
Nature and Consequences of Blast Loads……Page 341
Blast Environment……Page 342
Determination of Blast Loads……Page 345
Effects of Fire on Materials……Page 347
Thermal Expansion from Fires……Page 348
Catenary Beam Action……Page 350
Increased Gravity Loads……Page 351
Nature and Consequences of Self-Straining Loads……Page 352
Loads due to Temperature Changes……Page 353
Loads due to Moisture Changes……Page 355
Nature and Consequences of Settlement……Page 356
Determination of Settlement Loads……Page 357
References……Page 358
Introduction……Page 361
Strength and Strength-Related Properties……Page 363
Toughness and Fracture Toughness……Page 364
Fatigue and Fatigue-Crack Growth Properties……Page 366
Structural Steel Codes and Standards……Page 367
Design Codes: Load and Resistance Factor Design……Page 368
Critical Characteristics of Steel Structures……Page 369
Design Parameters……Page 370
Connection Design……Page 371
Fatigue and Fracture Design……Page 372
Testing of Materials and Structures……Page 375
Design Deficiencies……Page 377
Fabrication and Erection Errors……Page 383
Service and Repair Errors……Page 386
Deterioration Failure……Page 387
Repair of Damaged Structures……Page 389
References……Page 395
12. Concrete Structures……Page 397
Time-Dependent Properties……Page 398
Bond Slip……Page 400
Corrosion Properties……Page 402
Codes and Standards……Page 403
Plain Concrete……Page 404
Reinforced Concrete……Page 405
Precast Concrete……Page 407
Formwork, Shoring/Reshoring……Page 409
Instantaneous Properties……Page 410
Inelastic Properties……Page 411
Field Load Tests……Page 412
Laboratory Tests of Components……Page 414
Petrography……Page 415
Chemical Analysis……Page 417
Nondestructive Testing……Page 424
Overload……Page 430
Posttensioning……Page 431
Shoring……Page 432
Supplemental Reinforcement……Page 433
Case Study of Cracking in Bridge Pier……Page 434
Case Study of Deficient Parking Structure……Page 435
Case Study of Shear Failure in Waffle Slab……Page 439
References……Page 442
13. Masonry Structures……Page 445
Introduction……Page 446
Structural Engineering Properties……Page 447
Clay Brick Masonry in Compression……Page 448
Clay Brick Masonry in Flexure……Page 450
Concrete Masonry in Shear……Page 451
Acoustical Properties……Page 453
Fire Resistance……Page 456
Concrete Masonry……Page 457
Air and Vapor Transmission……Page 459
Materials……Page 461
Quality Control in Reinforced Masonry……Page 462
Cracks……Page 463
Masonry Veneer over Wood Frame……Page 466
Pavement Delamination……Page 470
Water Permeance……Page 478
Stains……Page 484
Color Discrimination……Page 489
Construction Tolerances……Page 490
Mason Productivity……Page 491
Qualifications of a Masonry Investigator……Page 492
Consulting and Investigating Services……Page 493
Initial Problem Statement……Page 494
Reconnaissance Site Visit……Page 495
Masonry Testing……Page 497
Interviews……Page 499
Document Discovery……Page 500
Research Needs……Page 501
Grout Injection……Page 502
Surface Grouting……Page 503
Demolished or Collapsed Masonry……Page 504
A Low-Rise Hotel……Page 505
A High-Rise Hotel……Page 506
References……Page 507
14. The Building Envelope……Page 511
Codes and Standards……Page 512
Facade Categories……Page 514
External and Internal Force-Induced Failures……Page 515
Corrosion Jacking–Internal Force……Page 516
Restrained Planar Expansion and Contraction–Internal Force……Page 518
Thin Stone Hysteresis–Internal Force……Page 519
Ice Lensing……Page 520
Masonry Deterioration from Impermeable Coatings……Page 521
Skin Barrier Walls……Page 522
Facade Failure Investigation Methodology……Page 524
Detailed Inspections……Page 527
Tools and Equipment……Page 528
Laboratory Tests–Mockups and Models……Page 532
Laboratory Analysis and Tests……Page 533
Structural Analysis……Page 534
Permanent Repairs……Page 535
Windows and Curtain Walls……Page 536
Fenestration Types and Materials……Page 537
Common Causes of Failure……Page 538
Design of Fenestration Systems……Page 540
Structural Capacity and Selection of Design Pressures……Page 541
Structural Performance……Page 544
Air Infiltration……Page 545
Sealants……Page 546
Document Review……Page 547
Close-up Examination……Page 548
Field Testing……Page 550
Water Penetration Testing……Page 551
Repairs……Page 552
References……Page 555
15. Timber Structures……Page 558
Engineering Properties of Wood……Page 559
Three Distinct Grain Orientations……Page 560
Establishing Design Values……Page 561
Tension Perpendicular to Grain……Page 562
Buckling (Long Compression)……Page 563
Stiffness (MOE)……Page 564
AITC Standards……Page 565
Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material……Page 566
Organic Material– Moisture Content……Page 567
Time- Dependent Relationship……Page 569
Size/ Volume Effect……Page 570
Adjustment Factors……Page 571
Beams……Page 573
Trusses……Page 576
Domes……Page 577
Methods of Testing……Page 578
Chemical Testing……Page 579
Tension……Page 580
Full-Structure in Situ Load Testing……Page 581
War Production Directive……Page 582
Allowable Design Stress……Page 583
Dead Load……Page 584
Wind Load……Page 585
Decay, Termites and Marine Borers……Page 586
Notching or Tapering Tension Face……Page 587
State-of-the-Art Design Changes……Page 588
Compatibility of Analysis and Structural Performance……Page 589
Structural Evaluation of In-Situ Timber Structures……Page 590
Sistering……Page 591
Post Tensioning……Page 592
Shear Reinforcement……Page 593
Case Study 1. Port of Longview Warehouse No. 1, Longview, Washington……Page 594
Case Study 2. McMinnville Town Center, McMinnville, Oregon……Page 597
Case Study 3. Lighter than Air Hangars, Moffett Field Naval Air Station……Page 598
Case Study 4. First Nazarene Church, Portland, Oregon……Page 600
Case Study 5. Rosemont Horizon Arena, Rosemont, Illinois……Page 603
Case Study 6. Rainier Beach Library, Seattle, Washington……Page 604
Case Study 7. Hayward Field West Grandstand, University of Oregon……Page 605
Case Study 8. Robert Frost School, Arlington Heights, Illinois……Page 607
Case Study 9. Hughes Aircraft Building, El Segundo, California……Page 608
Case Study 10. Sheridan High School Gym, Sheridan, Oregon……Page 609
Case Study 12. Albertsons Grocery Warehouse, Portland, Oregon……Page 610
Case Study 13. Guilford of Maine Textile Mill, Newport, Maine……Page 612
Case Study 15. Hood River Valley High School Theater, Hood River, Oregon……Page 613
References……Page 614
16. Structural Foundations……Page 616
Allowable Foundation Movement……Page 617
Foundation Movement and Severity of Damage……Page 624
Field Observation……Page 628
Crack Pins……Page 629
Nondestructive Field Testing……Page 630
Laboratory Testing……Page 634
Reports and Plans……Page 636
Technical Documents……Page 637
Analysis……Page 638
Settlement……Page 639
Settlement of the Foundation Caused by Collapsible Soil……Page 641
Settlement of the Foundation due to Limestone Cavities and Sinkholes……Page 642
Settlement of the Foundation due to Consolidation of Soft and Organic Soil……Page 644
Settlement of the Foundation due to Collapse of Underground Mines and Tunnels……Page 645
Settlement of the Foundation due to Ground Subsidence from Extraction of Oil or Groundwater……Page 647
Expansive Soil Factors……Page 648
Laboratory Testing……Page 650
Lateral Movement……Page 651
Surface Fault Rupture……Page 655
Liquefaction……Page 656
Slope Movement and Settlement……Page 658
Sulfate Attack of Concrete Foundations……Page 659
Frost……Page 664
Temporary and Permanent Remedial Repairs……Page 665
Reinforced Mat……Page 666
Reinforced Mat with Piers……Page 668
Partial Removal and/or Strengthening of Foundations……Page 669
Concrete Crack Repairs……Page 671
Other Foundation Repair Alternatives……Page 672
Common Causes of Failures……Page 674
Examples of Case Studies of Nonperformance and Failure……Page 675
References……Page 687
Introduction……Page 696
Construction Failures……Page 697
What Are Temporary Structures?……Page 698
Design Philosophies and Practices……Page 699
Drawings……Page 701
Reviews and Approvals……Page 702
Materials and Workmanship……Page 703
Inspection……Page 704
Monitoring and Maintenance……Page 705
Responsibilities and Liabilities……Page 706
The Owner……Page 707
The Designer……Page 708
Codes, Standards, and Regulations……Page 709
Design Codes, Standards, and Specifications……Page 710
Construction Standards, Regulations, and Recommended Practices……Page 711
Building Codes……Page 712
Design Criteria……Page 713
Cases of Temporary Structure Failures……Page 716
Case History 1: Skyline Plaza at Bailey’s Crossroads Falsework/Shoring……Page 717
Case History 2: Willow Island Jump Formwork and Scaffolding……Page 721
Case History 3: Riley Road Interchange Falsework……Page 725
Case History 4: L’Ambiance Plaza Lift Slab……Page 731
Case History 6: Lake Street Bridge Shoring……Page 739
Case History 7: 14th & H Streets, Washington, Excavation Supports……Page 741
Case History 8: Denver I-70 Overpass Scaffolding/Shoring Tower……Page 750
Case History 9: West Coast Hotel Scaffolding……Page 758
Case History 11: Indianapolis Structural Steel Frame Guying……Page 762
Case History 12: Brooklyn Wall Bracing……Page 767
Case History 13: Huntington Wall Bracing……Page 768
Case History 14: Wood Truss Erection……Page 771
Case History 15: Column Reinforcing Steel Bracing……Page 772
Attribution……Page 776
A……Page 777
B……Page 779
C……Page 780
D……Page 784
E……Page 786
F……Page 788
G……Page 790
I……Page 791
L……Page 793
M……Page 794
N……Page 796
O……Page 797
P……Page 798
R……Page 799
S……Page 800
T……Page 804
W……Page 806
Z……Page 808
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