Encyclopedia of Human Geography

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Edition: illustrated edition

ISBN: 0761988580, 9780761988588

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Pages: 638/638

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Barney Warf0761988580, 9780761988588

With more than 300 entries written by an international team of leading authorities in the field, the Encyclopedia of Human Geography offers a comprehensive overview of the major ideas, concepts, terms, and approaches that characterize a notoriously diverse field. This multidisciplinary volume provides cross-cultural coverage of human geography as it is understood in the contemporary world and takes into account the enormous conceptual changes that have evolved since the 1970s, including a variety of social constructivist approaches.

Table of contents :
AGENT-BASED MODELING……Page 23
AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES……Page 24
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE……Page 25
AGRICULTURE, PREINDUSTRIAL……Page 26
AGRO-FOOD SYSTEM……Page 28
AIDS……Page 29
MATERIAL BOUNDARIES: ANIMALS AND THE MAKING OF PLACE……Page 30
ETHICS, HUMANS, AND OTHER ANIMALS……Page 31
ANTHROPOGEOGRAPHY……Page 32
ANTICOLONIALISM……Page 33
APPLIED GEOGRAPHY……Page 34
ART, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 35
GEOGRAPHY, ART, AND VISUAL CULTURE……Page 36
AUTOMATED GEOGRAPHY……Page 37
THEMES WITHIN BEHAVIORAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 39
BEHAVIORAL GEOGRAPHY TODAY……Page 40
BERKELEY SCHOOL……Page 41
BOUNDARIES……Page 42
BUILT ENVIRONMENT……Page 44
BUREAUCRACY……Page 45
CARRYING CAPACITY……Page 47
CARTELS……Page 48
CARTOGRAM……Page 49
CARTOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS……Page 50
CELLULAR AUTOMATA……Page 51
CENSUS……Page 52
CENSUS TRACTS……Page 53
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT……Page 54
CHICAGO SCHOOL……Page 55
BUILDING A PLACE FOR CHILDREN IN GEOGRAPHY……Page 57
PLACING CHILDREN AT THE HEART OF GLOBALIZATION……Page 58
CHOROLOGY……Page 59
CIRCUITS OF CAPITAL……Page 60
CITY GOVERNMENT……Page 61
CIVIL SOCIETY……Page 62
CIVIL SOCIETY IN CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT DEBATES……Page 63
CLASS……Page 64
CLASS WAR……Page 65
MAPS AS MODELS……Page 66
CULTURAL MODELS……Page 67
COLONIALISM……Page 68
COMMODITY……Page 71
SPATIAL FLOWS AND STRUCTURES……Page 72
REPRESENTATIONS OF PLACES AND SPACES……Page 73
COMMUNISM……Page 74
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE……Page 75
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE……Page 77
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF SPACE……Page 78
CONSERVATION AS NATURE PRESERVATION……Page 79
CONSERVATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY……Page 80
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CONSUMPTION……Page 81
GEOGRAPHIES OF CONSUMPTION……Page 82
CORE–PERIPHERY MODELS……Page 83
CRIME, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 84
CRISIS……Page 85
CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS……Page 87
CRITICAL HUMAN GEOGRAPHY……Page 88
CRITICAL HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF SCIENCE……Page 89
CRITICAL HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ALTERNATIVES TO CAPITALISM……Page 90
CULTURAL ECOLOGY……Page 91
CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 92
LANDSCAPE……Page 94
NONREPRESENTATIONAL GEOGRAPHIES……Page 95
CULTURE……Page 96
MORPHOLOGY OF LANDSCAPE……Page 97
VERNACULAR AND ORDINARY LANDSCAPES……Page 98
NEW DIRECTIONS IN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE STUDIES……Page 99
CULTURAL TURN……Page 100
CULTURE AS A SUPERORGANIC OR SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED ENTITY……Page 102
THE CULTURE–NATURE BOUNDARY……Page 103
CULTURE HEARTH……Page 104
CYBERSPACE……Page 105
SOCIAL MOBILIZATION……Page 106
DEBT AND DEBT CRISIS……Page 109
DECOLONIZATION……Page 110
DEINDUSTRIALIZATION……Page 111
DEMOCRACY……Page 113
STAGE III: DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY……Page 114
STAGE IV: DEVELOPED ECONOMICS……Page 115
DEPENDENCY THEORY……Page 116
UNEVEN AND UNEQUAL GEOGRAPHIES OF DERELICTION……Page 118
DEVELOPING WORLD……Page 119
DEVELOPMENT THEORY……Page 123
DIASPORA……Page 128
DIFFUSION……Page 129
DISABILITY, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 131
THE MEDICAL–SOCIAL CONTINUUM……Page 132
DISCOURSE……Page 133
DIVISION OF LABOR……Page 135
DOMESTIC SPHERE……Page 136
ECOLOGICAL FALLACY……Page 139
NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY……Page 140
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL MATERIALISM……Page 141
FORDISM AND POST-FORDISM……Page 142
SERVICES……Page 143
THE CULTURAL TURN……Page 145
ECONOMIES OF SCALE……Page 146
ECONOMIES OF SCOPE……Page 147
EDGE CITIES……Page 148
ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 149
EMOTIONS, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 150
EMPIRICISM……Page 151
ENLIGHTENMENT, THE……Page 152
ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM……Page 153
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE……Page 156
ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION……Page 157
EPISTEMOLOGY……Page 158
ETHICS, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 159
ETHNICITY……Page 161
ETHNOCENTRISM……Page 163
EUROCENTRISM……Page 164
EXISTENTIALISM……Page 165
EXPLORATION, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 166
EXTERNALITIES……Page 169
ORIGIN AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE CONCEPT……Page 170
PLANNING ISSUES……Page 171
LABOR……Page 173
CAPITAL……Page 174
FEMININITY……Page 175
FIRST-WAVE FEMINISMS……Page 176
SECOND-WAVE FEMINISMS……Page 177
THIRD-WAVE AND 21ST-CENTURY FEMINISMS……Page 178
WHERE ARE THE WOMEN IN GEOGRAPHY?……Page 179
THE WORK OF WOMEN……Page 180
SPACE, PLACE, AND IDENTITY……Page 181
FEMINIST METHODOLOGIES……Page 182
FERTILITY RATES……Page 183
FIELDWORK: CONSTRUCTING DATA……Page 184
FIELDWORK IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: 1900s–1970s……Page 185
CRITIQUES OF TRADITIONAL FIELDWORK PRACTICE……Page 186
FILM, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 187
FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION……Page 189
FOOD, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 190
FORDISM……Page 192
FRACTAL……Page 193
GATED COMMUNITY……Page 195
RIGHTS……Page 196
FEMINISM, GENDER, AND GEOGRAPHY……Page 197
GENDER GEOGRAPHIES……Page 198
GENTRIFICATION……Page 200
GEODEMOGRAPHICS……Page 202
GEOGRAPHY IN ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION……Page 204
GEOGRAPHY IN POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION……Page 205
HISTORY OF GEOPOLITICS……Page 206
CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS……Page 207
GEOSLAVERY……Page 208
GHETTO……Page 210
GIS……Page 211
DEFINING GIS……Page 212
THE ROLE OF GIS……Page 213
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE……Page 215
GLOBAL CITIES……Page 216
GLOBALIZATION……Page 218
GPS……Page 220
GRAVITY MODEL……Page 221
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT……Page 222
GROWTH MACHINE……Page 223
GROWTH POLE……Page 224
THE INFLUENCE OF HUMANISM……Page 227
HEGEMONY……Page 228
HETEROSEXISM……Page 230
HISTORIC PRESERVATION……Page 231
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 232
HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 233
THE INTERDISCIPLINARY ECLECTICISM OF CONTEMPORARY HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 235
Modernity and Power……Page 236
Representation……Page 237
Human–Environment Relations……Page 238
PREMODERN GEOGRAPHIES……Page 239
THE 19TH CENTURY……Page 240
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY……Page 241
GEOPOLITICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM……Page 242
CHOROLOGY……Page 243
MARXISM……Page 244
POSTMODERNISM AND POSTSTRUCTURALISM……Page 245
CONCLUSIONS……Page 246
HOME……Page 247
HOMELESSNESS……Page 248
HOUSING SERVICES……Page 250
HOUSING PROVISION……Page 251
HUD……Page 252
HUMAN AGENCY……Page 253
HUMANISTIC GEOGRAPHY……Page 254
HUMANISTIC GISCIENCE……Page 257
UNDERNUTRITION AND MALNUTRITION……Page 258
GLOBALIZATION, DEPOLITICIZATION, HUNGER, AND FAMINE……Page 259
THEORIES OF IDENTITY……Page 261
IDENTITY AND GLOBALIZATION……Page 262
IDEOLOGY, AUTHORITY, AND CRITICAL THINKING……Page 263
IDEOLOGY AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY……Page 264
IDIOGRAPHIC……Page 265
IMAGINATIVE GEOGRAPHIES……Page 266
IMPERIALISM……Page 268
IMPORT SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION……Page 270
INCUBATOR ZONE……Page 271
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION……Page 272
PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH……Page 273
CYCLES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION……Page 274
CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION……Page 275
INFORMAL ECONOMY……Page 276
INFORMATION ECOLOGY……Page 279
INFRASTRUCTURE……Page 280
INPUT–OUTPUT MODELS……Page 281
INSTITUTIONS……Page 282
INTERVIEWING……Page 283
INVASION–SUCCESSION……Page 284
JUSTICE, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 287
LABOR, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 289
LABOR THEORY OF VALUE……Page 290
LANGUAGES, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 292
LAW, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 297
LESBIANS, GEOGRAPHY OF/AND……Page 298
LIMITS OF COMPUTATION……Page 299
LITERATURE, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 300
LOCAL STATE……Page 302
LOCALITY……Page 305
LOCALLY UNWANTED LAND USES……Page 306
LOCATION THEORY……Page 307
LOCATION-BASED SERVICES……Page 309
LOGICAL POSITIVISM……Page 310
MALTHUSIANISM……Page 313
MARXISM, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 315
MASCULINITIES……Page 318
HEALTHCARE DELIVERY……Page 320
MENTAL MAPS……Page 321
PROBLEMS WITH THE TERM MAP……Page 322
MIGRATION……Page 323
MOBILITY……Page 325
MODES OF PRODUCTION IN HISTORY……Page 326
MODEL……Page 327
MODERNITY AS AESTHETIC MOVEMENT……Page 329
MAJOR THEMES OF MODERNIZATION THEORY……Page 330
CRITICISMS OF MODERNIZATION THEORY……Page 331
MONEY, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 332
MORTALITY RATES……Page 334
MUSIC AND SOUND, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 335
NATION-STATE……Page 337
NATIONALISM……Page 339
HEROIC PASTS……Page 340
GENDER AND NATIONALISM……Page 341
NATIONALISM AND TERRITORY……Page 342
NATURAL GROWTH RATE……Page 343
NATURE AND CULTURE……Page 344
SOCIAL VIEWS OF NATURE AND THE MATERIAL BASES OF CULTURE……Page 345
IDEOLOGIES OF NATURE AND CULTURE……Page 346
NEIGHBORHOOD……Page 347
NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE……Page 348
CHANGES IN SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS……Page 349
NEOCOLONIALISM……Page 350
HISTORY……Page 352
NEURAL COMPUTING……Page 353
NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR……Page 354
NEW URBANISM……Page 356
CONCLUSION……Page 357
NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES……Page 358
NIMBY……Page 359
NOMADISM……Page 360
NOMOTHETIC……Page 361
NOT IN MY BACKYARD……Page 362
ONTOLOGY……Page 363
OPEN SPACE……Page 364
ORIENTALISM……Page 365
OTHER/OTHERNESS……Page 367
OVERLAY……Page 368
PARADIGM SHIFT……Page 371
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION……Page 372
PEASANTS……Page 374
PHENOMENOLOGY……Page 375
PHOTOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 376
LOCATION, LANDSCAPE, AND SENSE OF PLACE……Page 378
Place in a World of Movement……Page 379
PLACE NAMES……Page 380
PLACE NAME STUDY……Page 381
ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ECOLOGY……Page 382
CRITIQUES AND STREAMS……Page 383
BACKGROUND……Page 384
RENEWAL DURING THE 1960s……Page 385
CURRENT RESEARCH CLUSTERS AND PERSPECTIVES……Page 386
POPULAR CULTURE, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 388
POPULATION, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 390
POSTCOLONIALISM……Page 393
POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY……Page 395
POSTMODERNISM……Page 396
POSTSTRUCTURALISM……Page 397
POVERTY……Page 400
POWER……Page 402
PRODUCER SERVICES……Page 404
PRODUCT CYCLE……Page 405
PRODUCTION OF SPACE……Page 406
IMPACT ON GEOGRAPHY……Page 407
PROFIT……Page 408
PSYCHOANALYSIS, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 409
PUBLIC SPACE……Page 410
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH……Page 413
QUANTITATIVE GEOGRAPHY AND THE QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION……Page 415
QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION……Page 416
QUEER THEORY……Page 418
THE PROBLEMS OF RACE……Page 421
ANTIRACISM……Page 422
RADICAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 423
FROM RADICAL GEOGRAPHY TO CRITICAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 424
REALISM……Page 425
REDISTRICTING……Page 426
AREAL DIFFERENTIATION……Page 427
THE NEW REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 428
RELIGION, GEOGRAPHY AND/OF……Page 429
RESISTANCE……Page 431
RESOURCE……Page 432
RESTRUCTURING……Page 433
RURAL DEVELOPMENT……Page 436
RURAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 437
STUDIES OF RURAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 438
RURAL–URBAN CONTINUUM……Page 439
RUSTBELT……Page 440
SCALE……Page 443
SEGREGATION……Page 445
SENSE OF PLACE……Page 446
SEQUENT OCCUPANCE……Page 447
REIMAGINING CITIZENSHIP……Page 449
CRITIQUING HETEROSEXIST SPATIALITY……Page 450
THEORIZING SEXUAL IDENTITIES……Page 451
SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 452
CORE FOCI OF SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 453
DECONSTRUCTIONS: CULTURAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 454
FUTURES FOR SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY……Page 455
THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF ICT……Page 456
THE USE OF ICT IN SOCIAL SCIENCE……Page 457
SOCIAL JUSTICE……Page 458
SOCIAL MOVEMENT……Page 459
SOCIALISM……Page 461
SOVEREIGNTY……Page 462
THE EMERGENCE AND DEFEAT OF ABSOLUTE SPACE……Page 463
FROM RELATIVE CONCEPTS TO THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE……Page 464
SPACES OF REPRESENTATION……Page 466
SPATIAL ANALYSIS……Page 468
MEASUREMENT……Page 469
OPTIMIZATION……Page 470
MODELING AND SIMULATION……Page 471
SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION……Page 472
SPATIAL DEPENDENCE……Page 473
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY……Page 474
SPATIAL INEQUALITY……Page 475
SPATIALLY INTEGRATED SOCIAL SCIENCE……Page 477
PRINCIPLES……Page 478
SPORT, GEOGRAPHY OF……Page 479
SQUATTER SETTLEMENT……Page 480
LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS……Page 481
HISTORY OF THE STATE……Page 482
GEOGRAPHY AND THE STATE……Page 483
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT……Page 484
STRUCTURALISM……Page 486
STRUCTURATION THEORY……Page 487
SUBJECT AND SUBJECTIVITY……Page 489
SUBURBS AND SUBURBANIZATION……Page 491
SUNBELT……Page 492
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT……Page 494
SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM……Page 495
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND GEOGRAPHY……Page 499
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND BACK-OFFICE RELOCATIONS……Page 500
THE INTERNET……Page 501
TERMS OF TRADE……Page 502
TESSELLATION……Page 503
TEXT AND TEXTUALITY……Page 504
THEORY……Page 506
BASIC APPROACHES FOR DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF SPACE–TIME DATA……Page 509
THE WEB MODEL OF TIME GEOGRAPHY……Page 511
CONTEMPORARY TIME GEOGRAPHY……Page 512
TIME–SPACE COMPRESSION……Page 513
TOBLER’S FIRST LAW OF GEOGRAPHY……Page 516
TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY AND/OF……Page 517
FREE TRADE AND BARRIERS TO TRADE……Page 519
TRADING BLOCS……Page 520
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS……Page 521
TRENDS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY……Page 523
TRAVEL WRITING, GEOGRAPHY AND……Page 525
UNCERTAINTY……Page 527
UNDERDEVELOPMENT……Page 529
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT……Page 530
URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING……Page 531
THE HISTORY OF PLANNING……Page 532
THE TOOLS OF LOCAL-SCALE LAND USE PLANNING: ANGLO-AMERICAN EXAMPLES……Page 533
CONCLUSION……Page 534
URBAN ECOLOGY……Page 535
URBAN ENTREPRENEURIALISM……Page 537
URBAN FRINGE……Page 538
URBAN GEOGRAPHY……Page 539
HUMAN–ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS IN AN URBAN CONTEXT……Page 540
CITY SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONS: MACRO SCALE……Page 541
CITY SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONS: MICRO SCALE……Page 542
URBAN PLANNING, POLICY, AND DESIGN……Page 543
URBAN MANAGERIALISM……Page 544
URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS……Page 545
URBAN ECOLOGY AND THE CHICAGO SCHOOL……Page 547
MARXIST POLITICAL ECONOMY, URBAN FORM, AND BEYOND……Page 548
URBAN SPRAWL……Page 549
URBAN UNDERCLASS……Page 550
PERIODS IN URBANIZATION HISTORY……Page 552
TRANSFORMING PROCESSES IN URBANIZATION……Page 553
GEOGRAPHIC SCALE AND PLACE……Page 554
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT……Page 555
DIGITAL DIVIDE……Page 557
VISION……Page 558
WHITENESS……Page 561
WILDERNESS……Page 562
FIVE CENTURIES IN THE MAKING……Page 563
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD ECONOMY……Page 564
GEOGRAPHIC APPROACHES TO THE WORLD ECONOMY……Page 565
WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY……Page 566
WRITING……Page 567
ZONING HISTORY……Page 571
LEGAL BATTLES……Page 572
A……Page 603
B……Page 604
C……Page 606
D……Page 609
E……Page 610
F……Page 613
G……Page 614
H……Page 616
I……Page 618
K……Page 619
L……Page 620
M……Page 621
N……Page 624
O……Page 625
P……Page 626
Q,R……Page 629
S……Page 630
T……Page 634
U……Page 635
W……Page 637
Y,Z……Page 638

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