Plant engineers and managers guide to energy conservation

Albert Thumann,NetLibrary, Inc.0881733849, 9780881733846

Table of contents :
PLANT ENGINEERS AND MANAGERS GUIDE TO ENERGY CONSERVATION……Page 1
PREFACE……Page 8
INTRODUCTION……Page 9
CONTENTS……Page 4
CHAPTER 1: THE ROLE OF THE PLANT ENGINEER IN ENERGY MANAGEMENT……Page 10
CONTENTS……Page 0
WHAT IS AN INDUSTRIAL ENERGY AUDIT?……Page 11
THE ENERGY UTILIZATION PROGRAM……Page 12
ENERGY ACCOUNTING……Page 16
THE LANGUAGE OF THE ENERGY MANAGER……Page 21
THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992……Page 24
STATE CODES……Page 26
MODEL ENERGY CODE……Page 27
REGULATIONS & STANDARDS IMPACTING CFCS……Page 28
CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENT……Page 29
REGULATORY & LEGISLATIVE ISSUES IMPACTING COGENERATION & INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCTION2……Page 30
USING THE PAYBACK PERIOD METHOD……Page 34
USING LIFE CYCLE COSTING……Page 35
INVESTMENT DECISION-MAKING……Page 36
THE JOB SIMULATION EXPERIENCE……Page 54
SIM 2-2……Page 55
MAKING DECISIONS FOR ALTERNATE INVESTMENTS……Page 56
SIM 2-4……Page 57
DEPRECIATION, TAXES, AND THE TAX CREDIT……Page 58
SIM 2-5……Page 62
IMPACT OF FUEL INFLATION ON LIFE CYCLE COSTING……Page 63
COMPUTER ANALYSIS……Page 65
INFRARED EQUIPMENT……Page 66
AMMETER AND VOLTMETER……Page 68
WATTMETER AND POWER FACTOR METER……Page 69
THERMOMETER……Page 70
PORTABLE ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER……Page 71
COMBUSTION TESTER……Page 72
SMOKE TESTER……Page 73
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT……Page 74
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT (ABSOLUTE AND DIFFERENTIAL)……Page 75
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT……Page 76
WHY THE PLANT MANAGER SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE ELECTRIC RATE STRUCTURE……Page 77
PROGRAM HISTORY……Page 78
POWER BASICS—THE KEY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY REDUCTION……Page 79
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN POWER, VOLTAGE, AND CURRENT……Page 80
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION?……Page 81
HOW CAPACITORS IMPROVE POWER FACTOR……Page 83
WHERE TO LOCATE CAPACITORS……Page 85
EFFICIENT MOTORS……Page 89
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION……Page 90
WHAT METHOD SHOULD BE USED TO IMPROVE THE PLANT POWER FACTOR?……Page 91
WHAT IS LOAD MANAGEMENT?……Page 92
WHAT HAVE BEEN SOME OF THE RESULTS OF LOAD MANAGEMENT?……Page 93
HOW DOES LOAD DEMAND CONTROL WORK?……Page 94
OUTPUTS……Page 95
THE CONFUSION OVER ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS……Page 96
LIGHTING BASICS—THE KEY TO REDUCING LIGHTING WASTES……Page 97
POINT BY POINT METHODS……Page 98
ANALYSIS OF METHODS……Page 99
EFFICIENT TYPES OF INCANDESCENTS FOR LIMITED USE……Page 100
FLUORESCENT LAMPS……Page 102
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS……Page 103
SOLID-STATE BALLASTS……Page 105
BASIS OF THERMODYNAMICS……Page 109
THE CARNOT CYCLE……Page 111
USE OF THE SPECIFIC HEAT CONCEPT……Page 113
USING THE STEAM TURBINE……Page 115
RETURNING CONDENSATE TO THE BOILER……Page 116
FLASHING CONDENSATE TO LOWER PRESSURE……Page 117
FURNACE EFFICIENCY……Page 119
THE EFFECT OF FLUE GAS AND COMBUSTION AIR TEMPERATURE……Page 121
REDUCING FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE……Page 122
STEAM TRACING……Page 123
HEAT RECOVERY……Page 124
SOURCES OF WASTE HEAT……Page 125
HOW TO USE WASTE HEAT……Page 127
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT……Page 128
THE MOLLIER DIAGRAM……Page 131
STEAM GENERATION USING WASTE HEAT RECOVERY……Page 135
PUMPS AND PIPING SYSTEMS……Page 142
DISTILLATION COLUMNS……Page 148
INCORPORATION OF ENERGY UTILIZATION IN PROCUREMENT SPECIFICATIONS……Page 150
THREE WAYS HEAT IS TRANSFERRED……Page 151
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION……Page 152
CONDUCTION THROUGH A FLAT SURFACE……Page 153
HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION……Page 156
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION……Page 157
FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS……Page 158
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER……Page 159
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE HEAT LOSS OF A VESSEL OR TANK……Page 161
REDUCING HEAT LOSS OF VESSELS OR TANKS……Page 163
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE HEAT LOSS OF PIPING AND FLAT SURFACES……Page 167
CONDUCTIVITY THROUGH BUILDING MATERIALS……Page 172
HANDY TABLES TO SAVE TIME……Page 178
THE EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT……Page 202
SURFACE TEMPERATURES……Page 203
SUNLIGHT AND GLASS CONSIDERATIONS……Page 204
APPLYING INSULATION……Page 213
SOLAR CONTROL……Page 217
THERMAL BARRIERS……Page 219
INFILTRATION……Page 221
“SMART WINDOWS” WITH SWITCHABLE GLAZING……Page 222
SUPERWINDOWS……Page 223
EFFICIENT USE OF HEATING AND COOLING EQUIPMENT SAVES DOLLARS……Page 224
HEAT PUMPS DO SAVE ENERGY……Page 225
HYDRONIC HEAT PUMP……Page 226
LIQUID CHILLER……Page 227
CHILLERS IN SERIES AND IN PARALLEL……Page 228
ABSORPTION SYSTEM BASICS……Page 230
TWO-STAGE ABSORPTION UNIT……Page 233
THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES……Page 234
BASICS OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION……Page 238
APPLYING VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS……Page 239
ENERGY SAVINGS……Page 241
MAXIMUM SAVINGS……Page 242
HEAT WHEELS……Page 243
AIR-TO-AIR HEAT PIPES AND EXCHANGERS……Page 244
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS-DOUBLE BUNDLE CONDENSER……Page 246
COOL STORAGE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE……Page 247
THERMAL STORAGE CONTROL SYSTEMS……Page 252
THE VENTILATION AUDIT*……Page 254
ENERGY ANALYSIS UTILIZING SIMULATION PROGRAMS……Page 256
TEST AND BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS……Page 257
DEFINITION OF “COGENERATION”……Page 258
COMPONENTS OF A COGENERATION SYSTEM……Page 259
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES……Page 260
AN OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION THEORY……Page 261
APPLICATION OF THE COGENERATION CONSTANT……Page 264
BOTTOMING AND TOPPING CYCLES……Page 265
THE BRAYTON CYCLE……Page 266
THE RANKINE CYCLE……Page 267
COMBINED CYCLES……Page 269
DETAILED FEASIBILITY EVALUATION*……Page 270
UTILITY DATA ANALYSIS……Page 272
OPERATING STRATEGIES……Page 277
ENERGY SAVINGS ANALYSIS……Page 281
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS……Page 286
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS……Page 288
WHAT IS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOST MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS?……Page 289
MANAGEMENT ATTENTION……Page 290
MAINTENANCE PLANNING……Page 291
STEAM LEAKS……Page 292
LEAKS IN COMPRESSED AIR LINES……Page 294
PROPERLY OPERATING STEAM TRAPS SAVE ENERGY……Page 296
REDUCE ENERGY WASTES BY INSULATING BARE STEAM LINES……Page 299
EXCESS AIR CONSIDERATIONS……Page 300
DIRT AND LAMP LUMEN DEPRECIATION CAN REDUCE LIGHTING LEVELS BY 50%……Page 301
SUMMARY……Page 302
ORGANIZING FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION……Page 303
TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT……Page 304
HOW TO SET PRIORITIES OF ENERGY CONSERVATION PROJECTS……Page 305
THE VITAL ELEMENTS—COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION……Page 306
USING THE CRITICAL PATH SCHEDULE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES……Page 308
CONTINUOUS CONSERVATION MONITORING……Page 309
ENCOURAGING THE CREATIVE PROCESS……Page 310
ENERGY EMERGENCY AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING……Page 312
CONCLUSION……Page 313
SUMMARY……Page 314
EVOLUTION OF POWER MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS……Page 315
BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIAL POWER MONITORING AND CONTROL……Page 316
SECOND GENERATION SYSTEMS……Page 317
TOWARD THE FUTURE……Page 318
FUNCTIONALITY CLASSES……Page 320
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURES……Page 321
REFERENCE MODEL……Page 322
RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS……Page 324
SYSTEM JUSTIFICATION……Page 325
VENDOR SELECTION……Page 326
PLATFORMS AND COMMUNICATIONS……Page 329
SATISFACTION AND USABILITY……Page 331
CONCLUSIONS……Page 332
REFERENCES……Page 334
INTRODUCTION……Page 335
PARTNERSHIPS……Page 337
BENEFITS……Page 338
BARRIERS……Page 341
TECHNOLOGIES……Page 342
MICROTURBINES……Page 343
FUEL CELLS……Page 345
RECIPROCATING (RECIP) ENGINES……Page 346
MARKET POTENTIAL……Page 347
CONCLUSION……Page 349
REFERENCES……Page 350
FINANCING ALTERNATIVES……Page 351
RELATIVE BENEFITS OF PROJECT FINANCING……Page 352
BASIC STRUCTURE……Page 354
PROPOSAL REVIEW……Page 355
I. TERM SHEET…….Page 356
PROJECT FIGURES……Page 357
CONCLUSION……Page 358
ACCEPTANCE OF FINAL INSTALLED FIGURES……Page 359
II. DEFINITIONS…….Page 360
III. ECM COMMENCEMENT DATE AND TERM OF AGREEMENT…….Page 362
V. DETERMINATION OF FINAL TERMS…….Page 363
VII. BILLING…….Page 364
X. FINAL AGREEMENT…….Page 365
SUMMARY OF GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS……Page 366
INTRODUCTION……Page 368
OVERVIEW OF THE SITE STEAM SYSTEM……Page 369
STEAM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND UTILIZATION……Page 370
CONDENSATE RETURN……Page 371
1. INSTALL ECONOMIZER IN THE BOILER STACK TO RECOVER THE HEAT FROM FLUE GASES……Page 372
2. INSTALL VENT CONDENSER TO THE DEAERATOR……Page 373
4. RECOVER HEAT FROM COOLING IN AIR COMPRESSORS……Page 375
5. OPTIMIZE CONDENSATE RETURN SYSTEM AT XX AREA……Page 377
6. PREVENT THERMAL SHOCK IN AQUACHEM AND NITROGEN AREAS……Page 381
7. RECOVER THE FLASH STEAM FROM X’S HEAT EXCHANGERS……Page 383
8. RECOVER PRESSURE (ENERGY) INSTEAD OF REDUCING STEAM PRESSURE THROUGH PRV……Page 385
REFERENCES……Page 387
CHAPTER 16: COST CONTAINMENT DESIGN FOR COMMERCIAL GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS……Page 388
WHY GHPS? WHY NOW?……Page 389
DESIGN METHODS TO REALIZE ADVANTAGES……Page 390
PIPING AND PUMPS……Page 391
SOFTWARE……Page 392
CHALLENGES IN THE U.S. MARKET……Page 397
REFERENCES……Page 399
INTRODUCTION……Page 401
WHAT IS OUTSOURCING?……Page 402
ENERGY OUTSOURCING……Page 403
PLANNING STEPS……Page 404
BARRIERS TO THE SUCCESS OF OUTSOURCING……Page 406
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT FIRM……Page 407
REFERENCES……Page 408
SUMMARY……Page 409
THE PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATION……Page 410
DETERMINING THE PHENOMENON……Page 411
CHOOSING THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT……Page 412
COST OF POWER DISTURBANCES……Page 413
THE PRICE FOR PROTECTION……Page 416
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS……Page 417
A MORE DIRECT APPROACH……Page 420
CONCLUSION……Page 421
REFERENCES……Page 422
AT&T VS. MCI: A PARADIGM……Page 423
FACTORS IMPACTING POWER PRICES……Page 424
TRANSMISSION, GENERATION, AND NATURAL GAS OPTIONS……Page 425
LOAD SHAPING, FINANCING, AND USER TECHNOLOGIES……Page 426
THE COLLEGE OF POWER KNOWLEDGE……Page 431
SPEEDING UP THE PROCESS……Page 432
REFERENCES……Page 433
CUSTOMER BACKGROUND……Page 434
TESTS PERFORMED……Page 435
TEST RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS……Page 436
CUSTOMER BACKGROUND……Page 437
TEST RESULTS……Page 438
CONCLUSIONS……Page 439