Varun Gauri, Daniel M. Brinks9780511511240, 9780511426841, 0521873762, 0521145163, 0511511248, 0511426844, 9780521145169, 9780521873765
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Half-title……Page 3
Title……Page 5
Copyright……Page 6
Contents……Page 7
Foreword……Page 9
Preface……Page 17
Contributors……Page 21
1 Introduction: The Elements of Legalization and the Triangular Shape of Social and Economic Rights……Page 23
THE MAIN ARGUMENT……Page 26
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS TRIANGLE……Page 28
HOW INSTITUTIONS AFFECT THE LEVEL, SCOPE, AND FORM OF LEGALIZATION REGARDING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS……Page 36
Demand-Side Factors……Page 37
Supply-Side Factors……Page 38
Response-Side Factors……Page 40
Follow Up……Page 41
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZING DEMAND FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS?……Page 42
Direct Effects and Their Distribution……Page 43
Direct Effects on Nonlitigants……Page 44
Indirect Effects Internal to the Legal System……Page 45
Indirect Effects External to the Legal System……Page 46
WHAT DOES LEGALIZATION ADD TO DEMOCRATIC POLITICS?……Page 47
THE RESEARCH STRATEGY……Page 50
Brazil……Page 52
Nigeria……Page 53
Indonesia……Page 54
FINAL THOUGHTS AND CAVEATS……Page 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 57
2 Litigating for Social Justice in Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Focus on Health and Education……Page 60
THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION AND LEGAL SYSTEM……Page 62
SUMMARY OF THE CASES……Page 66
Decisions on the basis of an express SE right……Page 67
Decisions on the basis of a non-SE right……Page 71
Social assistance cases……Page 72
Provision of health services: Development of new policy……Page 75
Provision of health services: Implementation of existing policy……Page 77
Regulation……Page 78
Private obligations……Page 82
Education Cases……Page 83
Private obligations (choice of schooling)……Page 86
Regulation……Page 88
Emerging Trends……Page 89
Enforcement……Page 91
Prioritization……Page 96
Direct Impact on Litigants and Others……Page 98
Broader Impact on the Specific SE Rights Issue Raised……Page 102
Impact on the Other Rights Claims and SE Rights Jurisprudence……Page 103
FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESSFUL OUTCOMES……Page 106
Characterization……Page 108
Timing……Page 109
Clients’ and legal representatives’ roles……Page 110
Extralegal Considerations……Page 111
Mobilization and the role and nature of civil society……Page 112
The Role of the State in SE Rights Litigation……Page 113
Why are cases litigated?……Page 114
What is the role of the state’s lawyers?……Page 115
CONCLUSION……Page 116
REFERENCES……Page 118
3 Accountability for Social and Economic Rights in Brazil……Page 122
The Supply Side: Legal Systemand Social Rights Infrastructure……Page 123
The Demand Side: SocioeconomicMakeup and Litigiousness……Page 131
The Intersection of Supply and Demand: Access to Justice and the Role of Organized Civil Society……Page 133
Survey Method and Challenges of Data Collection……Page 137
Statistical Patterns, Legal Argument, and Illustrative Cases……Page 138
THE MOMENT OF DECISION: JUDICIAL SUPPORT FOR HEALTH AND EDUCATION RIGHTS CLAIMS……Page 141
The Role of the Different Judicial Actors in Social Rights Litigation……Page 149
Aggregate Direct and Third-Party Effects……Page 154
Indirect Effects Internal to the Legal System: The Impact of Threatened and of Settled Litigation……Page 156
Indirect Effects External to the Legal System: The Impact on Policy Creation, Administration, and Budget……Page 158
CONCLUSION: FOUR MODELS OF LITIGATION……Page 162
4 Courts and Socioeconomic Rights in India……Page 168
THE CONSTITUTION, THE COURTS, AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS……Page 169
DEFINING A RIGHT TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION……Page 172
THE LEGALIZATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEMANDS……Page 173
THE EXTENT OF LEGALIZATION IN HEALTH……Page 175
THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZATION IN HEALTH……Page 177
Provider–Client Claims: Medical Negligence and Medical Reimbursement……Page 178
State–Private Provider Regulation……Page 179
State–Citizen Obligations: Public Health and Medical Services……Page 181
Prevention and Treatment of Key Public Health Concerns……Page 182
AN OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE COURT’S IMPACT ON HEALTH POLICY AND THE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF RIGHTS……Page 183
THE EXTENT OF LEGALIZATION IN EDUCATION……Page 185
COURTS’ JUDGMENTS……Page 186
THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZATION ON EDUCATION……Page 188
Students (Access and Quality of Education)……Page 190
Teachers (Selection, Salaries, and Quality)……Page 191
Private Institutions: Regulation and Provider–Client Obligations……Page 192
University……Page 193
COMPLIANCE……Page 196
CONCLUSION……Page 198
BIBLIOGRAPHY……Page 201
INTRODUCTION……Page 205
NORMATIVE FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL AND NIGERIAN LAW……Page 208
A NOTE ON LEGAL TRADITIONS AND METHODOLOGY……Page 210
NIGERIA: POLITICAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT……Page 213
Economic and Social Rights in Nigeria’s Constitution……Page 215
The Status of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Other International Instruments in Nigeria……Page 216
Federalism and Division of Powers……Page 217
Courts and Recourse Systems……Page 218
Judicial Procedure for Enforcement of Human Rights……Page 219
Access to Courts and to Government……Page 220
Customary Law and Discrimination……Page 221
Land Tenure and Natural Resources Exploitation and the Environment……Page 222
LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND JURISPRUDENCE……Page 223
Compulsory, Free Universal Basic Education Act……Page 224
Provision of Adult, Primary, and Vocational Education……Page 225
Access to Educational Institutions……Page 227
Protection of Rights in Education – University Due Process Cases……Page 228
Examinations and Certification……Page 229
The National Health Insurance Scheme Act……Page 231
Health and the Right to Bail……Page 232
Right to Health and the African Charter……Page 234
HIV/AIDS,Mental Illness, and Access to Remedies……Page 235
Mandate and Functions of the Commission……Page 237
Admissibility……Page 238
CONCLUSIONS: PHILOSOPHY AND IMPACT OF JUDICIAL ENFORCEMENT OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH AS HUMAN RIGHTS……Page 240
SOCIAL RIGHTS AND CORRUPTION……Page 246
METHODOLOGY……Page 252
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE RIGHTS TO HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION……Page 253
INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE (1999–2002) AND THE RIGHTS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION……Page 255
THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR EDUCATION……Page 256
THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTH CARE……Page 257
THE JUDICIARY AND THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION……Page 258
The Supreme Court……Page 261
The National Human Rights Commission……Page 262
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE AND ITS IMPACT ON POLICY……Page 264
Cases Establishing the Relative Obligations of Patients and Providers with Regard to Medical Malpractice……Page 265
Regulatory Cases: State Regulation of Industrial, Commercial, or Governmental Emissions……Page 268
Expansion of Health Services: Provision to Excluded Groups……Page 272
Analysis……Page 274
Choice of Schooling: Expulsion of Students and Attendance at Particular Schools……Page 277
Public Financing for Education……Page 280
Analysis……Page 283
DOES THE COURT MATTER?……Page 284
Litigation as a Campaign……Page 286
CONCLUDING REMARKS……Page 287
7 Transforming Legal Theory in the Light of Practice: The Judicial Application of Social and Economic Rights to Private Orderings……Page 290
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND GOVERNMENT ACTION……Page 296
THE RESEARCH STRATEGY: CONSTITUTIONALIZING A NETWORK OF ENFORCEMENT……Page 300
JUDICIALIZING THE NETWORK ENFORCEMENT OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS……Page 303
Reshaping the Regulatory Landscape in Light of Constitutional Norms……Page 308
Aligning Property Rights with Constitutional Goals……Page 316
RECONCEPTUALIZING CONSTITUTIONAL ENFORCEMENT IN THE LIGHT OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE……Page 319
CONCLUSION: CONSIDERING THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CONSTITUTIONAL PRIVATIZATION……Page 321
8 A New Policy Landscape: Legalizing Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World……Page 325
VARYING LEVELS OF LEGAL MOBILIZATION ACROSS COUNTRIES……Page 328
Demand-Side Factors:Who Sues, and Who Doesn’t?……Page 331
Supply-Side Factors:Why Do the Courts Support Some Claims and Not Others?……Page 336
Response-Side Factors: What Makes the Target of Litigation More Likely to Comply?……Page 342
THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZATION – HOW MANY PEOPLE BENEFIT FROM SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS LITIGATION?……Page 346
Provision Cases……Page 351
Regulation Cases……Page 353
Obligations Cases……Page 354
Legalization Follows Legislation……Page 355
UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF LEGALIZING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS: WHO BENEFITS?……Page 356
The Direct Beneficiaries……Page 358
The Indirect Beneficiaries……Page 360
Policy Area Inequality……Page 362
ON THE ROLE OF COURTS IN DEMOCRACIES……Page 364
SHOULD SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS BE JUSTICIABLE? SOME NORMATIVE CONSIDERATIONS……Page 371
REFERENCES……Page 373
Index……Page 375
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