Marcos Fernandez-garcia1860944906, 9781860944901
Table of contents :
CONTENTS……Page 6
Preface……Page 12
1.1 Introduction……Page 14
1.2.1 Impregnation……Page 16
Impregnation profiles on pre-shaped catalyst support bodies……Page 19
Preparation of structured catalysts (monoliths)……Page 21
Homogeneous deposition precipitation via pH increase……Page 23
(Co)precipitation at constant pH……Page 24
1.3 Case Studies……Page 27
1.3.1 Impregnation: Preparation of Pt catalysts, the effect of the pre-treatment conditions……Page 28
Procedures……Page 29
Experimental……Page 32
Precipitation conditions……Page 33
Support effects……Page 34
Introduction……Page 36
Results and discussion……Page 39
REFERENCES……Page 42
2.1 Introduction……Page 46
2.2 Experimental Models and Techniques on Oxide Surfaces and Metal-oxide Interfaces……Page 47
2.3.1 Physical approaches to the metal-oxide interface……Page 52
2.3.2 Methods of electronic structure calculation……Page 55
2.3.3 Basis sets and related concepts……Page 58
2.3.4 Approaches on the dynamics of the systems……Page 60
2.4.1 Isolated atoms on MgO(001)……Page 61
2.4.2 Metallic films on the MgO(001) surface……Page 65
2.4.3 Interaction of metal atoms with point defects of the MgO(001) surface……Page 66
2.4.4 Interaction of metal clusters with perfect and defective MgO(001)……Page 69
2.4.5 Reactivity of metals on MgO……Page 71
2.5 Interaction of Metals with Other Faces of MgO and Other Alkaline-earth Oxides……Page 73
2.6 Metal-support Interaction Involving Ionic Oxides with Complex Structures: The Case of the -Al2O3(0001) Surface……Page 74
2.7 Interaction of Metal Atoms and Cluster with Covalent and Semicovalent Oxide Surfaces……Page 79
2.8 Conclusions……Page 86
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 87
REFERENCES……Page 88
3.1 Introduction……Page 96
3.2 Main Properties of Monometallic Systems……Page 97
3.3 Main Properties of Bimetallic Systems……Page 99
3.4.1 XAFS spectroscopies……Page 103
3.4.2 Vibrational spectroscopy……Page 116
3.4.3 Valence and core photoelectron spectroscopies……Page 125
3.4.4 Other techniques……Page 128
REFERENCES……Page 129
4.1 Introduction……Page 136
XRD……Page 137
X-ray scattering……Page 139
Magnetic measurements……Page 140
TEM……Page 141
Chemisorption……Page 143
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……Page 161
REFERENCES……Page 162
5.1 Introduction……Page 168
5.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis……Page 171
5.3 Methanol Production and Higher Alcohols from Syngas……Page 177
5.4 Hydrogenation Reactions and Other Possibilities Aimed to Reuse CO2……Page 184
5.5 Hydroformylation of Olefins with Synthesis Gas……Page 187
5.6 Catalysed Reactions Involving CH4……Page 188
5.7 CH3OH to Hydrocarbons and to Other Intermediate Compounds……Page 189
REFERENCES……Page 191
6.1 Introduction……Page 200
6.1.1 Hydrogen pressure……Page 204
6.2 Structural Requirements of Reforming Reactions……Page 205
6.4 Deactivation……Page 209
Pressure……Page 211
Species……Page 212
Support acidity……Page 213
The life-cycle of carbon laydown……Page 214
The conversion of adsorbed hydrocarbons to coke……Page 216
6.5 Regeneration……Page 219
6.6 Improvements to Yields and Life……Page 220
6.6.1 The use of multimetallic catalysts in S/R……Page 221
6.6.3 Pt-Re structures……Page 222
6.6.4 Pt-ReS……Page 224
6.6.5 Pt-Ir, the “rational scientific design”……Page 226
6.6.7 Continuous catalyst regeneration……Page 227
6.6.8 Pt-Sn……Page 228
6.7.1 PtKL……Page 230
6.7.2 The technological process……Page 232
6.8 Conclusions……Page 234
REFERENCES……Page 235
7.1 Introduction……Page 242
7.2 Methane Conversion……Page 243
7.2.1 Steam methane reforming……Page 244
7.2.1.1 Carbon formation……Page 246
7.2.1.2 Promoter effects……Page 248
7.2.2 Methane decomposition……Page 249
7.2.2.1 Nickel catalysts……Page 250
7.2.2.3 Cobalt catalysts……Page 251
7.2.2.4 Nature of the carbon by-product……Page 252
7.2.2.5 Theoretical investigation……Page 256
7.2.3 Partial oxidation and dry reforming of methane……Page 258
7.2.3.1 Catalytic mechanism and heat exchange……Page 259
7.2.3.2 Catalysts supports……Page 264
7.2.3.3 Reaction intermediates……Page 266
7.2.3.4 Promoting effects……Page 267
7.2.3.5 Perovskite and hydrotalcite precursors……Page 268
7.3.1.1 Methanol decomposition……Page 271
7.3.1.2 Methanol steam reforming……Page 272
Copper-zinc catalysts……Page 273
Mechanism studies……Page 275
Promoters……Page 277
Palladium catalysts……Page 278
7.3.1.4 Autothermal reforming of methanol……Page 279
7.3.2 Ethanol oxidation……Page 280
7.3.2.1 Cobalt catalysts……Page 283
7.4 Conversion of other Hydrocarbon Feeds……Page 286
REFERENCES……Page 289
8.1 Introduction……Page 296
8.2.1 Classical TWC……Page 298
8.2.2.1 New oxygen buffering oxides……Page 302
8.2.2.2 The shift towards the use of palladium……Page 305
8.2.2.3 Promotion of Pd by base metals……Page 309
8.3 Lean-burn Emissions……Page 310
8.3.1 Oxidation catalysts……Page 311
8.3.2 Treatment of soot……Page 312
8.3.3 Catalysts for selective reduction of NOx with hydrocarbons……Page 314
General catalytic features……Page 316
Mechanistic aspects and nature of the active site……Page 318
General features of the catalytic activity……Page 320
Nature of the active phase……Page 323
Reaction mechanism……Page 325
8.3.3.3 Practical approaches……Page 326
8.4.1 NOx Storage and reduction catalysts……Page 327
REFERENCES……Page 331
9.1 Introduction……Page 340
9.2.1 The hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene over non-modified metal catalysts……Page 341
9.2.2 The hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene over modified metal catalysts……Page 345
9.2.3 The hydrogenation of -unsaturated aldehydes over non-modified metal catalysts……Page 346
9.2.4 The hydrogenation of -unsaturated aldehydes over modified metal catalysts……Page 347
9.3.1 Supported platinum-group metals……Page 350
9.3.2 Supported gold and silver……Page 352
9.3.3 Catalyst deactivation……Page 354
9.4 Enantioselective Reactions……Page 355
9.4.1 Enantioselective hydrogenation of activated ketones over supported Platinum……Page 356
9.4.2 Enantioselective hydrogenation over other supported metals……Page 364
REFERENCES……Page 366
Index……Page 372
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