Propagation handbook for wireless communication system design

Robert K. Crane0849308208, 9780849308208

Data and models for better systems designAtmospheric gases, building materials, the weather … The propagation of wireless communications signals depends upon a whole range of factors, any or all of which can have a significant impact on the quality of a signal. Data generated by careful measurement of signals propagating under various environmental conditions are therefore fundamental to designing and building efficient, robust, and economical communication systems. This handbook presents models that describe that data and make predictions for conditions that will affect operational systems. The author-chair of the science panel for the ACTS propagation experiment-focuses on EM waves of 0.3 to 300 GHz propagating through the lower atmosphere. The handbook describes the physical phenomena that can affect propagation, presents sample measurements and statistics, and provides models that system designers can use to calculate their link budgets and estimate the limitations the atmosphere could place on their designs. Communications engineers around the world need this information readily at hand, not scattered throughout the literature. For engineers and systems designers involved in communications, navigation, radar, or remote sensing, the Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design will quickly become a standard and heavily relied-upon reference.

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Table of contents :
Propagation Handbook for Wireless Communication System Design……Page 1
Preface……Page 3
Table of Contents……Page 5
1.1 Types of systems……Page 8
Table of Contents……Page 0
1.2 Design criteria……Page 10
1.3.1 Transmission loss……Page 14
1.3.2 Antenna beamwidth……Page 18
1.4 Propagation effects……Page 20
1.4.1.2 Clouds and fog……Page 21
1.4.1.3 Rain……Page 22
1.4.1.4 Water layer……Page 23
1.4.1.5 Building material……Page 24
1.4.1.6 Vegetation……Page 27
1.4.1.7 Obstacles……Page 28
1.4.2 Refraction……Page 30
1.4.2.1 Ray tracing……Page 31
1.4.2.2 Ducting……Page 42
1.4.2.3 Effective Earth’s radius……Page 49
1.4.2.4 Tropospheric scatter……Page 52
1.4.2.5.1 Ionospheric scintillation…….Page 59
1.4.2.5.2 Tropospheric scintillation…….Page 63
1.4.3 Receiver noise……Page 66
1.5 Propagation models……Page 73
1.6 Model verification……Page 76
1.7.1 Stationarity……Page 87
1.7.2.1 Lognormal model……Page 89
1.7.2.2 Normal distribution model……Page 93
1.7.2.3 Gamma distribution model……Page 95
1.7.2.4 Weibull distribution model……Page 96
1.7.2.5 Model selection……Page 98
1.7.3 Risk……Page 100
1.8 List of symbols……Page 102
References……Page 105
2.1 Maxwell’s equations……Page 108
2.2 Plane waves……Page 110
2.3 Spherical waves……Page 114
2.4 Reflection and refraction……Page 116
2.5 Geometrical optics……Page 121
2.6 Ray tracing……Page 127
2.7 Scalar diffraction theory……Page 130
2.8 Geometrical theory of diffraction……Page 136
2.9 List of symbols……Page 140
References……Page 141
3.1.1 Complex index of refraction……Page 142
3.1.1.1 Water vapor……Page 143
3.1.1.2 Molecular oxygen……Page 145
3.1.2.1 ITU-R model……Page 148
3.1.2.2 Regression model……Page 151
3.2.1 Attenuation……Page 152
3.2.3.1 ITU-R model……Page 154
3.2.3.3 ACTS model……Page 155
3.2.4.1 June 4, 1996……Page 157
3.2.4.3 June 6, 1996……Page 160
3.3.1.1 Norman, OK……Page 164
3.3.1.2 Fairbanks, AK……Page 165
3.3.1.5 Tampa, FL……Page 166
3.3.1.6 White Sands, NM……Page 167
3.3.1.7 Reston, VA……Page 168
3.3.2.1 Norman, OK……Page 169
3.3.2.2 Fairbanks, AK……Page 170
3.3.2.3 Vancouver, British Columbia……Page 171
3.3.2.7 Reston, VA……Page 172
3.4 List of symbols……Page 174
References……Page 175
4.1 Ray bending……Page 176
4.1.1 Bending and focusing……Page 178
4.1.2 Elevation angle error……Page 182
4.1.3 Trapping or ducting……Page 189
4.2.1 Range error……Page 198
4.2.2 Multipath……Page 202
4.3.1 ACTS observations……Page 204
4.3.2 Low elevation angle observations……Page 220
4.3.3 Standard deviation prediction models……Page 223
4.4 List of symbols……Page 229
References……Page 230
5.1 Rain……Page 232
5.2 Rain attenuation……Page 233
5.3.1 Monthly statistics……Page 240
5.3.2 Worst-month statistics……Page 241
5.4 Fade duration……Page 246
5.5 Fade rate……Page 251
5.6 Rain attenuation models……Page 255
5.6.1.1 Crane local model……Page 256
5.6.1.2 New ITU-R model……Page 262
5.6.1.3 Comparison to ACTS observations……Page 263
5.6.2 Two-component path attenuation model……Page 269
5.6.3 Application of the models……Page 276
5.7 List of symbols……Page 286
References……Page 287
Appendix 5.1……Page 288
References……Page 309