Medical microbiology

Fritz H. Kayser, Michael Beall3131319917, 9783131319913, 1588902455, 9781588902450

While medical and hygienic developments have driven down the mortality rates of infectious diseases, pathogenic microorganisms are still a major factor in everyday clinical practice. They are still the most frequent cause of death in third world countries. New and incurable infectious diseases are a worldwide problem. It is, therefore, necessary for modern medicine to double its efforts to understand the relationship between microorganisms and humans and continue to lead the search for new therapies.

This book is structured in a comprehensible format. The numerous color illustrations and microscopic images render complex themes readily accessible. Summaries at the beginning of every chapter, a color-coded reference guide, and detailed diagnostic tables make this an excellent sourcebook for rapid learning and quick reference. A list of important internet addresses in the appendix will also help readers keep abreast of cutting-edge research.

This book is both a textbook for students of medicine and dentistry and a useful companion for medical technicians and laboratory assistants. It will also serve as a handy work of reference for clinical practitioners.

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Table of contents :
Cover Page……Page 1
Contents……Page 2
At a Glance………Page 3
Title Page……Page 4
Edition Info……Page 5
Preface……Page 6
Abbreviations……Page 8
1 General Aspects of Medical Microbiology……Page 14
2 Basic Principles of Immunology……Page 15
3 General Bacteriology……Page 17
4 Bacteria as Human Pathogens……Page 19
6 Fungi as Human Pathogens……Page 22
7 General Virology……Page 23
8 Viruses as Human Pathogens……Page 24
10 Helminths……Page 25
Appendix to Chapters 9–11……Page 26
Index……Page 27
I Basic Principles of Medical Microbiologie and Immunology……Page 28
The Past……Page 29
The Present……Page 30
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms……Page 31
Bacteria……Page 32
Fungi and Protozoa……Page 33
Host–Pathogen Interactions……Page 34
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence……Page 35
Adhesion……Page 38
Strategies against Nonspecific Immunity……Page 39
Strategies against Specific Immunity……Page 40
Clinical Disease……Page 42
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence……Page 45
The Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenicity……Page 47
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms……Page 48
Specific Defense Mechanisms……Page 50
Normal Flora……Page 51
General Epidemiology……Page 52
Transmission……Page 53
Sources of Infection……Page 57
Immunization Prophylaxis……Page 58
Terms……Page 61
The Kinetics of Pathogen Killing……Page 62
Mechanisms of Action……Page 63
Heat……Page 64
Filtration……Page 65
Chemical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection……Page 66
Practical Disinfection……Page 67
Introduction……Page 70
The Immunological Apparatus……Page 72
The B-Cell System……Page 75
Immunoglobulin Structure……Page 77
Diversity within the Variable Domains of the Immunoglobulins……Page 80
The Different Classes of Immunoglobulins……Page 81
T-Cell Receptors (TCR) and Accessory Molecules……Page 84
T-Cell Specificity and the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)……Page 85
T-Cell Maturation: Positive and Negative Selection……Page 90
T-Cell Subpopulations……Page 91
Immune Responses and Effector Mechanisms……Page 93
B-Cell Epitopes and B-Cell Proliferation……Page 94
T-Independent B Cell Responses……Page 96
T-Cell Activation……Page 98
T Helper Cells (CD4 + T Cells) and T-B Cell Collaboration……Page 99
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8 + T Cells)……Page 102
Cytokines (Interleukins) and Adhesion……Page 104
Humoral, Antibody-Dependent Effector Mechanisms……Page 112
The Complement System……Page 113
T-Cell Tolerance……Page 117
B-Cell Tolerance……Page 120
Immunological Memory……Page 121
B-Cell Memory……Page 123
T-Cell Memory……Page 125
Immune Defenses against Infection and Tumor Immunity……Page 126
General Rules Applying to Infection Defenses……Page 127
Immune Protection and Immunopathology……Page 130
Influence of Prophylactic Immunization……Page 133
Tumor Immunity……Page 134
Type I: IgE-Triggered Anaphylaxis……Page 135
Type II: Cytotoxic Humoral Immune Responses……Page 136
Autoantibody Responses……Page 137
Anti-blood Group Antibody Reactions……Page 138
Type III: Diseases Caused by Immune Complexes……Page 140
Type IV: Hypersensitivity or Delayed Type, Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity……Page 141
Transplantation Immunity……Page 142
Immune Defects and Immune Response Modulation……Page 144
Immunoregulation……Page 145
Immunostimulation……Page 146
Adaptive Immunotherapy……Page 147
Immunoprecipitation in Liquids and Gels……Page 148
Agglutination Reaction……Page 150
Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence……Page 152
Radioimmunological and Enzyme Immunological Tests……Page 155
Isolation of Lymphocytes……Page 156
Lymphocyte Function Tests……Page 159
Glossary……Page 166
II Bacteriology……Page 172
Bacterial Forms……Page 173
Nucleoid (Nucleus Equivalent) and Plasmids……Page 175
The Cytoplasmic Membrane……Page 178
Cell Wall……Page 179
Flagella……Page 184
Biofilm……Page 185
Bacterial Spores……Page 186
Types of Metabolism……Page 187
Catabolic Reactions……Page 188
Anabolic Reactions……Page 190
Nutrients……Page 191
Growth and Cell Death……Page 192
The Molecular Basis of Bacterial Genetics……Page 193
The Structure of Bacterial DNA……Page 194
Transcription and Translation……Page 195
Regulation of Gene Expression……Page 196
The Genetic Variability of Bacteria……Page 197
Recombination……Page 198
Transduction……Page 201
Conjugation……Page 202
Restriction, Modification, and Gene Cloning……Page 204
Morphology……Page 209
Composition……Page 210
Reproduction……Page 211
Lysogeny……Page 213
Definitions……Page 214
Efficacy……Page 223
Mechanisms of Action……Page 224
Side Effects……Page 227
Incidence, Significance……Page 228
Resistance Mechanisms……Page 229
Evolution of Resistance to Anti-Infective Agents……Page 230
Resistance Tests……Page 231
Combination Therapy……Page 232
Chemoprophylaxis……Page 233
Laboratory Diagnosis……Page 234
Sampling and Transport of Test Material……Page 235
Microscopy……Page 238
Culturing Methods……Page 239
Identification of Bacteria……Page 241
Molecular Methods……Page 243
Bacteriological Laboratory Safety……Page 244
Classification……Page 245
Nomenclature……Page 255
Staphylococcus……Page 256
Staphylococcus Aureus……Page 257
Staphylococcus aureus……Page 258
Multiple Furuncles……Page 259
Plasma Coagulase and Clumping Factor Test……Page 260
Streptococcus and Enterococcus……Page 261
Streptococcus Pyogenes……Page 264
Streptococcus pyogenes Infections……Page 266
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococci)……Page 267
Streptococcus pneumoniae……Page 268
Oral Streptococci……Page 269
Enterococcus (Enterococci)……Page 270
Bacillus……Page 271
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)……Page 272
The Pathogens That Cause Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis) and Anaerobic Cellulitis……Page 273
Clostridium perfringens and sporogenes……Page 274
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)……Page 275
Tetanus……Page 276
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)……Page 277
Listeria, Erysipelothrix, and Gardnerella……Page 278
Listeria monocytogenes……Page 279
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae……Page 280
Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria……Page 281
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)……Page 282
Diphtheria toxin……Page 283
Nose and Throat (Nasopharyngeal) Diphtheria……Page 284
Actinomyces israelii……Page 285
Other Gram-Positive Rod Bacteria……Page 287
Mycobacterium……Page 289
Tuberculosis Bacteria (TB)……Page 290
Possible Courses of Pulmonary Tuberculosis……Page 292
Tuberculoid Leprosy……Page 296
Lepromatous Leprosy……Page 297
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)……Page 298
Nocardia……Page 299
Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter……Page 300
Neisseria gonorrheae (Gonorrhea)……Page 301
Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis……Page 302
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningitis, Sepsis)……Page 303
Enterobacteriaceae, Overview……Page 305
Escherichia coli……Page 308
Salmonella (Gastroenteritis, Typhoid Fever, Paratyphoid Fever)……Page 309
Phase Variations of the H Antigens……Page 310
H Phase Variation in Salmonellae……Page 311
Shigella (Bacterial Dysentery)……Page 314
Yersinia pestis……Page 316
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis……Page 317
Escherichia coli……Page 319
Opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae……Page 322
Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas……Page 323
Vibrio cholerae……Page 324
Mechanism of Action of Cholera Toxin……Page 325
Haemophilus and Pasteurella……Page 327
Haemophilus influenzae……Page 328
Pasteurella……Page 330
Gram-Negative Rod Bacteria with Low Pathogenic Potential……Page 331
Campylobacter……Page 333
Helicobacter pylori……Page 334
Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia……Page 335
Pseudomonas aeruginosa……Page 336
Other Pseudomonas species, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia……Page 337
Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease)……Page 338
Brucella (Brucellosis, Bang’s Disease)……Page 340
Pathogenicity Factors of Bordetella pertussis……Page 342
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)……Page 343
Gram-Negative Anaerobes……Page 344
Mixed Anaerobic Flora……Page 345
Treponema pallidum, subsp. pallidum (Syphilis)……Page 347
Treponema pallidum……Page 349
Treponema carateum (Pinta)……Page 350
Borrelia that Cause Relapsing Fevers……Page 351
Borrelia duttonii……Page 352
Lyme Disease……Page 353
Leptospira (Leptospirosis, Weil Disease)……Page 355
Rickettsia, Coxiella, Orientia, and Ehrlichia (Typhus, Spotted Fever, Q Fever, Ehrlichioses)……Page 357
Bartonella……Page 361
Chlamydia……Page 362
Overview and General Characteristics of Chlamydiae……Page 363
Chlamydia psittaci (Ornithosis, Psittacosis)……Page 364
Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Lymphogranuloma venereum)……Page 365
Chlamydia pneumoniae……Page 366
Mycoplasma……Page 367
Pathogens, Infections, Frequency……Page 369
Control……Page 372
III Mycology……Page 374
Definition and Taxonomy……Page 375
Morphology……Page 376
Basic Morphological Elements of Fungi……Page 377
Reproduction in Fungi……Page 378
Mycogenic Allergies……Page 379
Host-pathogen interactions……Page 380
Therapy……Page 383
Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)……Page 385
Histoplasma capsulatum……Page 386
Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis)……Page 387
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (South American Blastomycosis)……Page 388
Candida albicans……Page 389
Clinical Forms of Candidosis……Page 390
Aspergillus (Aspergillosis)……Page 391
Aspergillus fumigatus……Page 392
Cryptococcus neoformans……Page 393
Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus (Mucormycoses)……Page 394
Mucorales (Zygomycetes)……Page 395
Phaeohyphomycetes, Hyalohyphomycetes, Opportunistic Yeasts, Penicillium marneffei……Page 396
Pneumocystis carinii (Pneumocystosis)……Page 397
Cryptococcus neoformans……Page 398
Dermatophytes (Dermatomycoses or Dermatophytoses)……Page 399
Dermatophytes……Page 400
Other Cutaneous Mycoses……Page 401
IV Virology……Page 402
Definition……Page 403
Morphology and Structure……Page 404
Virus Particle Structure……Page 405
Structural Patterns……Page 406
Classification……Page 407
Virus Replication……Page 408
Replication of the Viral Genome……Page 413
Viral Protein Synthesis……Page 414
Protein Synthesis Control……Page 415
Genetics……Page 416
Viruses as Vectors……Page 417
Nongenetic Interactions……Page 418
Cell Destruction (Cytocidal Infection, Necrosis)……Page 419
Virus Replication without Cell Destruction (Noncytocidal Infection)……Page 420
Carcinogenic Retroviruses (“Oncoviruses”)……Page 421
Oncogenes……Page 422
Pathogenesis……Page 423
Defense Mechanisms……Page 426
Synthesis and Effects of Interferon……Page 427
Specific Immune Defenses……Page 428
Prevention……Page 429
Chemotherapy……Page 431
Laboratory Diagnosis……Page 432
Virus Isolation by Culturing……Page 433
Cell Cultures……Page 434
Direct Virus Detection……Page 435
Virus Detection Following Biochemical Amplification……Page 436
Polymerase Chain Reaction……Page 437
Serodiagnosis……Page 438
Parvoviruses……Page 439
Papillomaviruses……Page 440
Warts Caused by Papillomaviruses……Page 441
Polyomaviruses (SV40)……Page 442
Adenoviruses……Page 443
Adenoviruses……Page 444
Herpesviruses……Page 445
Biology of the Herpesviruses……Page 446
Herpes labialis……Page 447
Herpes zoster……Page 449
Brick-Shaped Orthopoxvirus……Page 453
The Family Poxviridae……Page 454
Smallpox (Variola)……Page 455
Hepadnaviruses: Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus……Page 456
Hepatitis B Mutants……Page 457
Serological Markers in Acute Hepatitis B……Page 459
Chronic hepatitis B……Page 460
Picornaviruses……Page 461
Poliovirus……Page 462
Astrovirus and Calicivirus; Hepatitis E……Page 465
Caliciviruses……Page 466
Togaviruses……Page 467
Flaviviruses……Page 469
Coronavirus……Page 473
Coronavirus Replication and Viral Maturation……Page 474
Retroviruses……Page 475
Structure and Genomic Organization of HIV……Page 477
Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)……Page 478
Reoviruses……Page 482
Viruses with Single-Stranded RNA Genomes, Antisense-Strand Orientation……Page 484
Structure and Replication……Page 485
Bunyaviruses……Page 487
Arenaviruses……Page 489
Ambisense Genome……Page 490
Paramyxoviruses……Page 491
Parainfluenza Virus……Page 492
Measles Exanthem……Page 493
Rhabdoviruses……Page 494
Clinical Course of Rabies……Page 495
Filoviruses (Marburg and Ebola Viruses)……Page 498
Viroids……Page 499
Prions……Page 500
V Parasitology……Page 502
9 Protozoa……Page 503
Giardia intestinalis……Page 505
Trichomonas vaginalis……Page 508
Trypanosoma……Page 510
Trypanosomatidae……Page 511
Distribution of Sleeping Sickness in Africa……Page 512
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense……Page 513
Trypanosoma gambiense and rhodesiense: Life Cycle……Page 514
Distribution of Leishmanioses……Page 520
Leishmanias……Page 521
Leishmania infantum: Life Cycle……Page 524
Entamoeba histolytica and Other Intestinal Amebas……Page 526
Entamoeba histolytica: Life Cycle……Page 528
Differential Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoa……Page 531
Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia……Page 534
Toxoplasma gondii……Page 535
Toxoplasma gondii……Page 536
Toxoplasma gondii: Life Cycle……Page 538
Cyclospora cayetanensis……Page 542
Sarcocystis……Page 543
Cryptosporidium……Page 544
Cryptosporidium: Life Cycle……Page 546
Plasmodium……Page 547
Distribution of Malaria……Page 548
Malarial Plasmodia: Life Cycle……Page 550
Development in the Mosquito (Sexual Development and Sporogony)……Page 553
Malaria Prophylaxis by Areas……Page 561
Microspora……Page 565
Microspora……Page 566
Balantidium coli……Page 569
Eggs and Larvae of Important Helminths……Page 570
Eggs and Larvae of Important Helminths……Page 571
Schistosoma (Blood Flukes)……Page 573
Distribution of Schistosomes……Page 574
Schistosoma mansoni Pair……Page 576
Schistosoma mansoni: Life Cycle……Page 577
Migration of Schistosomes in the Human Body……Page 578
Schistosoma granuloma in the Liver……Page 579
Fasciola species……Page 582
Liver Flukes……Page 583
Opisthorchis and Clonorchis (Cat Liver Fluke and Chinese Liver Fluke)……Page 584
Paragonimus (Lung Flukes)……Page 585
Taenia species……Page 587
Cestodes……Page 588
Taenia saginata asiatica……Page 589
Taenia saginata and T. solium: Life Cycles……Page 590
Echinococcus……Page 592
Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis: Life Cycles……Page 594
Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis……Page 596
Distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis……Page 599
Diphyllobothrium……Page 602
Intestinal Nematodes……Page 603
Ascaris lumbricoides……Page 604
Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura: Life Cycles……Page 605
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)……Page 606
Ancylostoma and Necator (Hookworms)……Page 607
Life Cycles of Hookworms……Page 608
Strongyloides……Page 609
Strongyloides stercoralis: Life Cycle……Page 610
Enterobius……Page 612
Filarioidea (Filariae)……Page 614
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia species……Page 615
Nematode Infections……Page 618
Microfilariae of Various Filarial Species……Page 619
Table 10.4 Filarial Species Commonly Infecting Humans……Page 616
Mansonella species……Page 620
Onchocerca……Page 621
Dracunculus medinensis (Medina or Guinea Worm)……Page 623
Trichinella……Page 624
Trichinella spiralis: Life Cycle……Page 625
Infections Caused by Nematodal Larvae……Page 628
Larva Migrans Interna or Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)……Page 629
11 Arthropods……Page 633
Ticks (Ixodida)……Page 634
Arthropod Parasites of Man……Page 635
Mites……Page 637
Lice (Anoplura)……Page 639
Mosquitoes and Flies (Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera)……Page 643
Fleas (Siphonatera)……Page 645
Stool……Page 648
Blood……Page 649
Cultivation……Page 650
Immunodiagnostic and Molecular Techniques……Page 651
VI Organ System Infections……Page 654
Upper Respiratory Tract……Page 657
Lower Respiratory Tract……Page 659
Urogenital Tract……Page 662
Genital Tract (venereal diseases)……Page 664
Gastrointestinal Tract……Page 665
Digestive Glands and Peritoneum……Page 668
Nervous System……Page 671
Cardiovascular system……Page 674
Hematopoietic and Lymphoreticular System……Page 675
Skin and Subcutaneous Connective Tissue (local or systemic infections with mainly cutaneous manifestation)……Page 677
Bone, Joints, and Muscles……Page 680
Eyes and ears……Page 682
Bacteriology……Page 686
Parasitology……Page 687
Medical Microbiology and the Internet……Page 688
A……Page 690
B……Page 693
C……Page 695
D……Page 698
E……Page 699
G……Page 702
H……Page 703
I……Page 705
L……Page 707
M……Page 709
N……Page 711
O……Page 712
P……Page 713
Q……Page 715
R……Page 716
S……Page 717
T……Page 720
U,V……Page 723
W……Page 724
X,Y,Z……Page 725