Vinod Joseph, Brett Chapman012374461X
The book covers architectural and implementation specific information plus recommendations for almost all the popular line cards across the various hardware platforms widely used in the market. It also addresses QoS architecture and deployment on the Cisco CRS-1 platform and is considered as a unique selling point of this book.
In short the books serve as an “On the Job Manual” which can also be used as a study guide for Cisco specialist certification programs (CCNA, CCIP, CCIE)
This book will includes detailed illustration and configurations. In addition, it provides detailed case studies along with platform specific tests and measurement results. A link to a detailed tutorial on QoS metrics and associated test results will be available at the book’s companion website in order to ensure that the reader is able to understand QoS functionality from a deployment standpoint.
– Covers the requirements and solutions in deploying QoS for voice, video, IPTV, mobility and data traffic classes (Quad-play networks), saving the reader time in searching for hardware specific QoS information, given the abundance of Cisco platforms and line cards.
– Presents real-life deployments by means of detailed case studies, allowing the reader to apply the same solutions to situations in the work place.
– Provides QoS architecture and implementation details on Cisco CRS-1, 12000, 7600, and 7200 routing platforms using Cisco IOS/IOS-XR software, aiding the reader in using these devices and preparing for Cisco specialist certification.
Table of contents :
Cover Page
……Page 1
Copyright Page……Page 2
Contents……Page 0
Rationale……Page 8
Audience……Page 9
Acknowledgments……Page 10
About the Authors……Page 11
Quality-of-Service Definition……Page 12
Transmission Infrastructure Evolution……Page 13
The Internet and TCP/IP History……Page 15
The Computer Age……Page 16
Computer Internetworking……Page 17
The Evolution of Packet Switching: Frame Relay……Page 18
Asynchronous Transfer Mode……Page 19
Ethernet Beyond the LAN……Page 20
IP as the Converged Protocol……Page 21
The Emergence of Service-Level Agreements……Page 22
The Service Provider Virtual Private Network……Page 23
Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry……Page 24
The Next-Generation Network Vision……Page 25
The Cisco Next-Generation Network Framework……Page 26
The Network Requirements……Page 28
Upgrade the Existing ISP Network……Page 30
A Completely New Core Network……Page 31
What’s in This Book……Page 32
Summary……Page 33
IP Precedence……Page 34
IP DSCP……Page 35
IntServ Strengths and Shortcomings……Page 37
Per-Hop Behaviors……Page 38
The Default PHB (Defined in RFC-2474)……Page 39
Assured Forwarding (AFxy) PHB (Defined in RFC-2597)……Page 40
DiffServ in Cisco Software……Page 41
Traffic Type……Page 42
Classification and Marking Using the 802.1p Field in 802.1Q……Page 43
Classification Using Network-Based Application Recognition……Page 44
Traffic Classification and Marking at the Service Provider Edge……Page 45
Traffic Policing……Page 46
Policing Rate and Burst Calculation……Page 48
Congestion Avoidance Using Weighted Random Early Detection……Page 49
WRED Metrics……Page 51
Exponential Weighting Constant……Page 52
Optimal Values for Min/Max Threshold Configurations……Page 53
A Word About Hardware……Page 54
Congestion Management……Page 55
Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing……Page 57
Low-Latency Queuing……Page 58
Always-on Policer vs. Congestion-Aware Policing……Page 59
Low-Latency Queuing Bandwidth Provisioning……Page 60
Modified Deficit Round Robin……Page 61
Alternate Priority Mode……Page 62
Modular QoS CLI……Page 63
QoS Behavioral Model……Page 64
Labeled Traffic……Page 65
Trust Boundaries……Page 66
DiffServ Tunnel Modes……Page 67
The Tunnel Modes……Page 68
Explicit NULL Advertisement by PE……Page 69
Ingress PE Behavior……Page 70
Egress PE Behavior……Page 71
Configuration Template……Page 72
Egress PE Behavior……Page 74
Configuration Template……Page 75
Egress PE Behavior……Page 77
Configuration Template……Page 78
Summary……Page 80
Service-Level Agreements……Page 82
In-Contract Traffic……Page 83
DiffServ QoS and Traffic-Mapping Options……Page 84
Cisco QoS Baseline……Page 85
Cisco QoS Baseline vs. RFC-4594……Page 86
Three-Class Service Provider Model……Page 89
Six-Class Service Provider Model……Page 92
TelePresence Bandwidth Requirements……Page 94
TelePresence CTS-3000……Page 95
TelePresence Burst Requirements……Page 96
Classifying TelePresence……Page 97
Queuing Telepresence……Page 98
Configurations and Recommendations……Page 99
Broadcast Video: Internet Protocol Television……Page 101
IGMP Limit……Page 102
IPTV Latency Jitter and Loss Requirements……Page 103
Configurations and Recommendations……Page 104
Video-on-Demand Bandwidth Requirements……Page 106
VoD Control Traffic……Page 107
Configurations and Recommendations……Page 108
Video Admission Control……Page 109
RSVP-Based On-Path Admission Control……Page 110
Latency, Jitter, and Loss Requirements……Page 112
QoS Requirements and Design for Voice Over IP……Page 113
SLA Requirements for Voice Over IP……Page 114
Example of Delay and Jitter Allocation for Voice Traffic……Page 115
Classifying and Queuing VoIP……Page 116
Packet Loss in the LLQ……Page 117
Connection Admission Control for VoIP……Page 118
QoS Requirements and Design for Data Applications……Page 119
WRED and Data Traffic Classes……Page 121
Network Control Class……Page 122
QoS Treatment of Locally Sourced Traffic……Page 123
Marking of Locally Sourced Traffic……Page 124
Summary……Page 125
Customer Requirements……Page 126
Challenges Faced by Customers……Page 127
Managed and Unmanaged CE Services……Page 128
Managed CE Services……Page 129
Guidelines for Carriers Deploying Managed CE Services……Page 135
Bulk Traffic……Page 136
Sample Offering 1……Page 137
Sample Offering 2……Page 138
Summary……Page 141
The Second-Generation Mobile Network……Page 142
The 2.5G Mobile Network……Page 144
The Third-Generation Mobile Vision……Page 146
The Evolution Toward 3G……Page 148
Third-Generation Evolution for GSM……Page 149
Converged NGN Infrastructure for Mobile Transport……Page 150
Third-Generation Release 99 Overview……Page 152
Third-Generation Release 99 Convergence Over IP/MPLS……Page 154
Third-Generation Release 4 Overview……Page 156
Third-Generation Release 4 Convergence Over IP/MPLS……Page 158
Third-Generation Release 5/6 Overview……Page 159
Third-Generation Release 5/6 Convergence Over IP/MPLS……Page 161
Mobile Network RAN Access……Page 163
3GPP Specifications for IPv6……Page 166
QoS Concept and Architecture (3GPP TS 23.107)……Page 168
3G Traffic Classes……Page 172
Mobile Network Protocol Stacks……Page 173
Packet-Switched Domain Network Protocol Stacks……Page 175
GSM 2.5G GPRS Protocol Stacks……Page 178
3G Release 99 and Release 4 GPRS Protocol Stacks……Page 179
3G Release 5 GPRS Protocol Stacks……Page 180
Circuit-Switched Domain Network Protocol Stacks……Page 181
Iu Interface in the Circuit-Switched Domain……Page 183
Mobile Network Transport Framework……Page 185
Quality-of-Service Framework……Page 188
Conversational Class……Page 189
Interactive Class……Page 190
Alternative QoS Models……Page 191
Quality-of-Service Mapping for 2.5G and 3G Release 99……Page 192
Quality-of-Service Mapping for 3G Release 5……Page 194
Summary……Page 197
Revisiting Service-Level Agreements……Page 198
Calculating Delay……Page 199
Uncongested Delay on Backbone Routers: Dealing with the Laws of Physics……Page 201
Congested Delay on Backbone Routers: Dealing with the Laws of Physics……Page 202
Calculating Packet Loss……Page 203
The Need for Performance Management……Page 204
Performance Management Tools and Software……Page 205
Measuring Packet Loss……Page 206
Summary……Page 207
Cisco Carrier Routing System Series Routers……Page 209
CRS Route Processor and Distributed Route Processor……Page 211
CRS Modular Services Card, Physical Line Interface Module, and SPA Interface Processor……Page 213
CRS Switch Fabric……Page 215
CRS Quality of Service……Page 219
Cisco 12000 Series Router……Page 220
12000 Series Routers Architecture……Page 221
12000 Series Route Processor……Page 223
12000 Series Line Cards……Page 224
12000 Series Switch Fabric……Page 227
12000 Quality of Service……Page 228
Cisco 7600 Series Router……Page 229
7600 Series Routers Architecture……Page 231
7600 Series Route Processor……Page 232
7600 Series Line Cards……Page 234
7600 Series Shared Bus and Switch Fabric……Page 235
7600 Quality of Service……Page 237
Cisco ASR1000 Series Router……Page 239
ASR1000 Series Routers Architecture……Page 240
ASR1000 Series Route Processor and Embedded Service Processor……Page 242
Embedded Services Processor QuantumFlow Processor……Page 245
ASR1000 Series Line Cards……Page 246
ASR1000 Quality of Service……Page 247
Summary……Page 250
Overview……Page 251
QoS Implementation for MPLS Layer 3 VPN Services……Page 252
Edge QoS Configurations……Page 255
Engine 3 Line Cards……Page 256
Engine 4 and 4+ Line Cards……Page 258
Engine 5 Line Cards……Page 259
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 7200 Series Routers……Page 261
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 7600 Series Routers……Page 262
WS-67xx Line Cards……Page 263
Trust IP Precedence on WS-67xx Line Cards……Page 264
Trust IP DSCP on WS-67xx Line Cards……Page 266
Trust States and Explicit Policies on WS-67xx Line Cards……Page 267
Ignoring Trust States on WS-67xx Line Cards……Page 269
Multiple Trust States on WS-67xx Line Cards……Page 270
Enhanced Flex-Wan Line Cards……Page 272
Edge Configurations for the Cisco CRS-1 Series Routers……Page 273
IOS XR Configuration Using Access Lists……Page 274
Engine 3 Line Cards……Page 275
Engine 3 Line Cards Using GE Subinterfaces……Page 278
Engine 4 and 4+ Line Cards……Page 280
Engine 4+ Line Cards Using “Always-on Policer”……Page 282
Engine 5 Line Cards……Page 284
Egress Queuing on Engine 5 Line Cards……Page 286
Core Configurations for the Cisco 12000 Series Routers Using XR……Page 287
Fabric QoS……Page 290
Core Configurations for the Cisco 7200 series routers……Page 291
Egress Queuing on 7200……Page 292
Enhanced OSM Line Cards……Page 294
Enhanced Flex-WAN Line Cards
……Page 295
SIP-600 Line Cards……Page 296
SIP-600 Line Cards Using Subinterfaces……Page 298
SIP-400 Line Cards with “Priority Levels”……Page 300
SIP-400 Line Cards Without “Priority Levels”……Page 302
ES20 Line Cards……Page 304
ES20 Line Cards Using Subinterfaces……Page 305
PFC QoS on LAN Interfaces……Page 307
Fabric QoS……Page 311
Core-Facing Interface QoS……Page 312
Core QoS Using OC-192 POS Interface Modules……Page 317
DiffServ Tunneling Modes on IOS-XR……Page 318
Configuration Example of Short-Pipe Mode……Page 319
Configuration Example of Pipe Mode……Page 320
Configuration Example of Uniform Mode……Page 322
Summary……Page 323
Overview……Page 324
An Introduction to Ethernet Virtual Circuits……Page 325
EVC CLI……Page 326
EVC Architecture……Page 328
EVC/EFP Forwarding Model……Page 329
Matching Features……Page 330
Matching Types……Page 332
Encapsulation Adjustment……Page 333
Egress Tag Filtering……Page 334
EFP-to-EFP (E-MPB)……Page 335
EFP-to-EFP (EoMPLS)
……Page 336
EFP-to-Non-EFP (EoMPLS)……Page 337
Flexible Service Mapping……Page 338
Ethernet Multipoint Bridging (E-MPB)……Page 340
E-MPB for VPLS……Page 341
L2 Stitched Services……Page 342
Tunneled Services……Page 343
L3 Terminated Services……Page 344
EVC Local VLAN Significance……Page 345
EVC QoS Overview……Page 347
Multipoint Layer 2 Service (Layer 2 Bridging, VPLS and SVI-Based EoMPLS)……Page 349
EVC QoS Marking Packet Flow: Ingress……Page 350
EVC QoS Marking Packet Flow: Egress……Page 354
EVC Marking for Point-to-Point Layer 2 Services……Page 355
Example 9.2: Marking for Scalable EoMPLS, POP 1 VLAN Tag Rewrite……Page 356
EVC Marking to Multipoint Layer 2 Services……Page 357
Example 9.3: Marking for Layer 2 Bridging: Service Instance Function as Switchport dot1q Tunnel……Page 358
Example 9.5: Marking for VPLS Without Tag Rewrite Configuration……Page 359
Example 9.6: Marking for VPLS with POP 1 Tag Rewrite Configuration……Page 360
ES-20 EVC Queuing and Scalability……Page 361
Virtual Leased-Line Service……Page 364
Summary……Page 366
Overview……Page 368
QoS Configurations……Page 369
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 12000 Series Routers……Page 370
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 7200 Series Routers……Page 372
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 7600 Series Routers……Page 374
Edge Configurations for the Cisco CRS-1 Series Routers……Page 375
Engine 3 and 5 Line Cards……Page 376
Engine 4 and 4+ Line Cards……Page 378
Core Configurations for the Cisco 12000 Series Routers Using XR……Page 380
Core Configurations for the Cisco 7200 Series Routers……Page 381
Core Configurations for the Cisco 7600 Series Routers……Page 383
Core Configurations for the Cisco CRS-1 Series Routers……Page 384
Summary……Page 386
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 12000 Series Routers……Page 387
Engine 3 Line Cards……Page 388
Engine 5 Line Cards……Page 391
Engine 4 Line Cards……Page 392
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 7200 Series Routers……Page 393
Edge Configurations for the Cisco 7600 Series Routers……Page 395
Engine 3 and 5 Line Cards……Page 396
Engine 4 and Engine 4+ Line Cards……Page 398
Core Configurations for the Cisco 12000 Series Routers Using XR……Page 400
Core Configurations for the Cisco 7200 Series Routers……Page 401
Core Configurations for the Cisco 7600 Series Routers……Page 403
Core Configurations for the Cisco CRS-1 Series Routers……Page 404
Preserving Customer ToS Values……Page 406
Summary……Page 408
Overview……Page 409
Test Setup……Page 410
Testing Using Four Data Streams of 180 Mb Each……Page 411
Test Procedure with QoS Enabled……Page 412
Test Using Four Data Streams of 170 Mb Each……Page 415
Test Using Four Data Streams of 185 Mb Each……Page 416
Stopping and Starting the Streams……Page 417
Summary……Page 418
Overview……Page 420
The Importance of Performance Measurement and Monitoring……Page 421
Performance Measurement Framework……Page 423
Simple Network Management Protocol……Page 426
SNMP Overview……Page 428
Management Information Bases……Page 429
Simple Network Management Protocol Version 2……Page 431
Cisco-Class-Based-QoS-MIB……Page 432
SNMP Management Platforms……Page 433
NetFlow Technical Overview……Page 434
NetFlow Flow Records……Page 435
NetFlow Configuration Overview……Page 438
Catalyst Flow Definition……Page 439
NetFlow Version 5……Page 441
NetFlow Version 7……Page 442
NetFlow Version 9……Page 443
Flexible NetFlow……Page 444
NetFlow Monitoring Tools……Page 447
IP Service-Level Agreement……Page 448
IP SLA Measurement Architecture……Page 451
IP SLA Measurement Timing……Page 452
IP SLA Operation Types……Page 454
Internet Control Message Protocol Packet Measurement Options……Page 455
UDP Packet Measurement Options……Page 457
Services Connection Measurement……Page 462
IP SLA HTTP Performance Measurement……Page 465
IP SLA FTP Performance Measurement……Page 467
QoS Per-Class Measurement……Page 468
IP SLA Deployment……Page 469
IP SLA Services Measurement Scope……Page 470
IP SLA Measurement Within the Service Provider Network……Page 472
IP SLA Dedicated Probe Router……Page 474
IP SLA Monitoring Tools……Page 476
Network-Based Application Recognition……Page 478
NBAR Protocol Support……Page 479
NBAR Protocol Discovery……Page 481
Command-Line Interface……Page 482
Service Provider Deployment Example……Page 483
NightOwl Service-Level Agreements……Page 484
NightOwl Operator Service-Level Agreements……Page 485
Service Provider NightOwl Measurement Solution……Page 487
Summary……Page 488
The Evolution of IP Routed Networks……Page 489
Compromised Traffic Delivery……Page 490
Future Directions in the Deployment of QoS……Page 491
The IPv6 Flow Label……Page 492
Summary……Page 493
C……Page 494
E……Page 495
J……Page 496
M……Page 497
Q……Page 498
S……Page 499
X……Page 500
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