Encyclopedia of Chromatography 2004 Update Supplement

Jack Cazes9780824721534, 0824721535

College-level students of chromatography will find the 2-volume reference Encyclopedia Of Chromatography an invaluable reference offering more than just definitions of physics processes and chemistry systems. Topics range widely from the identification of additives in biopolymers and capillary electrophoresis to displacement equilibrium, known in chromatography for its usefulness in analytical scale separations. It’s the depth and detail of these articles, arranged as an A-Z encyclopedic reference and authored by major contributors from around the world, which makes the set both authoritative and exhaustive. Add charts, graphs, tables of results and rates, and formulas and you have a far-reaching reference. Specialty collections with solid science holdings will consider this newly updated and expanded second edition of the Encyclopedia Of Chromatography to be a ‘must’.

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Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
b-Agonist Residues in Food, Analysis by LC……Page 2
Acoustic Field-Flow Fractionation for Particle Separation……Page 8
Additives in Biopolymers, Analysis by……Page 10
Adhesion of Colloids on Solid Surfaces by……Page 14
Adsorption Chromatography……Page 17
Adsorption Studies by Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 21
Advances in Chiral Pollutants……Page 24
Affinity Chromatography with Immobilized Antibodies……Page 35
Affinity Chromatography: An Overview……Page 40
Aggregation of Colloids by Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 44
Alumina-Based Supports for……Page 47
Amino Acid Analysis by HPLC……Page 52
Amino Acids and Derivatives: Analysis by TLC……Page 56
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Analysis by CE……Page 61
Analysis of Alcoholic Beverages by Gas Chromatography……Page 66
Analysis of Food Colors by Thin-Layer……Page 69
Analysis of Mycotoxins by TLC……Page 75
Analysis of Plant Toxins by TLC……Page 78
Analysis of Terpenoids by Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 81
Analyte–Analyte Interactions, Effect on……Page 87
Antibiotics: Analysis by TLC……Page 92
Antioxidant Activity: An Adaptation for……Page 95
Application of Capillary Electrochromatography……Page 101
Applications of Evaporative Light-Scattering……Page 111
Applied Voltage: Effect on Mobility, Selectivity,……Page 113
Aqueous Two-Phase Solvent Systems……Page 114
Argon Detector……Page 118
Assessment of Lipophilicity by Reversed-Phase……Page 120
Asymmetric Flow FFF in Biotechnology……Page 125
Automation and Robotics in Planar Chromatography……Page 128
Axial Dispersion Correction Methods in GPC–SEC……Page 132
Band Broadening in Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 137
Band Broadening in Size-Exclusion Chromatography……Page 140
Barbiturates, Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 145
Binding Constants: Determination……Page 152
Binding Molecules Via SH Groups……Page 155
Biopharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 157
Biopolymer Separations by……Page 161
Biotic Dicarboxylic Acids, CCC Separation with……Page 167
Bonded Phases in HPLC……Page 170
Buffer Systems for Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 174
Buffer Type and Concentration, Effect on Mobility, Selectivity,……Page 178
Calibration of GPC–SEC with Narrow……Page 181
Calibration of GPC–SEC with Universal……Page 184
Capacity……Page 187
Capillary Electrochromatography: An Introduction……Page 189
Capillary Electrophoresis and HPLC for Analysis of……Page 192
Capillary Electrophoresis in Nonaqueous Media……Page 200
Capillary Electrophoresis–Inductively Coupled……Page 203
Capillary Electrophoresis on Chips……Page 211
Capillary Electrophoresis: Introduction and Overview……Page 216
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing of Peptides,……Page 219
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing: An Overview……Page 223
Capillary Isotachophoresis……Page 226
Carbohydrates as Affinity Ligands……Page 228
Carbohydrates: Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 232
Carbohydrates: Analysis by HPLC……Page 235
Carbohydrates: Analysis by TLC—New Visualization……Page 238
Catalyst Characterization by Reversed Flow……Page 240
CCC Solvent Systems……Page 245
CE–MS: Large-Molecule Applications……Page 248
Cell Sorting Using Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation:……Page 251
Centrifugal Partition Chromatography: An Overview……Page 261
Centrifugal Precipitation Chromatography……Page 266
Ceramides: Analysis by Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 269
Channeling and Column Voids……Page 273
Characterization of Metalloproteins……Page 274
Chelating Sorbents for Affinity Chromatography (IMAC)……Page 278
Chemometrics in Chromatography……Page 280
Chiral Chromatography by Subcritical……Page 286
Chiral Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 289
Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 292
Chiral Separations by GC……Page 297
Chiral Separations by HPLC……Page 299
Chiral Separations by Micellar Electrokinetic……Page 305
Chromatographic Methods Used to Identify and……Page 308
Classification of Organic Solvents……Page 327
Coil Planet Centrifuges……Page 329
Cold-Wall Effects in Thermal FFF……Page 342
Comprehensive Thermodynamic Approach to Ion……Page 344
Concentration Effects on Polymer Separation……Page 351
Concentration of Dilute Colloidal Samples……Page 355
Conductivity Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 359
Conductivity Detection in HPLC……Page 361
Congener-Specific PCB Analysis……Page 365
Copolymer Analysis by LC Methods,……Page 369
Copolymer Composition by GPC–SEC……Page 374
Copolymer Molecular Weights by GPC–SEC……Page 376
Coriolis Force in Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 378
Corrected Retention Time and Corrected……Page 380
Coumarins: Analysis by TLC……Page 381
Countercurrent Chromatographic Separation……Page 384
Countercurrent Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry……Page 389
Creatinine and Purine Derivatives, Analysis by HPLC……Page 393
Cross-Axis Coil Planet Centrifuge……Page 398
CZE of Biopolymers……Page 402
Dead Point (Volume or Time)……Page 407
Degassing of Solvents……Page 409
Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers:……Page 411
Derivatization of Acids for GC Analysis……Page 415
Derivatization of Amines, Amino Acids,……Page 419
Derivatization of Analytes in Chromatography:……Page 423
Derivatization of Carbohydrates for GC Analysis……Page 427
Derivatization of Carbonyls for GC Analysis……Page 429
Derivatization of Hydroxy Compounds for GC Analysis……Page 433
Derivatization of Steroids for GC Analysis……Page 437
Detection (Visualization) of TLC Zones……Page 439
Detection in Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 442
Detection Methods in Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 445
Detection Principles……Page 450
Detector Linear Dynamic Range……Page 456
Detector Linearity and Response Index……Page 457
Detector Noise……Page 459
Displacement Chromatography……Page 461
Displacement Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 464
Distribution Coefficient……Page 469
DNA Sequencing Studies by CE……Page 471
Drug Residues in Food, Detection/Confirmation by LC-MS……Page 475
Dry-Column Chromatography……Page 480
Dual Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 483
Dyes: Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 487
Eddy Diffusion in Liquid Chromatography……Page 490
Effect of Organic Solvents on Ion Mobility……Page 492
Effect of Temperature and Mobile Phase Composition……Page 495
Efficiency in Chromatography……Page 501
Efficiency of a Thin-Layer Chromatography Plate……Page 504
Electro-osmotic Flow……Page 511
Electro-osmotic Flow in Capillary Tubes……Page 515
Electro-osmotic Flow Nonuniformity: Influence……Page 520
Electrochemical Detection……Page 523
Electrochemical Detection in CE……Page 526
Electrokinetic Chromatography Including……Page 529
Electron-Capture Detector……Page 534
Electrospray Ionization Interface for CE–MS……Page 537
Eluotropic Series of Solvents for……Page 541
Elution Chromatography……Page 547
Elution Modes in Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 550
Enantiomer Separations by TLC……Page 554
Enantioseparation by Capillary Electrochromatography……Page 557
End Capping……Page 561
Enoxacin: Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis and HPLC……Page 563
Environmental Applications of SFC……Page 569
Environmental Pollutants Analysis by……Page 573
Essential Oils Analysis by Gas Chromatography……Page 582
Evaporative Light Scattering Detection……Page 587
Exclusion Limit in GPC–SEC……Page 591
Extra-Column Dispersion……Page 592
Extra-Column Volume……Page 594
Fast Gas Chromatography……Page 596
Field-Flow Fractionation Data Treatment……Page 600
Field-Flow Fractionation Fundamentals……Page 603
Field-Flow Fractionation with Electro-osmotic Flow……Page 608
Flame Ionization Detector for GC……Page 611
Flavonoids, Analysis by Supercritical……Page 614
Flow Field-Flow Fractionation: Introduction……Page 618
Fluorescence Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 621
Fluorescence Detection in HPLC……Page 625
Foam Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 629
Focusing Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 633
Forensic Applications of Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 636
Forskolin Purification Using an Immunoaffinity Column……Page 641
Fraction Collection Devices……Page 644
Frit-Inlet Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 648
Frontal Chromatography……Page 650
Fronting of Chromatographic Peaks: Causes……Page 653
Gas Chromatography System Instrumentation……Page 655
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Systems……Page 660
Golay Dispersion Equation……Page 667
GPC–SEC Analysis of Nonionic Surfactants……Page 669
GPC–SEC Viscometry from Multiangle Light Scattering……Page 672
GPC–SEC–HPLC Without Calibration: Multiangle Light……Page 675
GPC–SEC: Effect of Experimental Conditions……Page 680
GPC–SEC: Introduction and Principles……Page 682
Gradient Development in Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 686
Gradient Elution……Page 690
Gradient Elution in Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 692
Gradient Elution: Overview……Page 694
Gradient Generation Devices and Methods……Page 698
Headspace Sampling……Page 702
Helium Detector……Page 704
High-Speed SEC Methods……Page 706
High-Temperature High-Resolution Gas Chromatography……Page 711
Histidine in Body Fluids, Specific Determination by HPLC……Page 715
HPLC Analysis of Amino Acids……Page 718
HPLC Analysis of Flavonoids……Page 725
HPLC Column Maintenance……Page 732
Hybrid Micellar Mobile Phases……Page 736
Hydrodynamic Equilibrium in CCC……Page 743
Hydrophilic Vitamins, Analysis by TLC……Page 746
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography……Page 751
Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography……Page 755
Immunoaffinity Chromatography……Page 758
Immunodetection……Page 762
Industrial Applications of CCC……Page 766
Influence of Organic Solvents on pKa……Page 769
Injection Techniques for Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 771
Inorganic Analysis by CCC……Page 774
Instrumentation of Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 779
Intrinsic Viscosity of Polymers: Determination by GPC……Page 783
Ion Chromatography Principles,……Page 786
Ion Exchange: Mechanism and Factors Affecting Separation……Page 790
Ion-Exchange Buffers……Page 794
Ion-Exchange Stationary Phases……Page 796
Ion-Exclusion Chromatography……Page 799
Ion-Interaction Chromatography……Page 802
Ion-Pairing Techniques……Page 806
Katharometer Detector for Gas Chromatography……Page 810
Kovats Retention Index System……Page 812
Large-Volume Injection for Gas Chromatography……Page 816
Large-Volume Sample Injection in FFF……Page 819
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection……Page 822
LC-NMR and LC-MS-NMR:……Page 829
Lewis Base–Modified Zirconia as……Page 842
Lipid Analysis by HPLC……Page 850
Lipid Classes: Purification by Solid-Phase Extraction……Page 855
Lipid Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 858
Lipids Analysis by Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 866
Lipids Analysis by TLC……Page 870
Lipophilic Vitamins by Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 875
Lipophilicity Determination of Organic Substances……Page 878
Lipoprotein Separation by Combined Use……Page 881
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry……Page 884
Liquid–Liquid Partition Chromatography……Page 888
Long-Chain Polymer Branching: Determination by……Page 891
Longitudinal Diffusion in Liquid Chromatography……Page 894
Magnetic FFF and Magnetic SPLITT……Page 896
Mark–Houwink Relationship……Page 900
Mass Transfer Between Phases……Page 903
Metal-Ion Enrichment by Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 905
Metal-Ion Separation by Micellar High……Page 908
Metals and Organometallics: Gas Chromatography……Page 912
Metformin and Glibenclamide, Simultaneous……Page 916
Microcystin, Isolation by Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 922
Migration Behavior: Reproducibility……Page 927
Minimum Detectable Concentration (Sensitivity)……Page 929
Mixed Stationary Phases in GC……Page 930
Mobile Phase Modifiers for SFC: Influence on Retention……Page 932
Molecular Interactions in GC……Page 936
Molecular Weight and Molecular-Weight……Page 938
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers……Page 942
Monolithic Disk Supports for HPLC……Page 948
Multidimensional TLC……Page 955
Natural Products Analysis by CE……Page 958
Natural Rubber: GPC–SEC Analysis……Page 962
Neuropeptides and Neuroproteins……Page 964
Neurotransmitter and Hormone Receptors:……Page 968
Nitrogen /Phosphorus Detector……Page 970
Nonionic Surfactants: GPC–SEC Analysis……Page 972
Normal-Phase Chromatography……Page 975
Normal-Phase Stationary Packings……Page 978
Nucleic Acids, Oligonucleotides, and DNA:……Page 982
Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients by CCC……Page 986
On-Column Injection for GC……Page 989
Open-Tubular (Capillary) Columns……Page 994
Open-Tubular and Micropacked Columns……Page 997
Optical Activity Detectors……Page 1001
Optical Quantification (Densitometry) in TLC……Page 1004
Optimization of Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 1009
Organic Acids, Analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography……Page 1013
Organic Extractables from Packaging Materials:……Page 1019
Overpressured Layer Chromatography……Page 1031
Packed Capillary Liquid Chromatography……Page 1034
Particle Size Determination by Gravitational FFF……Page 1037
Peak Identification with a Diode Array Detector……Page 1042
Peak Purity Determination with a Diode Array Detector……Page 1049
Peak Skimming for Overlapping Peaks……Page 1054
Pellicular Supports for HPLC……Page 1056
Penicillin Antibiotics in Food: Liquid……Page 1059
Peptide Analysis by HPLC……Page 1064
Peptide Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 1068
Pesticide Analysis by Gas Chromatography……Page 1074
Pesticide Analysis by Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 1077
pH, Effect on MEKC Separation……Page 1081
pH-Peak-Focusing and pH-Zone-Refining……Page 1084
Pharmaceuticals: Analysis by TLC……Page 1090
Phenolic Acids in Natural Plants: Analysis by HPLC……Page 1093
Phenolic Compounds, Analysis by HPLC……Page 1102
Phenolic Drugs, New Visualizing Reagents……Page 1111
Phenols and Acids: Analysis by TLC……Page 1119
Photodiode-Array Detection……Page 1123
Photophoretic Effects in FFF of Particles……Page 1127
Plant Extracts: Analysis by TLC……Page 1130
Plate Number, Effective……Page 1133
Plate Theory……Page 1135
Pollutant–Colloid Association by Field-Flow……Page 1138
Pollutants in Water by HPLC……Page 1142
Polyamide Analysis by GPC–SEC……Page 1146
Polycarbonates: GPC–SEC Analysis……Page 1150
Polyester Analysis by GPC–SEC……Page 1153
Polymer Additives: Analysis by……Page 1156
Polymer Degradation in GPC–SEC Columns……Page 1159
Polymerase Chain Reaction Products:……Page 1162
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental……Page 1167
Porous Graphitized Carbon Columns in……Page 1172
Potential Barrier Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 1182
Preparative HPLC Optimization……Page 1185
Preparative TLC……Page 1190
Procyanidin Separation by CCC with……Page 1193
Programmed Flow Gas Chromatography……Page 1196
Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography……Page 1199
Prostaglandins: Analysis by HPLC……Page 1201
Protein Analysis by HPLC……Page 1205
Protein Immobilization……Page 1210
Protein Separations by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 1214
Proteins as Affinity Ligands……Page 1218
Purge-Backflushing Techniques in Gas Chromatography……Page 1221
Purification of Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxin……Page 1228
Purification of Peptides with Immobilized Enzymes……Page 1235
Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry……Page 1238
Quantitation by External Standard……Page 1242
Quantitation by Internal Standard……Page 1244
Quantitation by Normalization……Page 1246
Quantitation by Standard Addition……Page 1247
Quantitative Structure–Retention Relationship……Page 1249
Quinolone Antibiotics in Food, Analysis by LC……Page 1253
Radiochemical Detection……Page 1256
Radius of Gyration Measurement by GPC–SEC……Page 1259
Rate Theory in Gas Chromatography……Page 1262
Refractive Index Detector……Page 1264
Resin Microspheres as Stationary Phase for……Page 1267
Resolution in HPLC: Selectivity, Efficiency, and Capacity……Page 1274
Resolving Power of a Column……Page 1277
Response Spectrum in Chromatographic Analysis……Page 1279
Retention Factor: Effect on MEKC Separation……Page 1294
Retention Gap Injection Method……Page 1296
Retention Time and Retention Volume……Page 1298
Reversed-Phase Chromatography:……Page 1299
Reversed-Phase Stationary Phases……Page 1303
Rf……Page 1307
Rotation Locular Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 1309
Sample Application in TLC……Page 1312
Sample Preparation……Page 1319
Sample Preparation and Stacking……Page 1322
Sample Preparation Prior to HPLC……Page 1326
Scale-up of Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 1343
SEC with On-Line Triple Detection: Light Scattering,……Page 1347
Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation of Living Cells……Page 1352
Selection of a Gradient HPLC System……Page 1358
Selection of an Isocratic HPLC System……Page 1366
Selectivity……Page 1374
Selectivity: Factors Affecting,……Page 1377
Separation of Alkaloids by Countercurrent Chromatography……Page 1380
Separation of Antibiotics……Page 1385
Separation of Chiral Compounds……Page 1390
Separation of Flavonoids by……Page 1394
Separation of Metal Ions by Centrifugal……Page 1398
Separation Ratio……Page 1402
Sequential Injection Analysis in HPLC……Page 1403
Settling Time of Two-Phase Solvent Systems……Page 1407
Silica Capillaries: Chemical Derivatization……Page 1410
Silica Capillaries: Epoxy Coating……Page 1414
Silica Capillaries: Polymeric Coating……Page 1417
Silver Ion TLC of Fatty Acids……Page 1420
Size Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis……Page 1423
Solute Focusing Injection Method……Page 1428
Solute Identification in TLC……Page 1430
Solvent Effects on Polymer Separation by ThFFF……Page 1434
Spacer Groups for Affinity Chromatography……Page 1437
Spiral Disk Assembly: An Improved Column Design for……Page 1439
Split /Splitless Injector……Page 1450
Stationary Phases for Packed Column……Page 1451
Stationary-Phase Retention……Page 1455
Steroid Analysis by Gas Chromatography……Page 1459
Steroid Analysis by TLC……Page 1464
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 1468
Supercritical Fluid Chromatoraphy……Page 1471
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography……Page 1474
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: An Overview……Page 1477
Supercritical Fluid Extraction……Page 1481
Surface Phenomena in Sedimentation FFF……Page 1484
Surfactants: Analysis by HPLC……Page 1487
Synergistic Effects of Mixed Stationary……Page 1490
Systematic Selection of Solvent Systems for……Page 1493
Taxanes Analysis by HPLC……Page 1500
Taxines Analysis by HPLC……Page 1507
Taxoids Analysis by TLC……Page 1513
Temperature Program: Anatomy……Page 1516
Temperature: Effect on MEKC Separation……Page 1517
Temperature: Effects on Mobility, Selectivity,……Page 1519
Terpenoids, Separation by HPLC……Page 1521
Theory and Mechanism of Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 1524
Thermal FFF of Polymers and Particles……Page 1529
Thermal FFF of Polystyrene……Page 1533
Thermal FFF: Basic Introduction and Overview……Page 1535
Thermodynamics of GPC–SEC Separation……Page 1538
Thermodynamics of Retention in Gas Chromatography……Page 1541
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Study of Quantitative……Page 1542
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Natural Pigments……Page 1545
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Synthetic Dyes……Page 1548
Thin-Layer Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry……Page 1551
Three-Dimensional Effects in Field-Flow……Page 1555
TLC Immunostaining of Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosides……Page 1558
TLC Sandwich Chamber……Page 1561
TLC Sorbents……Page 1564
Topological Indices, Use in HPLC……Page 1569
Trace Enrichment……Page 1579
Troubleshooting HPLC Instrumentation……Page 1582
Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography……Page 1595
Ultrathin-Layer Gel Electrophoresis……Page 1599
Unified Chromatography……Page 1604
Uremic Toxins in Biofluids, Analysis by HPLC……Page 1607
Validation of HPLC Instrumentation……Page 1618
Validation of TLC Analyses……Page 1634
van’t Hoff Curves……Page 1637
Vinyl Pyrrolidone Homopolymer……Page 1639
Viscometric Detection in GPC–SEC……Page 1642
Vitamin B12 and Related Compounds in Food,……Page 1646
Void Volume in Liquid Chromatography……Page 1651
Weak Affinity Chromatography……Page 1653
Wheat Protein by Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 1656
Whey Proteins, Anion-Exchange Separation……Page 1659
Zeta-Potential……Page 1664
Zirconia–Silica Stationary Phases for HPLC:……Page 1666
Zone Dispersion in Field-Flow Fractionation……Page 1677