Physics in Biology and Medicine

Paul Davidovits9780080555935, 9780123694119, 0123694116

Physics for Biology and Medicine, Third Edition covers topics in physics as they apply to the life sciences, specifically medicine, physiology, nursing and other applied health fields. This concise introductory paperback surveys and relates basic physics to living systems. It discusses biological systems that can be analyzed quantitatively, and how advances in the life sciences have been aided by the knowledge of physical or engineering analysis techniques. Applicable courses are biophysics and applied physics. – Provides practical techniques for applying knowledge of physics to the study of living systems – Presents material in a straight forward manner requiring very little background in physics or biology – Includes many figures, examples and illustrative problems and appendices which provide convenient access to the most important concepts of mechanics, electricity, and optics

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Table of contents :
Front Cover……Page 1
Title: Physics in Biology and Medicine……Page 4
ISBN 0123694116……Page 5
2 Friction……Page 6
5 Elasticity and Strength of Materials……Page 7
8 The Motion of Fluids……Page 8
11 Heat and Life……Page 9
13 Electricity……Page 10
15 Optics……Page 11
Appendices, Bibliography, Answers to Exercises, Index……Page 12
Preface……Page 14
Abbreviations……Page 18
Chapter 1. Static Forces……Page 20
1.1 Equilibrium and Stability……Page 21
1.2 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body……Page 22
1.3 Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an External Force……Page 23
1.4 Skeletal Muscles……Page 26
1.5 Levers……Page 28
1.6 The Elbow……Page 30
1.7 The Hip……Page 34
1.8 The Back……Page 36
1.10 Dynamic Aspects of Posture……Page 38
Exercises……Page 40
Chapter 2. Friction……Page 42
2.1 Standing at an Incline……Page 44
2.2 Friction at the Hip Joint……Page 45
2.3 Spine Fin of a Catfish……Page 46
Exercises……Page 48
Chapter 3. Translational Motion……Page 49
3.1 Vertical Jump……Page 51
3.2 Effect of Gravity on the Vertical Jump……Page 54
3.3 Running High Jump……Page 55
3.5 Standing Broad Jump……Page 56
3.6 Running Broad Jump (Long Jump)……Page 58
3.7 Motion through Air……Page 59
3.8 Energy Consumed in Physical Activity……Page 61
Exercises……Page 62
4.1 Forces on a Curved Path……Page 64
4.2 A Runner on a Curved Track……Page 66
4.3 Pendulum……Page 67
4.4 Walking……Page 69
4.5 Physical Pendulum……Page 70
4.6 Speed of Walking and Running……Page 71
4.7 Energy Expended in Running……Page 73
4.8 Alternate Perspectives on Walking and Running……Page 75
4.9 Carrying Loads……Page 77
Exercises……Page 78
5.1 Longitudinal Stretch and Compression……Page 80
5.2 A Spring……Page 81
5.3 Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations……Page 83
5.4 Impulsive Forces……Page 85
5.5 Fracture Due to a Fall: Impulsive Force Considerations……Page 86
5.6 Airbags: Inflating Collision Protection Devices……Page 87
5.7 Whiplash Injury……Page 88
5.9 Osteoarthritis and Exercise……Page 89
Exercises……Page 90
6.1 Hovering Flight……Page 92
6.2 Insect Wing Muscles……Page 94
6.3 Power Required for Hovering……Page 95
6.4 Kinetic Energy of Wings in Flight……Page 97
6.5 Elasticity of Wings……Page 98
Exercises……Page 99
7.1 Force and Pressure in a Fluid……Page 101
7.2 Pascal’s Principle……Page 102
7.3 Hydrostatic Skeleton……Page 103
7.5 Power Required to Remain Afloat……Page 106
7.6 Buoyancy of Fish……Page 107
7.7 Surface Tension……Page 108
7.8 Soil Water……Page 111
7.9 Insect Locomotion on Water……Page 112
7.10 Contraction of Muscles……Page 114
7.11 Surfactants……Page 116
Exercises……Page 118
8.1 Bernoulli’s Equation……Page 120
8.2 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Law……Page 122
8.3 Turbulent Flow……Page 123
8.4 Circulation of the Blood……Page 124
8.5 Blood Pressure……Page 126
8.6 Control of Blood Flow……Page 128
8.8 Turbulence in the Blood……Page 129
8.9 Arteriosclerosis and Blood Flow……Page 130
8.10 Power Produced by the Heart……Page 131
8.11 Measurement of Blood Pressure……Page 132
Exercises……Page 133
9.2 Kinetic Theory of Matter……Page 135
9.3 Definitions……Page 138
9.4 Transfer of Heat……Page 139
9.5 Transport of Molecules by Diffusion……Page 145
9.6 Diffusion through Membranes……Page 147
9.7 The Respiratory System……Page 148
9.8 Surfactants and Breathing……Page 151
Exercises……Page 152
10.1 First Law of Thermodynamics……Page 154
10.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics……Page 156
10.3 Difference between Heat and Other Forms of Energy……Page 157
10.4 Thermodynamics of Living Systems……Page 159
10.5 Information and the Second Law……Page 162
Exercises……Page 163
Chapter 11. Heat and Life……Page 164
11.1 Energy Requirements of People……Page 165
11.2 Energy from Food……Page 166
11.3 Regulation of Body Temperature……Page 168
11.5 Convection……Page 170
11.7 Radiative Heating by the Sun……Page 172
11.8 Evaporation……Page 174
11.9 Resistance to Cold……Page 175
11.10 Heat and Soil……Page 177
Exercises……Page 178
12.1 Properties of Sound……Page 181
12.2 Some Properties of Waves……Page 184
12.3 Hearing and the Ear……Page 187
12.4 Bats and Echoes……Page 194
12.6 Acoustic Traps……Page 195
12.8 Ultrasonic Waves……Page 196
Exercises……Page 197
13.1 The Nervous System……Page 199
13.3 Electricity in the Bone……Page 215
13.4 Electric Fish……Page 216
Exercises……Page 217
14.1 Electrical Technology in Biological Research……Page 219
14.2 Diagnostic Equipment……Page 221
14.3 Physiological Effects of Electricity……Page 223
14.4 Control Systems……Page 225
14.5 Feedback……Page 227
14.6 Sensory Aids……Page 230
Exercises……Page 232
15.1 Vision……Page 233
15.3 Structure of the Eye……Page 234
15.4 Accommodation……Page 235
15.5 Eye and the Camera……Page 236
15.6 Lens System of the Eye……Page 238
15.7 Reduced Eye……Page 239
15.8 Retina……Page 241
15.9 Resolving Power of the Eye……Page 242
15.10 Threshold of Vision……Page 244
15.11 Vision and the Nervous System……Page 245
15.12 Defects in Vision……Page 246
15.15 Extension of Vision……Page 248
Exercises……Page 256
16.1 The Atom……Page 258
16.2 Spectroscopy……Page 263
16.3 Quantum Mechanics……Page 265
16.4 Electron Microscope……Page 266
16.5 X-rays……Page 268
16.6 X-ray Computerized Tomography……Page 269
16.7 Lasers……Page 271
Exercises……Page 274
17.1 The Nucleus……Page 275
17.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging……Page 276
17.3 Radiation Therapy……Page 285
17.4 Food Preservation by Radiation……Page 286
17.5 Isotopic Tracers……Page 287
17.6 Laws of Physics and Life……Page 288
Exercises……Page 290
A.1 Speed and Velocity……Page 291
A.2 Acceleration……Page 292
A.8 Newton’s Laws of Motion……Page 293
A.9 Conservation of Linear Momentum……Page 294
A.11 Angular Velocity……Page 295
A.14 Equations for Angular Momentum……Page 296
A.15 Centripetal Acceleration……Page 297
A.17 Torque……Page 298
A.19 Angular Momentum……Page 299
A.20 Addition of Forces and Torques……Page 300
A.23 Energy……Page 301
A.24 Forms of Energy……Page 302
A.25 Power……Page 303
A.26 Units and Conversions……Page 304
B.1 Electric Charge……Page 306
B.2 Electric Field……Page 307
B.4 Electric Current……Page 308
B.5 Electric Circuits……Page 309
B.7 Electricity and Magnetism……Page 311
C.1 Geometric Optics……Page 312
C.2 Converging Lenses……Page 314
C.3 Images of Extended Objects……Page 317
C.5 Lens Immersed in a Material Medium……Page 319
Bibliography……Page 321
Answers to Numerical Exercises……Page 329
A……Page 333
B……Page 334
C……Page 335
E……Page 336
F……Page 337
G……Page 338
I……Page 339
L……Page 340
M……Page 341
P……Page 342
R……Page 343
S……Page 344
T……Page 345
W……Page 346
X,Y……Page 347