Daniel Flynn0070458723, 9780070458727
Table of contents :
Cover……Page 1
Front Matter……Page 2
Preface……Page 4
Contents……Page 5
Part I. The Nature of Water……Page 21
1. The Water Molecule……Page 23
2. Water Sources and Uses……Page 28
Other Seasonal Changes……Page 36
Where River Meets Ocean……Page 39
Seasonal Turnover……Page 40
Subsurface Water……Page 43
Well Waters Constant……Page 45
Threats to Water Sources: the Effects of Acidic Rainfall……Page 49
Threats to Water Sources: the Effects of Landfill Leachate on Groundwater Quality……Page 51
Suggested Reading……Page 54
Periodic Chart of Elements……Page 55
Impurities in Water……Page 57
Electrolytes……Page 58
Ions and Electric Current……Page 59
Electromotive Series……Page 60
Oxidation and Reduction……Page 61
Solvent Action of Water……Page 62
Predicting Solubilities……Page 63
Foreign Ions Interfere……Page 68
Other Anomalies……Page 69
Equilibrium……Page 70
Solid Reactants……Page 71
Chelation……Page 73
Suggested Reading……Page 74
4. Water Chemistry and Interpretation of Water Analyses……Page 75
The pH Notation……Page 79
Use of meter for [OH(-)]……Page 80
The Importance of CO2……Page 81
The Source of Alkalinity……Page 82
CO3(2-)/HCO3(-) Distribution……Page 84
Interfering Ions……Page 86
Effects of Impurities……Page 88
CaCO3 Stability Indexes……Page 89
Dissolved Gases……Page 92
Minerals and Conductance……Page 94
Solid Matter……Page 95
Organics in Water……Page 96
Interpretation: Problems Caused by Impurities……Page 102
Suggested Reading……Page 103
A Healthy Aquatic Environment……Page 104
The Role of Chemistry……Page 105
Six Important Elements……Page 106
Some Need Oxygen, Others Don’t……Page 107
Sampling and Analysis……Page 109
Three Living Zones……Page 116
Chemical Indicators……Page 118
Bacteria Can Help……Page 119
Suggested Reading……Page 120
6. Water Contaminants: Occurrence and Treatment……Page 121
Class 1–Primary Constituents……Page 124
Class 2–Secondary Constituents……Page 130
Class 3–Tertiary Constituents……Page 134
Class 5–Transient Constituents……Page 139
Methods of Analysis……Page 147
Suggested Reading……Page 148
7. Water Gauging, Sampling, and Analysis……Page 149
Flow Measurement……Page 150
Measuring Wastewater Flows……Page 159
Sampling……Page 169
Analysis……Page 173
Suggested Reading……Page 200
Part II. Unit Operations of Water Treatment……Page 202
Coagulation……Page 204
Zeta Potential……Page 206
Flocculation……Page 208
Coagulation and Flocculation Chemicals……Page 210
Tailoring Polyelectrolytes……Page 211
Applications of Coagulation and Flocculation……Page 214
Color Removal……Page 219
Plant Design……Page 220
Suggested Reading……Page 224
Removal of Solids from Water……Page 225
Removal of Water from Sludge……Page 250
Deposit and Failure Analysis……Page 0
10. Precipitation……Page 285
Partial Lime Softening……Page 286
Complete Lime Softening……Page 290
More Complete Softening at Higher Temperatures……Page 296
Silica Removal……Page 297
Heavy Metals Removal……Page 300
Miscellaneous Processes……Page 306
Bench and Pilot Plant Testing……Page 307
Suggested Reading……Page 308
Oil-in-Water Emulsions……Page 310
Water-in-Oil Emulsions……Page 319
Industrial Sources of Emulsions and Treatment Practices……Page 322
Recovery of Separated Oil……Page 326
Exchanger Capacity……Page 328
Anion Exchangers……Page 335
Practical Ion Exchange……Page 336
An Evolving Science……Page 337
Sodium Cycle Exchange (Zeolite Softening)……Page 339
Examples of Acid-Base Reactions……Page 373
Acid Waters……Page 382
Henry’s Law……Page 384
Degasification Designs……Page 385
Deaerating Heaters……Page 389
Chemical Removal……Page 392
Microfiltration……Page 394
Material Balance in Membrane Processes……Page 396
Design Features of Commercial Units……Page 397
Reverse Osmosis……Page 401
Membrane Maintenance……Page 406
Dialysis……Page 408
Electrodialysis……Page 410
Suggested Reading……Page 413
Mechanism of Aeration……Page 414
Principles of Gas Transfer……Page 415
Equipment……Page 418
Sizing of Aeration Equipment……Page 421
Suggested Reading……Page 422
Colloidal Matter……Page 423
Taste and Odor Control……Page 424
Removal of Organic Molecules and Colloids……Page 425
Colloidal Silica……Page 427
Applications of Carbon Filters……Page 429
Wastewater Treatment……Page 430
Slurry Systems……Page 434
Suggested Reading……Page 435
Evaporators……Page 436
Effect of Salt Concentration……Page 437
Evaporator Design……Page 438
Condensation……Page 439
Multiple-Effect Units……Page 442
Freezing……Page 446
19. Oxidation-Reduction……Page 448
Removal of Organic Matter……Page 453
Cyanide Removal……Page 454
Other Oxidizing Agents……Page 455
Reducing Agents……Page 456
Suggested Reading……Page 457
20. Corrosion Control……Page 458
Corrosion Rates……Page 459
Polarization-Depolarization……Page 460
Concentration Cell Corrosion……Page 461
Dissolved Gases……Page 464
Temperature……Page 465
Stress Corrosion Cracking……Page 466
Corrosion Fatigue Cracking……Page 467
Tuberculation……Page 469
Dezincification……Page 470
Materials of Construction……Page 472
Insulation……Page 473
Corrosion Inhibitors……Page 474
Organic Filmers……Page 475
Water Distribution Systems……Page 476
Monitoring Results……Page 478
21. Deposit Control……Page 484
Deposit Appearance……Page 485
Deposit Identification……Page 486
Treatments to Control System Deposits……Page 494
Suggested Reading……Page 496
22. Control of Microbial Activity……Page 498
Physical Factors Affecting Microbe Growth……Page 502
Chemical Factors Affecting Microbial Growth……Page 503
Methods for Controlling Microbial Activity……Page 504
Oxidizing Biocides (See Also Chapter 19)……Page 505
Nonoxidizing Biocides……Page 511
Cationic Biocides……Page 512
Microbial Monitoring Procedures……Page 513
Cooling Water Systems……Page 514
Storing, Handling, and Feeding Precautions……Page 517
Treating Industrial Organics……Page 520
Available Processes……Page 521
Temperature Effects……Page 524
Bench Testing……Page 525
Sludge Acclimatization……Page 527
Aerated Systems……Page 528
Balancing the Activated Sludge Process……Page 533
Anaerobic Digestion……Page 536
Other Processes……Page 539
Suggested Reading……Page 541
Part III. Uses of Water……Page 542
Bauxite Processing……Page 544
Aluminum Reduction……Page 547
Metal Fabrication……Page 550
Suggested Reading……Page 551
Foundry Operations……Page 552
Machining……Page 555
Stamping……Page 562
Assembly Plants……Page 566
Process Cooling Is Major H2O Use……Page 569
Process Flow Sheets……Page 573
Environmental Effects……Page 577
Suggested Reading……Page 578
27. Coal Products: Coke, Producer Gas, and Synfuels……Page 579
By-Product Recovery……Page 581
Utility Requirements……Page 583
Producer Gas and Synfuels……Page 587
Suggested Reading……Page 592
28. Food Processing Industry……Page 593
The Sugar Industry……Page 594
The Beverage Industry……Page 597
Fruit and Vegetable Processing……Page 599
Meat and Poultry……Page 602
Suggested Reading……Page 606
Underground Water……Page 607
Coal Processing……Page 609
Further Dewatering……Page 610
Metal-Containing Minerals……Page 612
Phosphate Mining……Page 615
Mineral Leaching and Dissolving……Page 617
Slurry Conveying……Page 620
30. Pulp and Paper Industry……Page 621
Water: a Basic Raw Material……Page 622
Groundwood Pulp……Page 624
Thermomechanical Pulping……Page 625
Chemical Pulping……Page 626
The Kraft Process……Page 627
Pulp Process Units……Page 631
Bleaching……Page 634
Secondary Fiber Recovery……Page 639
Water Removal From Pulp……Page 640
Fourdrinier Machine……Page 641
Water-Related Mill Problems……Page 645
Waste Treatment……Page 648
Suggested Reading……Page 652
Process Operations……Page 653
Utility Systems……Page 663
Cooling Water Systems……Page 664
Refinery Pollution Control–Waste Treatment……Page 665
Suggested Reading……Page 668
32. Steel Industry……Page 669
Blast Furnace Operations……Page 670
Exhaust Gas Treatment……Page 673
Steel Production……Page 674
Direct Reduction Processes……Page 679
Continuous Casting……Page 681
The Hot-Mill Rolling Operation……Page 682
Heat Treatment……Page 685
Acid Pickling……Page 687
Slag Plant……Page 688
Suggested Reading……Page 689
Cotton……Page 690
Wool……Page 692
Water Uses in the Textile Industry……Page 694
Air Washer Maintenance……Page 697
Developing a Treatment Program……Page 699
Suggested Reading……Page 700
The Process: Energy Conversion……Page 701
Power Cycle……Page 703
Water: the Working Fluid……Page 707
Water Chemistry in Fossil-Fueled Plants–Liquid Phase……Page 711
Steam Phase Problems……Page 720
Water Chemistry in Nuclear Fueled Plants……Page 721
Condenser Cooling Water……Page 724
Miscellaneous Water Uses……Page 731
Suggested Readings (See ?Energy Primer,? Chapter 46)……Page 735
35. Municipal Water……Page 737
Raw Water Characteristics……Page 739
Typical Treatment Schemes……Page 741
Water Treatment Plant By-Product Disposal……Page 747
Potable Water Other Than Municipal Supply……Page 748
Suggested Reading……Page 749
36. Municipal Sewage Treatment……Page 750
Effluent Standards……Page 751
Typical Wastewater Treatment Processes……Page 752
Disinfection……Page 755
Plant Process Changes Caused by Growth and Industrialization……Page 757
Municipality and Industry Join Forces to Treat Wastes More Economically……Page 758
Sewage Plant Effluent Is Fed to Water Factory 21……Page 759
By-Product Wastes……Page 760
Sludge Disposal……Page 765
Heating Systems……Page 766
Air-Conditioning Systems……Page 770
Energy Storage……Page 776
Domestic Water……Page 777
Waste Treatment……Page 778
Part IV. Specialized Water Treatment Technologies……Page 779
Heat Transfer……Page 781
Cooling Water System: Problems & Treatment……Page 786
Cooling Towers……Page 797
Cooling Water Treatment and Control……Page 799
Ambient Air Effects……Page 804
Corrosion and Scale Control……Page 805
Fouling Control……Page 807
Microbial Control……Page 808
Deposits……Page 809
Corrosion……Page 813
External Treatment……Page 814
Condensate Returns……Page 822
Internal Treatment……Page 823
Program Supplements……Page 826
Blowdown……Page 829
Boiler Types……Page 838
Sources of Effluent……Page 876
Process Water Use and Contamination……Page 877
Plant Survey……Page 878
Assessing Waste Flows and Quality……Page 880
Sampling and Analysis……Page 881
Equalization……Page 883
Conservation to Minimize Effluent Loading……Page 884
Review of Existing Facilities……Page 887
Process Modification……Page 888
Pilot Studies Essential……Page 889
Using Plant Effluents……Page 890
Surveillance of Program……Page 891
Zero Discharge–Possibilities and Realities……Page 892
Suggested Reading……Page 893
Particle Collection Concepts……Page 894
Particulate Emissions……Page 895
Principles of Operation……Page 896
Packed Tower……Page 898
Moving Bed Scrubbers……Page 899
Turbulent Contact Absorber (TCA)……Page 900
Wet Particle Scrubbers……Page 901
Waterside Problems……Page 906
Auxiliary Equipment……Page 908
Selected Gas Scrubbing Systems……Page 909
Chop Irrigation……Page 914
The Nature of Soil……Page 916
Measurable Soil Characteristics……Page 917
Concentration Effects……Page 918
Conditioning Irrigation Water……Page 921
Suggested Reading……Page 922
Theory of Oil Formation……Page 923
The Oil-Bearing Reservoir……Page 924
Petroleum Production……Page 925
Secondary Recovery by Steam Flooding……Page 932
The Nature of Oil Field Waters……Page 936
Mineral Scales……Page 940
Corrosion……Page 943
Bacteria Control……Page 944
Suggested Reading……Page 945
44. Production of Ultrapure Water……Page 946
Liquid Feed Systems……Page 956
Dry Feed Systems……Page 969
46. Energy Primer……Page 974
Energy Measurements……Page 975
Enthalpy……Page 977
Fuel and Boiler Efficiencies……Page 978
Improving Boiler Efficiency……Page 1003
Mechanical Heat Recovery……Page 1004
Feed Water Temperature……Page 1005
Reclaiming Blowdown Heat……Page 1006
Turbine Operation……Page 1008
Steam Trap……Page 1013
Glossary……Page 1014
Sign Conventions in Electrochemistry……Page 1024
A……Page 1027
B……Page 1029
C……Page 1032
D……Page 1038
E……Page 1041
F……Page 1042
G……Page 1044
H……Page 1046
I……Page 1047
L……Page 1049
M……Page 1051
N……Page 1053
O……Page 1054
P……Page 1055
R……Page 1058
S……Page 1060
T……Page 1066
V……Page 1068
W……Page 1069
Y……Page 1070
Z……Page 1071
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