Geographic Information Science: Mastering the Legal Issues (2005)(2nd ed.)(en)(474s)

George Cho0470850108, 9780470850107, 9780470013557

Cho (University of Canberra) explores both how the law affects the use of geographic information and how geographic information has shaped the law and policy in several countries. He identifies the factors influencing public use and pricing policies, describes the use of exchange standards to share and commercialize geographic information, and outlines an international framework for the development of access policies. Privacy issues, contract law, the legal standards of liability, and the intellectual property rights that impinge on geographic information systems and services are also addressed.

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Table of contents :
Geographic Information Science……Page 3
Contents……Page 9
Table of Cases……Page 15
Table of Statutes……Page 25
Acknowledgements……Page 34
Introduction……Page 37
Learning Objectives……Page 51
1.1 Introduction……Page 52
1.2.1 Common Law, Statutes and Civil Law……Page 57
1.2.2 Court System……Page 59
1.2.3 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)……Page 60
1.2.4 Remedies……Page 61
1.3 Key Policy Issues……Page 63
1.3.1 Factors Influencing Geographic Information Policy……Page 64
1.3.3 Data Pricing Policy……Page 66
1.3.4 Policy on the Legal Protection of Data……Page 67
1.3.5 Data Preservation……Page 68
1.3.7 Policy Developments in Australia……Page 69
1.4 The Geographic Information and Law Nexus……Page 70
1.4.1 Databases……Page 74
1.4.2 Data Sharing……Page 76
1.4.3 Maps……Page 78
1.4.4 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)……Page 80
1.4.5 Aerial Photographs and Images……Page 82
1.5 Geography Really Does Matter……Page 85
Summary……Page 87
Learning Objectives……Page 89
2.1 Introduction……Page 90
2.2 Sharing Geographic Information and Data……Page 91
2.3 Policies on Access to Public Sector Information (PSI)……Page 97
2.3.1 Australia–New Zealand……Page 100
2.3.2 United States……Page 108
2.3.3 European Union……Page 113
2.3.4 Conclusions……Page 121
2.4 Frameworks for Accessing Geospatial Information……Page 122
2.4.1 Metadata Content Standards……Page 123
2.4.2 Clearinghouse and Geolibrary……Page 127
2.4.3 Access and Exchange Standards……Page 129
2.5 Towards a Global Information Infrastructure (GII)……Page 133
2.5.1 United States National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI): Evolution and Growth……Page 134
2.5.2 Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure (CGDI): Private Sector Leadership……Page 136
2.5.3 European Geographic Information Infrastructure (EGII): Balanced Representation……Page 137
2.5.4 Australian Spatial Data Infrastructure (ASDI) Developments……Page 139
2.5.5 Asia-Pacific and Africa Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) Efforts……Page 140
2.5.6 Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) Strategic Plan……Page 141
Summary……Page 142
Learning Objectives……Page 145
3.2 The Life of Gigo……Page 146
3.3 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)……Page 149
3.4 Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Australia……Page 154
3.5 Quid Pro Quo and the International Environment for Intellectual Property Rights Protection……Page 158
3.5.2 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1998……Page 164
3.5.4 Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 1995……Page 165
3.5.5 WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)—the Internet Treaties……Page 166
3.6 Copyright and Geographic Information……Page 167
3.6.1 Maps……Page 169
3.6.2 Electronic Databases……Page 179
3.6.3 European Union Database Directive……Page 195
3.6.4 Moral Rights and Sui Generis Regimes……Page 202
3.6.5 Business Methods and Geographic Information Patents……Page 207
3.6.6 The Digital Agenda……Page 211
3.7.1 The ‘Copyleft’ Movement and No Rights Reserved……Page 214
3.7.2 Other Intellectual Property……Page 218
3.8 Infringements, Defences and Remedies……Page 224
3.9.1 Intellectual Property Rights in the Work of Employees……Page 229
3.9.2 Intellectual Property Rights and International Research……Page 232
3.10 Lessons, Litigation and the Fate of Gigo’s Code……Page 237
Summary……Page 240
Learning Objectives……Page 243
4.1 Introduction……Page 244
4.2.1 Geographic Information Systems are not Personal Data Intensive……Page 246
4.2.2 Lack of Understanding of Privacy Issues……Page 248
4.2.3 Ethical Use of Geospatial Technologies……Page 250
4.3 Privacy: The Legal and Regulatory Framework……Page 253
4.3.1 The Privacy Act 1988 (Cwlth)……Page 255
4.3.2 The Privacy Amendment Act 1990 (Cwlth)……Page 257
4.3.4 Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000 (Cwlth)……Page 259
4.3.5 Freedom of Information……Page 263
4.3.6 The Common Law and the Disclosure of Personal Information……Page 264
4.3.7 Industry Codes of Conduct and Self-regulation……Page 270
4.3.8 The Regime in the United States……Page 273
4.3.9 Common Law Privacy in the United States……Page 281
4.3.10 Evolving Fair Information Privacy Principles……Page 282
4.4 Geospatial Technologies and Privacy Implications……Page 288
4.4.1 Data Aggregation and Databases……Page 289
4.4.2 Regulation and Use of Databases……Page 292
4.4.3 Some Definitions: Location, Tracking and Dataveillance……Page 294
4.4.4 Geospatial Technology Applications: Home Location……Page 296
4.4.5 Tracking Movements of Individuals in Space……Page 298
4.4.7 Tracing Communications……Page 300
4.4.8 Convergence of Locational and Tracking Technologies……Page 302
4.4.9 Privacy Risks with Location and Tracking Technologies……Page 304
4.4.10 Privacy-invasive Technologies (PIT): Privacy-enhancing Technologies (PET) and Privacy-sympathetic Technologies (PST)……Page 306
4.5 Emergent Policy and Practice……Page 308
4.5.1 European Union Data Protection Directive……Page 313
4.5.2 European Union–United States Safe Harbour Framework……Page 315
4.5.3 European Union Data Protection Directive and Implications for Australia, Canada and United Kingdom……Page 319
Summary……Page 322
Learning Objectives……Page 327
5.1 Introduction……Page 328
5.2 A Contract is a Meeting of the Minds……Page 332
5.3 Contract for Service and Contract of Service……Page 343
5.3.1 Personnel Contracts……Page 344
5.3.2 Academics and Researchers as Employees?……Page 349
5.4 Geographic Information Systems: Product or Service?……Page 350
5.5 Licensing……Page 352
5.5.1 Why is Spatial Data Special?……Page 359
5.6 Liability Implications and the Privity of Contract……Page 363
5.6.1 Exclusion Clauses……Page 364
5.7 Contract Execution: Discharged, Failed Contracts, and Remedies……Page 366
5.8 Web-based Contracts……Page 368
5.8.1 Electronic Transaction Regulations……Page 369
5.8.2 Electronic Contracts……Page 371
5.8.3 Summary of Legal Issues……Page 378
5.8.4 Contract Precedents……Page 383
Summary……Page 385
6.1 Introduction……Page 387
6.2 Legal Standards and Guidelines……Page 389
6.3 Legal Liability Theories……Page 395
6.3.1 Contract and Strict Products Liability……Page 396
6.3.2 Tortious Liability……Page 405
6.3.3 Statutory Liability……Page 413
6.3.4 Other Liability Theories……Page 414
6.4.1 Disclaimers……Page 417
6.4.2 Data Quality Issues……Page 418
6.4.3 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Map Quality Standards……Page 419
6.4.4 Legal Risk Management Strategies……Page 426
6.4.5 Discussion……Page 427
6.4.6 Minimising Liability and Damage Claims……Page 429
Summary……Page 431
References……Page 433
Internet URL References……Page 455
Index……Page 459