Power vacuum tubes handbook

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Edition: 2nd ed

Series: Electronics handbook series

ISBN: 0849313457, 9780849313455

Size: 20 MB (20808378 bytes)

Pages: 724/724

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Jerry Whitaker0849313457, 9780849313455

Providing examples of applications, this handbook examines the underlying technology of each type of power vacuum tube device in common use today. The author reports on new development efforts and explains the benefits of specific work. Basic principles are discussed, and supporting mathematics are included to clarify the material presented. Extensive technical illustrations and schematic diagrams aid the reader in understanding the maxims of the subject.What’s New in the Second Edition?oReviews the latest in new vacuum tube technology – new devices and refinements of existing devices that extend power and frequency capabilitiesoIdentifies new applications for commercial and scientific researchoExamines new frontiers on materials science – directly impacting construction, reliability, and performanceoOutlines new methods of power tube design – yielding more efficient, lasting tubesoDescribes new modulation methods affecting power tube design and application, including digital technologies

Table of contents :
Power Vacuum Tubes Handbook Second Edition……Page 3
Disclaimer……Page 4
Preface……Page 5
About the Author……Page 7
Acknowledgement……Page 8
Contents……Page 9
1.1.1 Vacuum Tube Development……Page 19
1.1.2 Standardization……Page 28
1.2 Vacuum Tube Applications……Page 29
1.2.1 Market Overview……Page 30
1.2.3 Shortwave Broadcasting……Page 32
1.2.4 FM Radio Broadcasting……Page 33
1.2.5 TV Broadcasting……Page 34
1.2.6 Satellite Transmission……Page 36
1.2.7 Radar……Page 38
1.2.8 Electronic Navigation……Page 41
1.2.9 Microwave Radio……Page 47
1.2.10 Induction Heating……Page 48
1.2.11 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum……Page 49
1.3 Bibliography……Page 52
2.1.1 Modulation Systems……Page 55
2.1.2 Principles of Resonance……Page 56
2.1.3 Frequency Source……Page 61
2.1.4 Operating Class……Page 67
2.1.5 Broadband Amplifier Design……Page 69
2.1.6 Thermal and Circuit Noise……Page 71
2.2 Amplitude Modulation……Page 73
2.2.1 High-Level AM Modulation……Page 76
2.2.2 Vestigial-Sideband Amplitude Modulation……Page 77
2.2.3 Single-Sideband Amplitude Modulation……Page 78
2.2.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)……Page 80
2.3.1 Modulation Index……Page 81
2.3.3 Modifying FM Waves……Page 86
2.3.5 Modulation Circuits……Page 87
2.4.1 Digital Modulation Systems……Page 92
2.4.3 Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)……Page 93
2.4.4 Pulse Code Modulation……Page 96
2.4.6 Digital Coding Systems……Page 97
2.4.7 Baseband Digital Pulse Modulation……Page 99
2.4.8 Spread Spectrum Systems……Page 100
2.6 Bibliography……Page 102
3.2 Characteristics of Electrons……Page 105
3.2.1 Electron Optics……Page 106
3.2.2 Thermal Emission From Metals……Page 107
3.2.3 Secondary Emission……Page 108
3.2.4 Diode……Page 110
3.2.5 Triode……Page 112
3.2.6 Tetrode……Page 117
3.2.7 Pentode……Page 120
3.2.8 High-Frequency Operating Limits……Page 125
3.3 Vacuum Tube Design……Page 128
3.3.1 Device Cooling……Page 130
3.3.2 Cathode Assembly……Page 133
3.3.3 Grid Structures……Page 139
3.3.5 Ceramic Elements……Page 147
3.3.6 Tube Construction……Page 150
3.3.8 Tube Sockets……Page 151
3.4 Neutralization……Page 152
3.4.1 Circuit Analysis……Page 153
3.4.2 Circuit Design……Page 154
3.4.3 Grounded-Grid Amplifier Neutralization……Page 159
3.4.4 Self-Neutralizing Frequency……Page 162
3.4.5 Neutralization Adjustment……Page 165
3.6 Bibliography……Page 166
4.1 Introduction……Page 169
4.1.3 Class C Amplifier……Page 170
4.2 Principles of RF Power Amplification……Page 171
4.2.1 Drive Power Requirements……Page 174
4.2.2 Mechanical and Electrical Considerations……Page 176
4.2.3 Bypassing Tube Elements……Page 178
4.2.4 Parasitic Oscillations……Page 180
4.2.5 Shielding……Page 185
4.2.6 Protection Measures……Page 187
4.3.1 Bandwidth and Efficiency……Page 189
4.3.2 Current Paths……Page 191
4.3.3 The 1/4-Wavelength Cavity……Page 194
4.3.4 The 1/2-Wavelength Cavity……Page 199
4.3.5 Folded 1/2-Wavelength Cavity……Page 204
4.3.7 Output Coupling……Page 205
4.3.8 Mechanical Design……Page 212
4.4.1 Silicon Rectifiers……Page 215
4.4.2 Operating Rectifiers in Series……Page 216
4.4.3 Operating Rectifiers in Parallel……Page 218
4.4.5 Thyristor Servo Systems……Page 219
4.4.6 Polyphase Rectifier Circuits……Page 228
4.4.7 Power Supply Filter Circuits……Page 231
4.5 Parameter Sampling Circuits……Page 235
4.7 Bibliography……Page 239
5.2 AM Power Amplification Systems……Page 242
5.2.1 Control Grid Modulation……Page 243
5.2.2 Suppressor Grid Modulation……Page 244
5.2.4 High-Level AM Amplification……Page 245
5.2.5 Pulse Width Modulation……Page 249
5.3 Linear Amplification……Page 251
5.3.2 Grid-Driven Linear Amplifier……Page 252
5.3.4 Intermodulation Distortion……Page 253
5.4 High-Efficiency Linear Amplification……Page 255
5.4.1 Chireix Outphasing Modulated Amplifier……Page 256
5.4.2 Doherty Amplifier……Page 257
5.4.3 Screen-Modulated Doherty-Type Amplifier……Page 259
5.4.4 Terman-Woodyard Modulated Amplifier……Page 261
5.4.5 Dome Modulated Amplifier……Page 262
5.5 Television Power Amplifier Systems……Page 263
5.5.1 System Considerations……Page 264
5.5.2 Power Amplifier……Page 266
5.6 FM Power Amplifier Systems……Page 269
5.6.1 Cathode-Driven Triode Amplifier……Page 270
5.6.2 Grounded-Grid vs. Grid-Driven Tetrode……Page 271
5.6.3 Grid-Driven Tetrode/Pentode Amplifiers……Page 272
5.6.4 Impedance Matching into the Grid……Page 274
5.6.5 Neutralization……Page 276
5.7.2 Radar……Page 277
5.9 Bibliography……Page 282
6.1 Introduction……Page 284
6.1.2 Crossed-Field Tubes……Page 285
6.2 Grid Vacuum Tubes……Page 289
6.2.1 Planar Triode……Page 290
6.2.2 High-Power UHF Tetrode……Page 291
6.2.3 Diacrode……Page 293
6.3 Klystron……Page 294
6.3.1 Reflex Klystron……Page 295
6.3.2 The Two-Cavity Klystron……Page 297
6.3.3 The Multicavity Klystron……Page 300
6.3.4 Beam Pulsing……Page 314
6.3.5 Integral vs. External Cavity……Page 315
6.3.6 MSDC Klystron……Page 319
6.4 Klystrode/Inductive Output Tube (IOT)……Page 329
6.4.2 Electron Gun……Page 331
6.4.3 Grid Structure……Page 333
6.4.4 Input Cavity……Page 334
6.4.5 Output Cavity……Page 335
6.4.6 Application Considerations……Page 336
6.4.7 Continuing Research Efforts……Page 338
6.5.1 Theory of Operation……Page 339
6.6 Traveling Wave Tube……Page 341
6.6.1 Theory of Operation……Page 342
6.6.2 Operating Efficiency……Page 348
6.6.3 Operational Considerations……Page 349
6.7 Crossed-Field Tubes……Page 350
6.7.1 Magnetron……Page 351
6.7.2 Backward Wave Oscillator……Page 356
6.7.3 Strap-Fed Devices……Page 357
6.7.4 Gyrotron……Page 359
6.8 Other Microwave Devices……Page 363
6.8.2 Variations on the Klystron……Page 364
6.9.1 Life-Support System……Page 366
6.9.2 Protection Measures……Page 367
6.9.4 Cooling System……Page 369
6.9.5 Reliability Statistics……Page 370
6.10 References……Page 371
6.11 Bibliography……Page 372
7.1.1 Skin Effect……Page 375
7.2 Coaxial Transmission Line……Page 376
7.2.1 Electrical Parameters……Page 377
7.2.2 Electrical Considerations……Page 382
7.2.3 Coaxial Cable Ratings……Page 383
7.2.4 Mechanical Parameters……Page 391
7.3.1 Propagation Modes……Page 392
7.3.3 Circular Waveguide……Page 395
7.3.4 Doubly Truncated Waveguide……Page 396
7.3.5 Impedance Matching……Page 397
7.3.6 Installation Considerations……Page 400
7.3.7 Cavity Resonators……Page 402
7.4 RF Combiner and Diplexer Systems……Page 403
7.4.1 Passive Filters A filter is a multiport-network designed specifically to respond……Page 404
7.4.2 Four-Port Hybrid Combiner……Page 407
7.4.3 Non-Constant-Impedance Diplexer……Page 409
7.4.4 Constant-Impedance Diplexer……Page 411
7.4.6 Hot Switching Combiners……Page 419
7.4.7 Phased-Array Antenna Systems……Page 426
7.5 High-Power Isolators……Page 433
7.5.1 Theory of Operation……Page 434
7.5.2 Applications……Page 436
7.7 Bibliography……Page 439
8.1.1 Thermal Properties……Page 442
8.1.2 Heal Transfer Mechanisms……Page 443
8.1.3 The Physics of Boiling Water……Page 445
8.2.1 Forced-Air Cooling Systems……Page 448
8.2.2 Water Cooling……Page 455
8.2.3 Vapor-Phase Cooling……Page 461
8.2.4 Temperature Measurements……Page 474
8.3.1 Air-Handling System……Page 477
8.3.2 Air Cooling System Design……Page 480
8.3.3 Site Design Guidelines……Page 483
8.3.4 Water/Vapor Cooling System Maintenance……Page 489
8.4 References……Page 491
8.5 Bibliography……Page 492
9.1.1 Terminology……Page 494
9.2 Quality Assurance……Page 496
9.2.2 Reliability Evaluation……Page 497
9.2.3 Failure Analysis……Page 498
9.3 Reliability Analysis……Page 499
9.3.1 Statistical Reliability……Page 501
9.3.2 Environmental Stress Screening……Page 504
9.3.3 Latent Defects……Page 508
9.3.5 Failure Modes……Page 510
9.3.6 Maintenance Considerations……Page 511
9.4 Vacuum Tube Reliability……Page 512
9.4.2 Tube-Changing Procedure……Page 513
9.4.3 Power Tube Conditioning……Page 515
9.4.4 Filament Voltage……Page 518
9.4.5 Filament Voltage Management……Page 520
9.4.6 PA Stage Tuning……Page 522
9.4.7 Fault Protection……Page 523
9.4.8 Vacuum Tube Life……Page 525
9.4.9 Examining Tube Performance……Page 526
9.4.10 Shipping and Handling Vacuum Tubes……Page 530
9.5.1 Cleaning and Flushing the Cooling System……Page 531
9.5.3 Reconditioning Klystron Gun Elements……Page 535
9.5.4 Focusing Electromagnet Maintenance……Page 536
9.5.5 Power Control Considerations……Page 537
9.7 Bibliography……Page 540
10.1 Introduction……Page 544
10.2.1 Power Measurements……Page 545
10.2.2 Decibel Measurement……Page 552
10.2.3 Noise Measurement……Page 553
10.2.4 Phase Measurement……Page 554
10.2.5 Nonlinear Distortion……Page 556
10.3 Vacuum Tube Operating Parameters……Page 568
10.3.1 Stage Tuning……Page 569
10.3.2 Amplifier Balance……Page 572
10.3.4 Harmonic Energy……Page 573
10.3.5 Klystron Tuning Considerations……Page 574
10.3.6 Intermodulation Distortion……Page 576
10.3.7 VSWR……Page 580
10.4 RF System Performance……Page 583
10.4.1 Key System Measurements……Page 584
10.4.2 Synchronous AM in FM Systems 3……Page 585
10.4.3 Incidental Phase Modulation……Page 587
10.4.5 Site-Related Intermodulation Products……Page 590
10.6 Bibliography……Page 593
11.2 Electric Shock……Page 596
11.2.1 Effects on the Human Body……Page 597
11.2.3 Working with High Voltage……Page 598
11.2.4 First Aid Procedures……Page 601
11.3.1 OSHA Safety Considerations……Page 603
11.3.3 Corrosive and Poisonous Compounds……Page 607
11.3.5 Nonionizing Radiation……Page 608
11.3.9 Polychlorinated Biphenyls……Page 612
11.5 Bibliography……Page 617
Standard Units……Page 620
Standard Prefixes……Page 621
Common Standard Units for Electronics Work……Page 622
Power Conversion Factors (Decibels to Watts)……Page 623
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio and Key Parameters……Page 624
Specifications of Standard Copper Wire……Page 625
Celsius-to-Fahrenheit Conversion……Page 626
Inch-to-Millimeter Conversion……Page 627
Millimeters-to-Decimal Inches Conversion……Page 628
Conversion of Common Fractions to Decimal and Millimeter Units……Page 629
Conversion Ratios for Area……Page 630
Conversion Ratios for Volume……Page 631
Conversion Ratios for Electrical Quantities……Page 632
Basic Electrical Units……Page 633
A……Page 635
B……Page 641
C……Page 643
D……Page 649
E……Page 654
F……Page 657
G……Page 661
H……Page 663
I……Page 665
J……Page 668
L……Page 669
M……Page 671
N……Page 674
O……Page 677
P……Page 678
Q……Page 679
R……Page 680
S……Page 684
T……Page 687
U……Page 689
V……Page 690
X……Page 692
Y……Page 693
Modulation Sys tems and Char ac ter is tics……Page 695
Vacuum Tube Prin ci ples……Page 696
De signing Vac uum Tube Cir cuits……Page 698
Ap plying Vac uum Tube De vices……Page 700
Microwave Power Tubes……Page 701
RF In terconnection and Switching……Page 704
Cooling Con sid er ations……Page 706
Re li abil ity Con siderations……Page 707
Device Per formance Cri te ria……Page 708
Safe Han dling of Vac uum Tube De vices……Page 710
Index of Tables……Page 712
Cited References……Page 715

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