Richard A. Matzner0849328918, 9780849328916, 9781420050233
Table of contents :
DICTIONARY OF GEOPHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, and ASTRONOMY……Page 1
PREFACE……Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS……Page 6
Abney’s law of additivity……Page 10
abyssal circulation……Page 11
accretion disk……Page 12
achromatic objective……Page 13
active fault……Page 14
adiabatic condensation point……Page 15
ADM form of the Einstein–Hilbert action……Page 16
advection dominated accretion disks……Page 17
African waves……Page 18
Airy isostasy……Page 19
Alba Patera……Page 20
Alfvén layer……Page 21
Algol system……Page 22
altitude……Page 23
Am star……Page 24
angle-redshift test……Page 25
anomalistic month……Page 26
Antarctic ozone depletion……Page 27
anticyclone……Page 28
Apollo asteroid……Page 29
arcade……Page 30
arctic oscillation (AO)……Page 31
arrow of time……Page 32
asteroid……Page 33
astronomical latitude……Page 34
asymptotically simple space-time……Page 35
atmosphere……Page 36
atmospherics……Page 37
aurora……Page 38
autumnal equinox……Page 39
AXAF……Page 40
azimuth……Page 41
Baily’s beads……Page 42
barotropic atmosphere or ocean……Page 43
baryogenesis……Page 44
Batchelor spectrum……Page 45
beams, ion……Page 46
Bergen school……Page 47
beta-effect……Page 48
biased vacuum states (domain wall)……Page 49
Big Bang……Page 50
Big Bang horizon problem……Page 51
binary star……Page 52
Birkhoff theorem (1923)……Page 53
black frost……Page 54
black hole……Page 55
BL Lacertae……Page 56
body waves……Page 57
borrow site……Page 58
Boussinesq equation……Page 59
Brans–Dicke theory……Page 60
brightness temperature……Page 61
brown dwarf……Page 62
buoyancy frequency……Page 63
Butcher –Oemler effect……Page 64
bypass……Page 65
Callan–Rubakov effect……Page 66
canonical transformation……Page 67
carbon-14 dating……Page 68
Carme……Page 69
Carter –Peter model……Page 70
Casagrande size classification……Page 71
cataclysmic variable (cataclysmic binary)……Page 72
Cauchy singularity……Page 73
celestial sphere……Page 74
central peak……Page 75
Cerenkov radiation……Page 76
Chandler wobble……Page 77
characteristics, method of……Page 78
chondrite, carbonaceous……Page 79
cigar distribution……Page 80
clay……Page 81
coastal jet……Page 82
coefficient of thermal conductivity……Page 83
colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)……Page 84
comet……Page 85
comet(s): missions to……Page 86
compensation……Page 87
Compton scattering……Page 88
congruence……Page 89
Conrad discontinuity……Page 90
constraint equations……Page 91
continental margin……Page 92
convective adjustment……Page 93
convergent plate boundaries……Page 94
coordinate system……Page 95
core……Page 96
core-dominated quasars……Page 97
core-mantle coupling……Page 98
corona……Page 99
coronal hole……Page 100
coronal trap……Page 101
cosmic microwave background……Page 102
component……Page 103
cosmic microwave background, temperature fluctuations……Page 104
cosmic phase transition……Page 105
cosmic topological defect……Page 106
cosmological constant……Page 107
cosmological principle……Page 108
covariant derivative……Page 109
crater……Page 110
crater production function……Page 111
critical frequency……Page 112
crust……Page 113
cumulus……Page 114
current saturation (cosmic string)……Page 115
curved space-time……Page 116
cusp, polar……Page 117
cyclone……Page 118
Cytherean……Page 119
dark matter……Page 120
day……Page 121
decelleration parameter……Page 122
deep(-focus) earthquake……Page 123
degree (temperature)……Page 124
depletion layer……Page 125
Dessler –Parker –Sckopke (DPS) theorem……Page 126
dew……Page 127
differential emission measure……Page 128
diffraction grating……Page 129
diffusion-convection equation……Page 130
diffusive regime……Page 131
diffusive shock acceleration……Page 132
dilaton gravity……Page 133
dimensional transmutation……Page 134
discrete aurora……Page 135
disparition brusque……Page 136
dissipation of temperature variance……Page 137
diurnal……Page 138
D-layer……Page 139
Doppler beaming……Page 140
double diffusion……Page 141
drag coefficient……Page 142
drift, gradient……Page 143
duality in elastic string models……Page 144
dust storm (Mars)……Page 145
dynamic pressure……Page 146
dynamo……Page 147
earthquake……Page 148
East Greenland current……Page 149
eccentricity……Page 150
Eddington limit……Page 151
effective couplings……Page 152
Einstein-Cartan gravity……Page 153
Einstein tensor……Page 154
Elara……Page 155
E-layer screening……Page 156
electromagnetic radiation……Page 157
elemental abundances: of comet(s)……Page 158
elongation……Page 159
emission lines: interstellar and cometary……Page 160
energetic particles in interplanetary space……Page 161
energetic storm particles……Page 162
energy conversion efficiency……Page 163
entropy……Page 164
Epimetheus……Page 165
equatorial anomaly……Page 166
equatorial Kelvin wave……Page 167
equilibrium tide (gravitational tide)……Page 168
ergs……Page 169
Euler equations……Page 170
euphotic zone midpoint……Page 171
evolutionary track……Page 172
expansion of the universe……Page 173
extratropical storm……Page 174
eye (of a storm)……Page 175
fallout……Page 176
fast solar wind……Page 177
fault scarp……Page 178
Fick’s second law……Page 179
field ordering……Page 180
finger regime……Page 181
first order phase transitions……Page 182
flare electromagnetic radiation……Page 183
flattening of the Earth……Page 184
fluvial……Page 185
focal length……Page 186
fog……Page 187
force……Page 188
four-velocity……Page 189
frame dragging……Page 190
F region……Page 191
friction slope……Page 192
front……Page 193
“frozen-in” magnetic field……Page 194
fundamental tensors of a worldsheet……Page 195
future/past event horizon……Page 196
galactic noise……Page 197
Galilean invariance……Page 198
gamma ray burst (GRB)……Page 199
gamma-ray burst, fireball……Page 200
gamma-ray burst models, collapsar……Page 201
gas thermometer……Page 202
general circulation model (GCM)……Page 203
geocentric latitude……Page 204
geodesic……Page 205
geomagnetic disturbance……Page 206
geomagnetic jerk……Page 207
geospace……Page 208
geothermal gradient……Page 209
glaciation……Page 210
global thermohaline circulation……Page 211
Goldstone theorem……Page 212
gradual commencement storm……Page 213
grain chemistry: dense interstellar……Page 214
grand unification……Page 215
gravitational equations……Page 216
gravitational perturbations……Page 217
graviton……Page 218
Great Red Spot……Page 219
Greenwich mean (solar) time (GMT)……Page 220
ground stroke……Page 221
Gunn – Peterson bound……Page 222
gyroradius……Page 223
halocline……Page 224
general relativity……Page 225
harmonic analysis……Page 226
Heaviside, Oliver (1850–1925)……Page 227
heliosheath……Page 228
heliospheric magnetic field……Page 229
helium……Page 230
Herbig Ae/Be star……Page 231
high-pressure and high-temperature experiment……Page 232
homogeneity……Page 233
horizontal branch star……Page 234
diagram……Page 235
Hubble parameter (Hubble constant)……Page 236
Hubble space telescope (HST)……Page 237
hydraulic depth……Page 238
hydrogen burning……Page 239
hydromagnetic turbulence……Page 240
hydrosphere……Page 241
hysteresis……Page 242
igneous……Page 244
impact polarization……Page 245
impulsive flare……Page 246
induced gravity……Page 247
inertial subrange……Page 248
inflation……Page 249
inhomogeneous models (of the universe)……Page 250
inner radiation belt……Page 251
intercommutation……Page 252
intermediate shock……Page 253
International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)……Page 254
interplanetary propagation……Page 255
interstellar molecules……Page 256
inverse theory……Page 257
ionogram……Page 258
ionospheric index……Page 259
ionospheric refraction……Page 260
ionospheric storm……Page 261
IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology)……Page 262
irrotational……Page 263
isotope……Page 264
Israel-Wilson-Perjés space-times (1971)……Page 265
Jeans length……Page 266
Jovian planet……Page 267
Transformations among JD, MJD, and Gregorian calendar date……Page 268
Jupiter……Page 269
Kelvin temperature scale……Page 271
Kerr –Newman metric……Page 272
Killing horizon……Page 273
kinetic energy……Page 274
Kolmogorov scale (Kolmogorov microscale)……Page 275
Kuroshio……Page 276
Lagrangian……Page 277
Landau damping and instability……Page 278
Laplace equation……Page 279
last scattering……Page 280
law-of-the-wall layer……Page 281
Lemaître, Georges……Page 282
Lewis number……Page 283
lifting condensation level……Page 284
light pollution……Page 285
linear momentum……Page 286
Liouville’s theorem (the equation of continuity)……Page 287
littoral cell……Page 288
local topological defect……Page 289
longshore current……Page 290
Lorentz transformation……Page 291
Love numbers……Page 292
Lowest Useable Frequency (LUF)……Page 293
luminosity class……Page 294
lunar highlands……Page 295
Lunar Prospector……Page 296
Lyman limit……Page 297
Lysithea……Page 298
Machnumber……Page 299
magma chamber……Page 300
magnetic field……Page 301
magnetic pressure……Page 302
magnetism……Page 303
magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)……Page 304
magnetometer……Page 305
magnetospheric substorms……Page 306
magnitude……Page 307
Manning’s equation……Page 308
March 5th event……Page 309
Mars Microphone……Page 310
Martian meteorites……Page 311
massive ghost……Page 312
Maunder Minimum……Page 313
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution……Page 314
mean field dynamo……Page 315
mechanics, Newtonian……Page 316
merging, magnetic……Page 317
metallicity……Page 318
meteor shower……Page 319
metricity of covariant derivative……Page 320
Michelson–Morley experiment……Page 321
microwave burst……Page 322
Milankovich cycle……Page 323
Mira……Page 324
mixing ratio……Page 325
mode water……Page 326
Mohr’s circle……Page 327
Monin–Obukhov length……Page 328
monsoon……Page 329
moraines……Page 330
multipath fading……Page 331
mushy zone……Page 332
nanotesla (nT)……Page 333
natural line broadening……Page 334
nearly diurnal free wobble……Page 335
network……Page 336
neutrino annihilation……Page 337
New Millennium Program (NMP)……Page 338
Newtonian gravity……Page 339
nodal month……Page 340
non-thermal spectral energy distribution……Page 341
normal modes……Page 342
nuclear reactions……Page 343
null vector……Page 344
nutation……Page 345
oblique ionogram……Page 346
ocean……Page 347
w effect……Page 348
Ophelia……Page 349
Optimum Working Frequency (OWF)……Page 350
Ostriker –Thompson–Witten scenario……Page 351
overwash……Page 352
ozone layer……Page 353
ozonosphere……Page 354
pancake dome……Page 355
partial pressure……Page 356
patera……Page 357
Penman equation (or combination equation)……Page 358
perfect fluid space-times……Page 359
perihelion shift……Page 360
perturbative solution……Page 361
phase……Page 362
phase space……Page 363
phase velocity……Page 364
photon……Page 365
Planck length……Page 366
planetary boundary layer……Page 367
planetary nebula……Page 368
plasma mantle……Page 369
plate tectonics……Page 370
pocket beach……Page 371
polar cap arc (or sunward arc)……Page 372
polar glow……Page 373
polar motion……Page 374
poloidal/toroidal decomposition……Page 375
poroelastic medium……Page 376
potassium-argon age……Page 377
potential vorticity……Page 378
prairie……Page 379
precession of the equinoxes……Page 380
primordial black holes……Page 381
Proteus……Page 382
pseudobreakup……Page 383
pyroxene……Page 384
quanta meter……Page 385
quasi-hydrostatic approximation……Page 386
quasi-viscous force……Page 387
quiet sun……Page 388
radiation belts……Page 389
radioactive decay……Page 390
radio galaxy……Page 391
radon……Page 392
Raychaudhuri equation……Page 393
ray parameter……Page 394
red giant……Page 395
reference frame……Page 396
refractive index……Page 397
relative humidity……Page 398
residence time (replacement time or average transit time)……Page 399
resonant damping and instability……Page 400
Reynolds decomposition……Page 401
Ricci rotation coefficients……Page 402
Richter magnitude scale……Page 403
Rindler observer……Page 404
rip current……Page 405
Roche limit……Page 406
Rossby wave……Page 407
RS Canum Venaticorum stars……Page 408
Rydberg constant……Page 409
Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)……Page 410
scalar……Page 411
scatter-free shock acceleration……Page 412
Schwarzschild metric (Schwarzschild solution)……Page 413
seafloor magnetic stripes……Page 414
second……Page 415
secular variation of the geomagnetic field……Page 416
seismic intensity……Page 417
seismology……Page 418
Sérsic–Pastoriza (1965) galaxies……Page 419
Seyfert galaxies……Page 420
shear wave……Page 421
shock normal……Page 422
sidereal time……Page 423
silent universe……Page 424
singularities……Page 425
skip zone……Page 426
slip system……Page 427
SNC meteorites……Page 428
solar atmosphere……Page 429
solar dynamo……Page 430
solar magnetic sectors……Page 431
solar neutrinos……Page 432
solar ultraviolet measurements of emitted radiation……Page 433
solar wind……Page 434
solstice……Page 435
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)……Page 436
special relativity……Page 437
specific photosynthetic rate……Page 438
spectral line profiles……Page 439
spectropolarimetry……Page 440
spherical pendulum……Page 441
spiral arm……Page 442
sporadic E……Page 443
spread F……Page 444
S stars……Page 445
stable causality……Page 446
starburst galaxy……Page 447
Stark effect……Page 448
stellar classification……Page 449
stick-slip……Page 450
storativity (S)……Page 451
storm track……Page 452
stress drop……Page 453
structure toe……Page 454
substorm injection……Page 455
sudden phase anomaly (SPA)……Page 456
sunspot……Page 457
supercell storm……Page 458
supergradient wind……Page 459
supernovae, 1987A……Page 460
supernovae, classification……Page 461
supernovae, expanding photosphere method……Page 462
supernovae, neutrino-driven wind mechanism……Page 463
supernovae, Type Ia……Page 464
supernovae, Type II……Page 465
superposition principle……Page 466
surge……Page 467
symmetry……Page 468
synchrotron self-Compton mechanism……Page 469
syzygy……Page 470
Taylor number……Page 471
Telesto……Page 472
tension (cosmic string)……Page 473
Terrestrial Coordinate Time (TCG)……Page 474
Tethys……Page 475
thermal bremsstrahlung……Page 476
thermobaricity……Page 477
Thorpe displacement……Page 478
tidal forces……Page 479
tidal inlet……Page 480
time dilatation……Page 481
Titania……Page 482
Toomre’s stability parameter……Page 483
torque……Page 484
transcurrent (transform) plate boundary……Page 485
transpiration……Page 486
trench……Page 487
Trojans……Page 488
trough……Page 489
Tully–Fisher law……Page 490
twin paradox……Page 491
type II radio burst……Page 492
typhoon……Page 493
unification of active galactic nuclei……Page 494
unstable equilibrium……Page 495
UT……Page 496
Valles Marineris……Page 497
vapor pressure……Page 498
variational principle……Page 499
velocity curve……Page 500
Venus……Page 501
Virgo constellation……Page 502
viscoelastic material……Page 503
VLA……Page 504
Voigt profile……Page 505
volcanos……Page 506
vorton……Page 507
warping (of the neutral sheet or plasma sheet)……Page 508
wave-function of the universe……Page 509
weather modification……Page 510
westerlies……Page 511
Weyl tensor……Page 512
whistlers……Page 513
Wien’s displacement law……Page 514
wind chill factor……Page 515
wind shear……Page 516
Witten conducting string……Page 517
WWSSN (World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network)……Page 518
X-ray source……Page 519
Young’s modulus……Page 521
Yukawa coupling……Page 522
Zwicky compact galaxies……Page 523
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